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systemctl
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===
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系统服务管理器指令
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## 补充说明
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**systemctl命令** 是系统服务管理器指令，它实际上将 service 和 chkconfig 这两个命令组合到一起。
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>任务</td>
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<td>旧指令</td>
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<td>新指令</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>使某服务自动启动</td>
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<td>chkconfig --level 3 httpd on</td>
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<td>systemctl enable httpd.service</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>使某服务不自动启动</td>
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<td>chkconfig --level 3 httpd off</td>
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<td>systemctl disable httpd.service</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>检查服务状态</td>
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<td>service httpd status</td>
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<td>systemctl status httpd.service （服务详细信息） systemctl is-active httpd.service （仅显示是否 Active)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>显示所有已启动的服务</td>
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<td>chkconfig --list</td>
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<td>systemctl list-units --type=service</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>启动某服务</td>
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<td>service httpd start</td>
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<td>systemctl start httpd.service</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>停止某服务</td>
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<td>service httpd stop</td>
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<td>systemctl stop httpd.service</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>重启某服务</td>
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<td>service httpd restart</td>
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<td>systemctl restart httpd.service</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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### 实例
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1.启动nfs服务
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```
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systemctl start nfs-server.service
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```
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2.设置开机自启动
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```
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systemctl enable nfs-server.service
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```
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3.停止开机自启动
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```
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systemctl disable nfs-server.service
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```
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4.查看服务当前状态
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```
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systemctl status nfs-server.service
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```
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5.重新启动某服务
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```
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systemctl restart nfs-server.service
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```
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6.查看所有已启动的服务
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```
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systemctl list -units --type=service
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```
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开启防火墙22端口
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```
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iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j accept
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```
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如果仍然有问题，就可能是SELinux导致的
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关闭SElinux：
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修改`/etc/selinux/config`文件中的`SELINUX=””`为disabled，然后重启。
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彻底关闭防火墙：
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```
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sudo systemctl status firewalld.service
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sudo systemctl stop firewalld.service
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sudo systemctl disable firewalld.service
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```
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```sh
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1.systemctl
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# 重启系统
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systemctl reboot
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# 关闭系统，切断电源
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systemctl poweroff
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# CPU停止工作
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systemctl halt
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# 暂停系统
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systemctl suspend
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# 让系统进入冬眠状态
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systemctl hibernate
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# 让系统进入交互式休眠状态
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systemctl hybrid-sleep
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# 启动进入救援状态（单用户状态）
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systemctl rescue
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2.systemd-analyze
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# 查看启动耗时
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systemd-analyze
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# 查看每个服务的启动耗时
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systemd-analyze blame
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# 显示瀑布状的启动过程流
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systemd-analyze critical-chain
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# 显示指定服务的启动流
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systemd-analyze critical-chain atd.service
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3.hostnamectl
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# 显示当前主机的信息
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hostnamectl
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# 设置主机名。
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hostnamectl set-hostname rhel7
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4.localectl
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# 查看本地化设置
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localectl
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# 设置本地化参数。
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localectl set-locale LANG=en_GB.utf8 localectl set-keymap en_GB
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5.timedatectl
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# 查看当前时区设置
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timedatectl
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# 显示所有可用的时区
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timedatectl list-timezones
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# 设置当前时区
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timedatectl set-timezone America/New_York
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timedatectl set-time YYYY-MM-DD
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timedatectl set-time HH:MM:SS
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6.loginctl
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# 列出当前session
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loginctl list-sessions
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# 列出当前登录用户
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loginctl list-users
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# 列出显示指定用户的信息
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loginctl show-user ruanyf
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# 列出正在运行的 Unit
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systemctl list-units
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# 列出所有Unit，包括没有找到配置文件的或者启动失败的
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systemctl list-units --all
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# 列出所有没有运行的 Unit
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systemctl list-units --all --state=inactive
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# 列出所有加载失败的 Unit
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systemctl list-units --failed
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# 列出所有正在运行的、类型为 service 的 Unit
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systemctl list-units --type=service
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除了systemctl status ，还有三个查询状态方法，主要是脚本内部的判断语句使用
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# 显示某个 Unit 是否正在运行
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systemctl is-active application.service
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# 显示某个 Unit 是否处于启动失败状态
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systemctl is-failed application.service
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# 显示某个 Unit 服务是否建立了启动链接
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systemctl is-enabled application.service
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```
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### 常用systemctl命令
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```sh
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# 立即启动一个服务
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systemctl start apache.service
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# 立即停止一个服务
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systemctl stop apache.service
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# 重启一个服务
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systemctl restart apache.service
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# 杀死一个服务的所有子进程
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systemctl kill apache.service
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# 重新加载一个服务的配置文件
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systemctl reload apache.service
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# 重载所有修改过的配置文件
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systemctl daemon-reload
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# 显示某个 Unit 的所有底层参数
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$ systemctl show httpd.service
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# 显示某个 Unit 的指定属性的值
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$ systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service
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# 设置某个 Unit 的指定属性
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systemctl set-property httpd.service CPUShares=500
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# 列出一个unit的所有依赖
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systemctl list-dependencies nginx.service
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# 列出所有systemctl配置文件
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systemctl list-unit-files
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# 列出指定类型的配置文件
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systemctl list-unit-files --type=service
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# 查看当前系统的所有 Target
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$ systemctl list-unit-files --type=target
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# 查看一个 Target 包含的所有 Unit
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$ systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target
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# 查看启动时的默认 Target
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$ systemctl get-default
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# 设置启动时的默认 Target
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systemctl set-default multi-user.target
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# 查看所有日志（默认情况下 ，只保存本次启动的日志）
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journalctl
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# 查看内核日志（不显示应用日志）
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journalctl -k
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# 查看系统本次启动的日志
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journalctl -b
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journalctl -b -0
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# 查看上一次启动的日志（需更改设置）
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journalctl -b -1
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# 查看指定时间的日志
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journalctl --since="2012-10-30 18:17:16"
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journalctl --since "20 min ago"
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journalctl --since yesterday
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journalctl --since "2015-01-10" --until "2015-01-11 03:00" journalctl --since 09:00 --until "1 hour ago"
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# 显示尾部的最新10行日志
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journalctl -n
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# 显示尾部指定行数的日志
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journalctl -n 20
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# 实时滚动显示最新日志
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journalctl -f
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# 查看指定服务的日志
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journalctl /usr/lib/systemd/systemd
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# 查看指定进程的日志
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journalctl _PID=1
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# 查看某个路径的脚本的日志
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journalctl /usr/bin/bash
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# 查看指定用户的日志
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journalctl _UID=33 --since today
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# 查看某个 Unit 的日志
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journalctl -u nginx.service
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journalctl -u nginx.service --since today
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# 实时滚动显示某个 Unit 的最新日志
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journalctl -u nginx.service -f
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# 合并显示多个 Unit 的日志
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journalctl -u nginx.service -u php-fpm.service --since today
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# 查看指定优先级（及其以上级别）的日志，共有8级
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0: emerg
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1: alert
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2: crit
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3: err
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4: warning
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5: notice
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6: info
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7: debug
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journalctl -p err -b
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# 日志默认分页输出，--no-pager 改为正常的标准输出
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journalctl --no-pager
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# 以 JSON 格式（单行）输出
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journalctl -b -u nginx.service -o json
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# 以 JSON 格式（多行）输出，可读性更好
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journalctl -b -u nginx.serviceqq -o json-pretty
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# 显示日志占据的硬盘空间
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journalctl --disk-usage
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# 指定日志文件占据的最大空间
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journalctl --vacuum-size=1G
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# 指定日志文件保存多久
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journalctl --vacuum-time=1years
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```
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<!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ --> |
