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# **systemctl**
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## 说明
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**systemctl命令** 是系统服务管理器指令，它实际上将 service 和 chkconfig 这两个命令组合到一起
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## 选项
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```markdown
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--system Connect to system manager
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-H --host=[USER@]HOST
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Operate on remote host
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-M --machine=CONTAINER
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Operate on local container
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-t --type=TYPE List units of a particular type
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--state=STATE List units with particular LOAD or SUB or ACTIVE state
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-p --property=NAME Show only properties by this name
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-a --all Show all loaded units/properties, including dead/empty
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ones. To list all units installed on the system, use
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the 'list-unit-files' command instead.
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-l --full Don't ellipsize unit names on output
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-r --recursive Show unit list of host and local containers
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--reverse Show reverse dependencies with 'list-dependencies'
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--job-mode=MODE Specify how to deal with already queued jobs, when
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queueing a new job
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--show-types When showing sockets, explicitly show their type
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-i --ignore-inhibitors
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When shutting down or sleeping, ignore inhibitors
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--kill-who=WHO Who to send signal to
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-s --signal=SIGNAL Which signal to send
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--now Start or stop unit in addition to enabling or disabling it
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-q --quiet Suppress output
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--no-block Do not wait until operation finished
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--no-wall Don't send wall message before halt/power-off/reboot
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--no-reload Don't reload daemon after en-/dis-abling unit files
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--no-legend Do not print a legend (column headers and hints)
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--no-pager Do not pipe output into a pager
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--no-ask-password
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Do not ask for system passwords
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--global Enable/disable unit files globally
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--runtime Enable unit files only temporarily until next reboot
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-f --force When enabling unit files, override existing symlinks
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When shutting down, execute action immediately
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--preset-mode= Apply only enable, only disable, or all presets
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--root=PATH Enable unit files in the specified root directory
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-n --lines=INTEGER Number of journal entries to show
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-o --output=STRING Change journal output mode (short, short-iso,
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short-precise, short-monotonic, verbose,
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export, json, json-pretty, json-sse, cat)
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--plain Print unit dependencies as a list instead of a tree
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Unit Commands:
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list-units [PATTERN...] List loaded units
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list-sockets [PATTERN...] List loaded sockets ordered by address
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list-timers [PATTERN...] List loaded timers ordered by next elapse
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start NAME... Start (activate) one or more units
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stop NAME... Stop (deactivate) one or more units
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reload NAME... Reload one or more units
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restart NAME... Start or restart one or more units
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try-restart NAME... Restart one or more units if active
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reload-or-restart NAME... Reload one or more units if possible,
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otherwise start or restart
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reload-or-try-restart NAME... Reload one or more units if possible,
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otherwise restart if active
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isolate NAME Start one unit and stop all others
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kill NAME... Send signal to processes of a unit
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is-active PATTERN... Check whether units are active
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is-failed PATTERN... Check whether units are failed
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status [PATTERN...|PID...] Show runtime status of one or more units
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show [PATTERN...|JOB...] Show properties of one or more
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units/jobs or the manager
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cat PATTERN... Show files and drop-ins of one or more units
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set-property NAME ASSIGNMENT... Sets one or more properties of a unit
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help PATTERN...|PID... Show manual for one or more units
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reset-failed [PATTERN...] Reset failed state for all, one, or more
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units
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list-dependencies [NAME] Recursively show units which are required
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or wanted by this unit or by which this
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unit is required or wanted
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Unit File Commands:
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list-unit-files [PATTERN...] List installed unit files
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enable NAME... Enable one or more unit files
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disable NAME... Disable one or more unit files
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reenable NAME... Reenable one or more unit files
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preset NAME... Enable/disable one or more unit files
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based on preset configuration
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preset-all Enable/disable all unit files based on
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preset configuration
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is-enabled NAME... Check whether unit files are enabled
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mask NAME... Mask one or more units
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unmask NAME... Unmask one or more units
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link PATH... Link one or more units files into
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the search path
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add-wants TARGET NAME... Add 'Wants' dependency for the target
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on specified one or more units
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add-requires TARGET NAME... Add 'Requires' dependency for the target
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on specified one or more units
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edit NAME... Edit one or more unit files
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get-default Get the name of the default target
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set-default NAME Set the default target
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Machine Commands:
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list-machines [PATTERN...] List local containers and host
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Job Commands:
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list-jobs [PATTERN...] List jobs
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cancel [JOB...] Cancel all, one, or more jobs
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Snapshot Commands:
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snapshot [NAME] Create a snapshot
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delete NAME... Remove one or more snapshots
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Environment Commands:
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show-environment Dump environment
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set-environment NAME=VALUE... Set one or more environment variables
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unset-environment NAME... Unset one or more environment variables
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import-environment [NAME...] Import all or some environment variables
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Manager Lifecycle Commands:
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daemon-reload Reload systemd manager configuration
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daemon-reexec Reexecute systemd manager
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System Commands:
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is-system-running Check whether system is fully running
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default Enter system default mode
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rescue Enter system rescue mode
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emergency Enter system emergency mode
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halt Shut down and halt the system
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poweroff Shut down and power-off the system
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reboot [ARG] Shut down and reboot the system
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kexec Shut down and reboot the system with kexec
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exit Request user instance exit
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switch-root ROOT [INIT] Change to a different root file system
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suspend Suspend the system
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hibernate Hibernate the system
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hybrid-sleep Hibernate and suspend the system
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```
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## 实例
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```bash
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systemctl reboot # 重启系统
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systemctl poweroff # 关闭系统，切断电源
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systemctl halt # 关机
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systemctl suspend # 暂停系统
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systemctl hibernate # 休眠系统
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systemctl hybrid-sleep # 让系统进入交互式休眠状态
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systemctl rescue # 启动进入救援状态（单用户状态）
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systemctl list-units --type=service # 查看所有服务单元
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systemd-analyze blame # 显示瀑布状的启动过程流
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systemd-analyze critical-chain atd.service # 显示指定服务的启动流
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localectl set-locale LANG=en_GB.utf8 localectl set-keymap en_GB # 设置本地化参数
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timedatectl list-timezones # 显示所有可用的时区
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# 设置当前时区
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timedatectl set-timezone America/New_York
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timedatectl set-time YYYY-MM-DD
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timedatectl set-time HH:MM:SS
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loginctl list-sessions # 列出当前session
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loginctl list-users # 列出当前登录用户
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loginctl show-user ruanyf # 列出显示指定用户的信息
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systemctl is-active application.service # 显示某个 Unit 是否正在运行
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systemctl is-failed application.service # 显示某个 Unit 是否处于启动失败状态
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systemctl is-enabled application.service # 显示某个 Unit 服务是否建立了启动链接
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systemctl daemon-reload # 重载所有修改过的配置文件
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systemctl show httpd.service # 显示某个 Unit 的所有底层参数
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systemctl set-property httpd.service CPUShares=500 # 设置某个 Unit 的指定属性
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systemctl list-dependencies nginx.service # 列出一个unit的所有依赖
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systemctl list-unit-files # 列出所有systemctl配置文件
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systemctl list-unit-files --type=service # 列出指定类型的配置文件
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systemctl list-unit-files --type=target # 查看当前系统的所有 Target
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systemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target # 查看一个 Target 包含的所有 Unit
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systemctl get-default # 查看启动时的默认 Target
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systemctl set-default multi-user.target # 设置启动时的默认 Target
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journalctl -k # 查看内核日志（不显示应用日志）
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journalctl -b -0 # 查看系统本次启动的日志
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journalctl -b -1 # 查看上一次启动的日志（需更改设置）
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# 查看指定时间的日志
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journalctl --since="2012-10-30 18:17:16"
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journalctl --since "20 min ago"
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journalctl --since yesterday
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journalctl --since "2015-01-10" --until "2015-01-11 03:00" journalctl --since 09:00 --until "1 hour ago"
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journalctl -n 20 # 显示尾部指定行数的日志
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journalctl -f # 实时滚动显示最新日志
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journalctl _PID=1 # 查看指定进程的日志
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journalctl _UID=33 --since today # 查看指定用户的日志
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journalctl -u nginx.service --since today # 查看某个 Unit 的日志
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journalctl -u nginx.service -f # 实时滚动显示某个 Unit 的最新日志
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journalctl -u nginx.service -u php-fpm.service --since today # 合并显示多个 Unit 的日志
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journalctl -p err -b
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# 查看指定优先级（及其以上级别）的日志，共有8级
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0: emerg
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1: alert
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2: crit
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3: err
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4: warning
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5: notice
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6: info
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7: debug
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journalctl --no-pager # 日志默认分页输出，--no-pager 改为正常的标准输出
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journalctl -b -u nginx.service -o json # 以 JSON 格式（单行）输出
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journalctl -b -u nginx.serviceqq -o json-pretty # 以 JSON 格式（多行）输出，可读性更好
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journalctl --disk-usage # 显示日志占据的硬盘空间
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journalctl --vacuum-size=1G # 指定日志文件占据的最大空间
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journalctl --vacuum-time=1years # 指定日志文件保存多久
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```
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