LearnShell/LinuxCommands/bc.md

@@ -16,9 +16,10 @@ bc(选项)(参数)
 ### 选项  
 
 ```
--i：强制进入交互式模式；
+-i：强制进入交互式模式；输入quit后回车退出此模式；
 -l：定义使用的标准数学库；
 -w：对POSIX bc的扩展给出警告信息；
+-s  --standard     non-standard bc constructs are errors
 -q：不打印正常的GNU bc环境信息；
 -v：显示指令版本信息；
 -h：显示指令的帮助信息。

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/chmod.md

@@ -65,14 +65,7 @@ Linux用 户分为：拥有者、组群(Group)、其他（other），Linux系统
 
 linux文件的用户权限的分析图
 
-```bash
+!linux文件的用户权限的分析图
-  -rw-r--r--   1 user  staff   651 Oct 12 12:53 .gitmodules
-# ↑╰┬╯╰┬╯╰┬╯
-# ┆ ┆  ┆  ╰┈ 0 其他人
-# ┆ ┆  ╰┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈ g 属组
-# ┆ ╰┈┈┈┈ u 属组
-# ╰┈┈ 第一个字母 `d` 代表目录，`-` 代表普通文件
-```
 
 例：rwx　rw-　r--
 
@@ -95,22 +88,4 @@ ll -d f1  查看目录f1的属性
 ```
 
 
-将`/home/wwwroot/`里的所有文件和文件夹设置为`755`权限
-
-(1)直接指定路径修改
-
-```bash
-chmod -R  755 /home/wwwroot/*
-```
-
-(2)手动进入该目录修改权限（并显示详细过程）
-
-
-```bash
-cd /home/wwwroot
-chmod -Rv  755 *       #注意：“*”表示通配符，指的是所有文件和文件
-sudo chmod o+rw /shared #设置文件夹权限以保证其余用户可以访问它。
-```
-
-
 <!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/cp.md

@@ -16,18 +16,71 @@ cp(选项)(参数)
 ### 选项  
 
 ```
--a：此参数的效果和同时指定"-dpR"参数相同；
+用法：cp [选项]... [-T] 源文件 目标文件
--d：当复制符号连接时，把目标文件或目录也建立为符号连接，并指向与源文件或目录连接的原始文件或目录；
+　或：cp [选项]... 源文件... 目录
--f：强行复制文件或目录，不论目标文件或目录是否已存在；
+　或：cp [选项]... -t 目录 源文件...
--i：覆盖既有文件之前先询问用户；
+Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
--l：对源文件建立硬连接，而非复制文件；
+
--p：保留源文件或目录的属性；
+必选参数对长短选项同时适用。
--R/r：递归处理，将指定目录下的所有文件与子目录一并处理；
+  -a, --archive                 等于-dR --preserve=all
--s：对源文件建立符号连接，而非复制文件；
+      --attributes-only 仅复制属性而不复制数据      --backup[=CONTROL        为每个已存在的目标文件创建备份
--u：使用这项参数后只会在源文件的更改时间较目标文件更新时或是名称相互对应的目标文件并不存在时，才复制文件；
+  -b                            类似--backup 但不接受参数
--S：在备份文件时，用指定的后缀“SUFFIX”代替文件的默认后缀；
+      --copy-contents           在递归处理是复制特殊文件内容
--b：覆盖已存在的文件目标前将目标文件备份；
+  -d                            等于--no-dereference --preserve=links,当复制符号连接时，把目标文件或目录也建立为符号连接，并指向与源文件或目录连接的原始文件或目录；
--v：详细显示命令执行的操作。
+  -f, --force                   强行复制文件或目录，不论目标文件或目录是否已存在强行复制文件或目录，不论目标文件或目录是否已存在
+  -i, --interactive             覆盖既有文件之前先询问用户
+  -H                           follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE
+  -l, --link                   对源文件建立硬连接，而非复制文件
+  -L, --dereference            always follow symbolic links in SOURCE
+  -n, --no-clobber              不要覆盖已存在的文件(使前面的 -i 选项失效)
+  -P, --no-dereference          不跟随源文件中的符号链接
+  -p                            等于--preserve=模式,所有权,时间戳
+      --preserve[=属性列表      保持指定的属性(默认：模式,所有权,时间戳)，如 果
+                                        可能保持附加属性：环境、链接、xattr  等
+      --sno-preserve=属性列表   不保留指定的文件属性
+      --parents                 复制前在目标目录创建来源文件路径中的所有目录
+  -R, -r, --recursive           递归复制目录及其子目录内的所有内容
+      --reflink[=WHEN]          控制克隆/CoW 副本。请查看下面的内如。
+      --remove-destination      尝试打开目标文件前先删除已存在的目的地
+                                        文件 (相对于 --force 选项)
+      --sparse=WHEN             控制创建稀疏文件的方式
+      --strip-trailing-slashes  删除参数中所有源文件/目录末端的斜杠
+  -s, --symbolic-link           只创建符号链接而不复制文件
+  -S, --suffix=后缀             自行指定备份文件的后缀
+  -t,  --target-directory=目录  将所有参数指定的源文件/目录
+                                           复制至目标目录
+  -T, --no-target-directory     将目标目录视作普通文件
+  -u, --update                  只在源文件比目标文件新，或目标文件
+                                        不存在时才进行复制
+  -v, --verbose         显示详细的进行步骤
+  -x, --one-file-system 不跨越文件系统进行操作
+  -Z                           set SELinux security context of destination
+                                 file to default type
+      --context[=CTX]          like -Z, or if CTX is specified then set the
+                                 SELinux or SMACK security context to CTX
+      --help            显示此帮助信息并退出
+      --version         显示版本信息并退出
+
+默认情况下，源文件的稀疏性仅仅通过简单的方法判断，对应的目标文件目标文件也
+被为稀疏。这是因为默认情况下使用了--sparse=auto 参数。如果明确使用
+--sparse=always 参数则不论源文件是否包含足够长的0 序列也将目标文件创文
+建为稀疏件。
+使用--sparse=never 参数禁止创建稀疏文件。
+
+当指定了--reflink[=always] 参数时执行轻量化的复制，即只在数据块被修改的
+情况下才复制。如果复制失败或者同时指定了--reflink=auto，则返回标准复制模式。
+
+The backup suffix is '~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
+The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through
+the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable.  Here are the values:
+
+  none, off       不进行备份(即使使用了--backup 选项)
+  numbered, t     备份文件加上数字进行排序
+  existing, nil   若有数字的备份文件已经存在则使用数字，否则使用普通方式备份
+  simple, never   永远使用普通方式备份
+
+有一个特别情况：如果同时指定--force 和--backup 选项，而源文件和目标文件
+是同一个已存在的一般文件的话，cp 会将源文件备份。
 ```
 
 ### 参数  

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/curl.md

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ curl(选项)(参数)
 
 ### 实例  
 
-**文件下载** 
+ **文件下载** 
 
 curl命令可以用来执行下载、发送各种HTTP请求，指定HTTP头部等操作。如果系统没有curl可以使用`yum install curl`安装，也可以下载安装。curl是将下载文件输出到stdout，将进度信息输出到stderr，不显示进度信息使用`--silent`选项。
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ curl http://man.linuxde.net/test.iso -o filename.iso --progress
 ######################################### 100.0%
 ```
 
-**断点续传** 
+ **断点续传** 
 
 curl能够从特定的文件偏移处继续下载，它可以通过指定一个便宜量来下载部分文件：
 
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ curl URL/File -C 偏移量
 curl -C -URL
 ```
 
-**使用curl设置参照页字符串** 
+ **使用curl设置参照页字符串** 
 
 参照页是位于HTTP头部中的一个字符串，用来表示用户是从哪个页面到达当前页面的，如果用户点击网页A中的某个连接，那么用户就会跳转到B网页，网页B头部的参照页字符串就包含网页A的URL。
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ curl -C -URL
 curl --referer http://www.google.com http://man.linuxde.net
 ```
 
-**用curl设置cookies** 
+ **用curl设置cookies** 
 
 使用`--cookie "COKKIES"`选项来指定cookie，多个cookie使用分号分隔：
 
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ curl http://man.linuxde.net --cookie "user=root;pass=123456"
 curl URL --cookie-jar cookie_file
 ```
 
-**用curl设置用户代理字符串** 
+ **用curl设置用户代理字符串** 
 
 有些网站访问会提示只能使用IE浏览器来访问，这是因为这些网站设置了检查用户代理，可以使用curl把用户代理设置为IE，这样就可以访问了。使用`--user-agent`或者`-A`选项：
 
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ curl URL -A "Mozilla/5.0"
 curl -H "Host:man.linuxde.net" -H "accept-language:zh-cn" URL
 ```
 
-**curl的带宽控制和下载配额** 
+ **curl的带宽控制和下载配额** 
 
 使用`--limit-rate`限制curl的下载速度：
 
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ curl URL --max-filesize bytes
 
 如果文件大小超出限制，命令则返回一个非0退出码，如果命令正常则返回0。
 
-**用curl进行认证** 
+ **用curl进行认证** 
 
 使用curl选项 -u 可以完成HTTP或者FTP的认证，可以指定密码，也可以不指定密码在后续操作中输入密码：
 
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ curl -u user:pwd http://man.linuxde.net
 curl -u user http://man.linuxde.net
 ```
 
-**只打印响应头部信息** 
+ **只打印响应头部信息** 
 
 通过`-I`或者`-head`可以只打印出HTTP头部信息：
 
@@ -236,25 +236,5 @@ Vary: Accept-Encoding
 X-Pingback: http://man.linuxde.net/xmlrpc.php
 ```
 
-**get请求**
-
-```bash
-curl "http://www.wangchujiang.com"    # 如果这里的URL指向的是一个文件或者一幅图都可以直接下载到本地
-curl -i "http://www.wangchujiang.com" # 显示全部信息
-curl -l "http://www.wangchujiang.com" # 只显示头部信息
-curl -v "http://www.wangchujiang.com" # 显示get请求全过程解析
-```
-
-**post请求**
-
-```bash
-curl -d "param1=value1&param2=value2" "http://www.wangchujiang.com"
-```
-
-**json格式的post请求**
-
-```bash
-curl -l -H "Content-type: application/json" -X POST -d '{"phone":"13521389587","password":"test"}' http://wangchujiang.com/apis/users.json
-```
 
 <!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/dd.md

@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ dd
 
 建议在有需要的时候使用dd 对物理磁盘操作，如果是文件系统的话还是使用tar backup cpio等其他命令更加方便。另外，使用dd对磁盘操作时，最好使用块设备文件。
 
+其次，dd命令可以创建一个固定大小的文件如下：
+dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swap/file.swap bs=1024K count=64（ linux支持K单位，unix不支持；）
+
 ### 语法  
 
 ```
@@ -39,8 +42,6 @@ skip=<区块数>：一开始读取时，跳过指定的区块数；
 1+0 records out
 1048576 bytes (1.0 MB) copied, 0.006107 seconds, 172 MB/s
 
-[root@localhost text]# du -sh sun.txt 
-1.1M    sun.txt
 ```
 
 该命令创建了一个1M大小的文件sun.txt，其中参数解释：
@@ -119,9 +120,6 @@ skip=<区块数>：一开始读取时，跳过指定的区块数；
 
 以上命令可以看出dd命令来测试内存操作速度：
 
-```
-1048576 bytes (1.0 MB) copied, 0.006107 seconds, 172 MB/s
-```
 
 
 <!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/du.md

@@ -62,18 +62,12 @@ root@localhost [test]# du
 300 log2012.log
 ```
 
-查看指定目录的所占空间：
+查看指定目录(etc)的所占空间：
+
+```sh
+
+du -sh /etc
 
-```
-[root@localhost test]# du scf
-4 scf/lib
-4 scf/service/deploy/product
-4 scf/service/deploy/info
-12 scf/service/deploy
-16 scf/service
-4 scf/doc
-4 scf/bin
-32 scf
 ```
 
 显示多个文件所占空间：

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/e2fsck.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-e2fsck
+e2fsck(单用户模式执行)
 ===
 
 用于检查第二扩展文件系统的完整性

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/expr.md

@@ -7,18 +7,56 @@ expr
 
 **expr命令** 是一款表达式计算工具，使用它完成表达式的求值操作。
 
-expr的常用运算符：
+### 语法  
 
-*   加法运算：+
+```sh
-*   减法运算：-
-*   乘法运算：\*
-*   除法运算：/
-*   求摸（取余）运算：%
 
-### 语法  
+用法：expr 表达式
+　或：expr 选项
+
+      --help            显示此帮助信息并退出
+      --version         显示版本信息并退出
+
+将表达式的值列印到标准输出，分隔符下面的空行可提升算式优先级。
+可用的表达式有：
+
+  ARG1 | ARG2       若ARG1 的值不为0 或者为空，则返回ARG1，否则返回ARG2
+
+  ARG1 & ARG2       若两边的值都不为0 或为空，则返回ARG1，否则返回 0
+
+  ARG1 < ARG2       ARG1 小于ARG2
+  ARG1 <= ARG2      ARG1 小于或等于ARG2
+  ARG1 = ARG2       ARG1 等于ARG2
+  ARG1 != ARG2      ARG1 不等于ARG2
+  ARG1 >= ARG2      ARG1 大于或等于ARG2
+  ARG1 > ARG2       ARG1 大于ARG2
+
+  ARG1 + ARG2       计算 ARG1 与ARG2 相加之和
+  ARG1 - ARG2       计算 ARG1 与ARG2 相减之差
+
+  ARG1 * ARG2       计算 ARG1 与ARG2 相乘之积
+  ARG1 / ARG2       计算 ARG1 与ARG2 相除之商
+  ARG1 % ARG2       计算 ARG1 与ARG2 相除之余数
+
+  字符串 : 表达式               定位字符串中匹配表达式的模式
+
+  match 字符串 表达式           等于"字符串 :表达式"
+  substr 字符串 偏移量 长度     替换字符串的子串，偏移的数值从 1 起计
+  index 字符串 字符             在字符串中发现字符的地方建立下标，或者标0
+  length 字符串                 字符串的长度
+  + TOKEN                    interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a
+                               keyword like 'match' or an operator like '/'
+
+  ( EXPRESSION )             value of EXPRESSION
+
+请注意有许多运算操作符都可能需要由 shell 先实施转义。
+如果参与运算的 ARG 自变量都是数字，比较符就会被视作数学符号，否则就是多义的。
+模式匹配会返回"\"和"\"之间被匹配的子字符串或空(null)；如果未使用"\"和"\"，
+则会返回匹配字符数量或是 0。
+
+若表达式的值既不是空也不是 0，退出状态值为 0；若表达式的值为空或为 0，
+退出状态值为 1。如果表达式的句法无效，则会在出错时返回退出状态值 3。
 
-```
-expr(选项)(参数)
 ```
 
 ### 选项  
@@ -37,6 +75,9 @@ expr(选项)(参数)
 ```
 result=`expr 2 + 3`
 result=$(expr $no1 + 5)
+
+expr也有模式匹配功能。可以使用expr通过指定冒号选项计算字符串中字符数。.*意即任何字符重复0次或多次。
+expr dfa : '[a-zA-Z]*'  #输出是3
 ```
 
 

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/find.md

@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-<!--CreateTime：2018-2-21-->
+find
-HTTPS://Raw.githubusercontent.com/91yun/VPN/Master/Vpn_centos_pptpd.sh
+===
 
-http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=616847
+```txt
-<!--UpdateTime：2018-2-21-->
-
-```
 使用find和xargs可能需要系统查找具有某一特征的文件，例如文件权限、文件属主、文件长度、文件类型等，出于安全性考虑，一般系统管理任务只是为了找出一个知道存放在哪里的文件，find可以遍历当前目录甚至整个文件系统查找文件或目录。即使系统中含有网络文件系统(NFS)，find命令在该文件系统中同样有效，只要你具有相应的权限。
 ```
 
@@ -16,9 +13,8 @@ http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=616847
 
 ### 语法
 
-```
+```sh
 find(选项)(参数)
-```
 
 find的使用格式如下：
 $ find <指定目录> <指定条件> <指定动作>
@@ -26,7 +22,14 @@ $ find <指定目录> <指定条件> <指定动作>
 - <指定条件>： 所要搜索的文件的特征。
 - <指定动作>： 对搜索结果进行特定的处理。
 
+find 命令格式:
+1、find命令的一般形式为；
+2、find命令的参数；
+3、find命令选项；
+4、使用exec或ok来执行shell命令；
 ```
+
+```sh
 Find命令的一般形式为：
   find pathname  -options [-print -exec -ok]
 该命令的参数解释：
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ Find命令的一般形式为：
 -ctime<24小时数>：查找在指定时间之时被更改的文件或目录，单位以24小时计算；
 -daystart：从本日开始计算时间；
 -depth：从指定目录下最深层的子目录开始查找；
--expty：寻找文件大小为0 Byte的文件，或目录下没有任何子目录或文件的空目录；
+-empty：寻找文件大小为0 Byte的文件，或目录下没有任何子目录或文件的空目录；
 -exec<执行指令>：假设find指令的回传值为True，就执行该指令；
 -false：将find指令的回传值皆设为False；
 -fls<列表文件>：此参数的效果和指定“-ls”参数类似，但会把结果保存为指定的列表文件；
@@ -185,6 +188,11 @@ find . -name  "[A-Z]*" -print
 find . -name  "[a-z][a-z][0--9][0--9].txt" -print
 ```
 
+Find命令查找指定文件并执行删除操作
+```
+find ./ -name "文件名" -exec rm -f {}\;
+```
+
 #### 否定参数  
 
 找出/home下不是以.txt结尾的文件
@@ -391,8 +399,39 @@ find . -path "./sk" -prune -o -name "*.txt" -print
 find . -empty
 ```
 
+#### 删除指定文件夹下后缀名相同的文件
+
+```sh
+方法一:
+find 目录 -name "*.abc" | xargs rm
+命令有点危险，可以先执行前半段，看看是不是你要删除的文件, 然后再整条执行
+
+方法二:
+find . -name '*.exe' -type f -print -exec rm -rf {} \;
+(1) "."    表示从当前目录开始递归查找
+(2) “ -name '*.exe' "根据名称来查找，要查找所有以.exe结尾的文件夹或者文件
+(3) " -type f "查找的类型为文件
+(4) "-print" 输出查找的文件目录名
+(5) 最主要的是是-exec了，-exec选项后边跟着一个所要执行的命令，表示将find出来的文件或目录执行该命令。
+exec选项后面跟随着所要执行的命令或脚本，然后是一对儿{}，一个空格和一个\，最后是一个分号
+```
+
+#### 如何找出设置了SET位的权限的文件？
+
+```sh
+ls -lh $(find / -type f -perm +6000)
+find / -type f -perm +6000 -exec ls -lh {} \;
+命令含义介绍:
+-perm +6000 表示不检查基本权限（000），只要附加权限中匹配任何一位（6包含了4、2）即满足条件;结合“ls -lh”命令是为了同时显示出结果文件的详细属性
+两种方法的区别在于：前者使用了Shell的命令替换操作（ $() 符号或者反撇号 ``），只有在find命令执行完毕后才能看到结果；而后一种方法则每找到一条结果就立即显示出来了
+```
+
 <!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->
 
+#### 暂未整理一
+
+```sh
+
 2.1.2使用perm选项 
 如果希望按照文件权限模式来查找文件的话，可以采用-perm选项。你可能需要找到所有用户都具有执行权限的文件，或是希望查看某个用户目录下的文件权限类型。在使用这一选项的时候，最好使用八进制的权限表示法。
 为了在当前目录下查找文件权限位为755的文件，即文件属主可以读、写、执行，其他用户可以读、执行的文件，可以用：
@@ -721,7 +760,7 @@ find / -mtime -1 #查找在系统中最后24小时里修改过的文件
 find / -cmin -5 # 查找在系统中最后5分钟里被改变状态的文件
 find / -ctime -1 #查找在系统中最后24小时里被改变状态的文件
 find / -user reda #查找在系统中属于fred这个用户的文件
-find / -not -user reda #查找在系统中不属于FRED这个用户的文件
+find / -not -user red #查找在系统中不属于red这个用户的文件
 find / -group redagrp # 查找在系统中属于redagrp组的文件
 find / -gid 501 #查找系统中属于组id为501的文件
 find / -user fred -a -group redagrp
@@ -780,3 +819,433 @@ $ sort quarter_end.txt >  quarter.sorted && lp quarter.sorted
 使用命令组合的方法，如果sort命令执行成功了，可以先将输出文件拷贝到一个日志区，然后再打印。 
 6.4 小结
 在编写shell脚本时，使用&&和||对构造判断语句非常有用。如果希望在前一个命令执行失败的情况不执行后面的命令，那么本章所讲述的方法非常简单有效。使用这样的方法，可以根据&&或||前面命令的返回值来控制其后面命令的执行。
+```
+
+#### 暂未整理二
+
+```sh
+
+一、find 命令格式
+
+
+1、find命令的一般形式为；
+
+find pathname -options [-print -exec -ok ...]
+
+2、find命令的参数；
+
+pathname: find命令所查找的目录路径。例如用.来表示当前目录，用/来表示系统根目录。
+-print： find命令将匹配的文件输出到标准输出。
+-exec： find命令对匹配的文件执行该参数所给出的shell命令。相应命令的形式为'command' {} \;，注意{}和\；之间的空格。
+-ok： 和-exec的作用相同，只不过以一种更为安全的模式来执行该参数所给出的shell命令，在执行每一个命令之前，都会给出提示，让用户来确定是否执行。
+
+3、find命令选项
+
+-name
+
+按照文件名查找文件。
+
+-perm
+按照文件权限来查找文件。
+
+-prune
+使用这一选项可以使find命令不在当前指定的目录中查找，如果同时使用-depth选项，那么-prune将被find命令忽略。
+
+-user
+按照文件属主来查找文件。
+
+-group
+按照文件所属的组来查找文件。
+
+-mtime -n +n
+按照文件的更改时间来查找文件， - n表示文件更改时间距现在n天以内，+ n表示文件更改时间距现在n天以前。find命令还有-atime和-ctime 选项，但它们都和-m time选项。
+
+-nogroup
+查找无有效所属组的文件，即该文件所属的组在/etc/groups中不存在。
+
+-nouser
+查找无有效属主的文件，即该文件的属主在/etc/passwd中不存在。
+-newer file1 ! file2
+
+查找更改时间比文件file1新但比文件file2旧的文件。
+-type
+
+查找某一类型的文件，诸如：
+
+b - 块设备文件。
+d - 目录。
+c - 字符设备文件。
+p - 管道文件。
+l - 符号链接文件。
+f - 普通文件。
+
+-size n：[c] 查找文件长度为n块的文件，带有c时表示文件长度以字节计。
+-depth：在查找文件时，首先查找当前目录中的文件，然后再在其子目录中查找。
+-fstype：查找位于某一类型文件系统中的文件，这些文件系统类型通常可以在配置文件/etc/fstab中找到，该配置文件中包含了本系统中有关文件系统的信息。
+
+-mount：在查找文件时不跨越文件系统mount点。
+-follow：如果find命令遇到符号链接文件，就跟踪至链接所指向的文件。
+-cpio：对匹配的文件使用cpio命令，将这些文件备份到磁带设备中。
+另外,下面三个的区别:
+
+-amin n
+查找系统中最后N分钟访问的文件
+
+-atime n
+查找系统中最后n*24小时访问的文件
+
+-cmin n
+查找系统中最后N分钟被改变文件状态的文件
+
+-ctime n
+查找系统中最后n*24小时被改变文件状态的文件
+
+-mmin n
+查找系统中最后N分钟被改变文件数据的文件
+
+-mtime n
+查找系统中最后n*24小时被改变文件数据的文件
+
+4、使用exec或ok来执行shell命令
+
+使用find时，只要把想要的操作写在一个文件里，就可以用exec来配合find查找，很方便的
+
+在有些操作系统中只允许-exec选项执行诸如l s或ls -l这样的命令。大多数用户使用这一选项是为了查找旧文件并删除它们。建议在真正执行rm命令删除文件之前，最好先用ls命令看一下，确认它们是所要删除的文件。
+
+exec选项后面跟随着所要执行的命令或脚本，然后是一对儿{ }，一个空格和一个\，最后是一个分号。为了使用exec选项，必须要同时使用print选项。如果验证一下find命令，会发现该命令只输出从当前路径起的相对路径及文件名。
+
+例如：为了用ls -l命令列出所匹配到的文件，可以把ls -l命令放在find命令的-exec选项中
+
+# find . -type f -exec ls -l {} \;
+-rw-r--r--    1 root     root        34928 2003-02-25  ./conf/httpd.conf
+-rw-r--r--    1 root     root        12959 2003-02-25  ./conf/magic
+-rw-r--r--    1 root     root          180 2003-02-25  ./conf.d/README
+上面的例子中，find命令匹配到了当前目录下的所有普通文件，并在-exec选项中使用ls -l命令将它们列出。
+在/logs目录中查找更改时间在5日以前的文件并删除它们：
+
+$ find logs -type f -mtime +5 -exec rm {} \;
+记住：在shell中用任何方式删除文件之前，应当先查看相应的文件，一定要小心！当使用诸如mv或rm命令时，可以使用-exec选项的安全模式。它将在对每个匹配到的文件进行操作之前提示你。
+
+在下面的例子中， find命令在当前目录中查找所有文件名以.LOG结尾、更改时间在5日以上的文件，并删除它们，只不过在删除之前先给出提示。
+
+$ find . -name "*.log"  -mtime +5 -ok rm {} \;
+< rm ... ./conf/httpd.conf > ? n
+按y键删除文件，按n键不删除。
+
+任何形式的命令都可以在-exec选项中使用。
+
+在下面的例子中我们使用grep命令。find命令首先匹配所有文件名为“ passwd*”的文件，例如passwd、passwd.old、passwd.bak，然后执行grep命令看看在这些文件中是否存在一个sam用户。
+
+# find /etc -name "passwd*" -exec grep "sam" {} \;
+sam:x:501:501::/usr/sam:/bin/bash
+
+二、find命令的例子；
+
+
+1、查找当前用户主目录下的所有文件：
+
+下面两种方法都可以使用
+
+$ find $HOME -print
+$ find ~ -print
+
+2、让当前目录中文件属主具有读、写权限，并且文件所属组的用户和其他用户具有读权限的文件；
+
+$ find . -type f -perm 644 -exec ls -l {} \;
+
+3、为了查找系统中所有文件长度为0的普通文件，并列出它们的完整路径；
+
+$ find / -type f -size 0 -exec ls -l {} \;
+
+4、查找/var/logs目录中更改时间在7日以前的普通文件，并在删除之前询问它们；
+
+$ find /var/logs -type f -mtime +7 -ok rm {} \;
+
+5、为了查找系统中所有属于root组的文件；
+
+$find . -group root -exec ls -l {} \;
+-rw-r--r--    1 root     root          595 10月 31 01:09 ./fie1
+
+6、find命令将删除当目录中访问时间在7日以来、含有数字后缀的admin.log文件。
+
+该命令只检查三位数字，所以相应文件的后缀不要超过999。先建几个admin.log*的文件 ，才能使用下面这个命令
+
+$ find . -name "admin.log[0-9][0-9][0-9]" -atime -7  -ok
+rm {} \;
+< rm ... ./admin.log001 > ? n
+< rm ... ./admin.log002 > ? n
+< rm ... ./admin.log042 > ? n
+< rm ... ./admin.log942 > ? n
+
+7、为了查找当前文件系统中的所有目录并排序；
+
+$ find . -type d | sort
+
+8、为了查找系统中所有的rmt磁带设备；
+
+$ find /dev/rmt -print
+
+三、xargs
+
+xargs – build and execute command lines from standard input
+
+在使用find命令的-exec选项处理匹配到的文件时， find命令将所有匹配到的文件一起传递给exec执行。但有些系统对能够传递给exec的命令长度有限制，这样在find命令运行几分钟之后，就会出现溢出错误。错误信息通常是“参数列太长”或“参数列溢出”。这就是xargs命令的用处所在，特别是与find命令一起使用。
+
+find命令把匹配到的文件传递给xargs命令，而xargs命令每次只获取一部分文件而不是全部，不像-exec选项那样。这样它可以先处理最先获取的一部分文件，然后是下一批，并如此继续下去。
+
+在有些系统中，使用-exec选项会为处理每一个匹配到的文件而发起一个相应的进程，并非将匹配到的文件全部作为参数一次执行；这样在有些情况下就会出现进程过多，系统性能下降的问题，因而效率不高；
+
+而使用xargs命令则只有一个进程。另外，在使用xargs命令时，究竟是一次获取所有的参数，还是分批取得参数，以及每一次获取参数的数目都会根据该命令的选项及系统内核中相应的可调参数来确定。
+
+来看看xargs命令是如何同find命令一起使用的，并给出一些例子。
+
+下面的例子查找系统中的每一个普通文件，然后使用xargs命令来测试它们分别属于哪类文件
+
+#find . -type f -print | xargs file
+./.kde/Autostart/Autorun.desktop: UTF-8 Unicode English text
+./.kde/Autostart/.directory:      ISO-8859 text\
+......
+在整个系统中查找内存信息转储文件(core dump) ，然后把结果保存到/tmp/core.log 文件中：
+
+$ find / -name "core" -print | xargs echo "" >/tmp/core.log
+上面这个执行太慢，我改成在当前目录下查找
+
+#find . -name "file*" -print | xargs echo "" > /temp/core.log
+# cat /temp/core.log
+./file6
+在当前目录下查找所有用户具有读、写和执行权限的文件，并收回相应的写权限：
+
+# ls -l
+drwxrwxrwx    2 sam      adm          4096 10月 30 20:14 file6
+-rwxrwxrwx    2 sam      adm             0 10月 31 01:01 http3.conf
+-rwxrwxrwx    2 sam      adm             0 10月 31 01:01 httpd.conf
+
+# find . -perm -7 -print | xargs chmod o-w
+# ls -l
+drwxrwxr-x    2 sam      adm          4096 10月 30 20:14 file6
+-rwxrwxr-x    2 sam      adm             0 10月 31 01:01 http3.conf
+-rwxrwxr-x    2 sam      adm             0 10月 31 01:01 httpd.conf
+用grep命令在所有的普通文件中搜索hostname这个词：
+
+# find . -type f -print | xargs grep "hostname"
+./httpd1.conf:#     different IP addresses or hostnames and have them handled by the
+./httpd1.conf:# VirtualHost: If you want to maintain multiple domains/hostnames
+on your
+用grep命令在当前目录下的所有普通文件中搜索hostnames这个词：
+
+# find . -name \* -type f -print | xargs grep "hostnames"
+./httpd1.conf:#     different IP addresses or hostnames and have them handled by the
+./httpd1.conf:# VirtualHost: If you want to maintain multiple domains/hostnames
+on your
+注意，在上面的例子中， \用来取消find命令中的*在shell中的特殊含义。
+
+find命令配合使用exec和xargs可以使用户对所匹配到的文件执行几乎所有的命令。
+
+
+四、find 命令的参数
+
+下面是find一些常用参数的例子，有用到的时候查查就行了，像上面前几个贴子，都用到了其中的的一些参数，也可以用man或查看论坛里其它贴子有find的命令手册
+
+
+1、使用name选项
+
+文件名选项是find命令最常用的选项，要么单独使用该选项，要么和其他选项一起使用。
+
+可以使用某种文件名模式来匹配文件，记住要用引号将文件名模式引起来。
+
+不管当前路径是什么，如果想要在自己的根目录$HOME中查找文件名符合*.txt的文件，使用~作为 ‘pathname’参数，波浪号~代表了你的$HOME目录。
+
+$ find ~ -name "*.txt" -print
+想要在当前目录及子目录中查找所有的‘ *.txt’文件，可以用：
+
+$ find . -name "*.txt" -print
+想要的当前目录及子目录中查找文件名以一个大写字母开头的文件，可以用：
+
+$ find . -name "[A-Z]*" -print
+想要在/etc目录中查找文件名以host开头的文件，可以用：
+
+$ find /etc -name "host*" -print
+想要查找$HOME目录中的文件，可以用：
+
+$ find ~ -name "*" -print 或find . -print
+要想让系统高负荷运行，就从根目录开始查找所有的文件。
+
+$ find / -name "*" -print
+如果想在当前目录查找文件名以两个小写字母开头，跟着是两个数字，最后是.txt的文件，下面的命令就能够返回名为ax37.txt的文件：
+
+$find . -name "[a-z][a-z][0--9][0--9].txt" -print
+
+2、用perm选项
+
+按照文件权限模式用-perm选项,按文件权限模式来查找文件的话。最好使用八进制的权限表示法。
+
+如在当前目录下查找文件权限位为755的文件，即文件属主可以读、写、执行，其他用户可以读、执行的文件，可以用：
+
+$ find . -perm 755 -print
+还有一种表达方法：在八进制数字前面要加一个横杠-，表示都匹配，如-007就相当于777，-006相当于666
+
+# ls -l
+-rwxrwxr-x    2 sam      adm             0 10月 31 01:01 http3.conf
+-rw-rw-rw-    1 sam      adm         34890 10月 31 00:57 httpd1.conf
+-rwxrwxr-x    2 sam      adm             0 10月 31 01:01 httpd.conf
+drw-rw-rw-    2 gem      group        4096 10月 26 19:48 sam
+-rw-rw-rw-    1 root     root         2792 10月 31 20:19 temp
+
+# find . -perm 006
+# find . -perm -006
+./sam
+./httpd1.conf
+./temp
+-perm mode:文件许可正好符合mode
+
+-perm +mode:文件许可部分符合mode
+
+-perm -mode: 文件许可完全符合mode
+
+
+3、忽略某个目录
+
+如果在查找文件时希望忽略某个目录，因为你知道那个目录中没有你所要查找的文件，那么可以使用-prune选项来指出需要忽略的目录。在使用-prune选项时要当心，因为如果你同时使用了-depth选项，那么-prune选项就会被find命令忽略。
+
+如果希望在/apps目录下查找文件，但不希望在/apps/bin目录下查找，可以用：
+
+$ find /apps -path "/apps/bin" -prune -o -print
+
+4、使用find查找文件的时候怎么避开某个文件目录
+
+比如要在/usr/sam目录下查找不在dir1子目录之内的所有文件
+
+find /usr/sam -path "/usr/sam/dir1" -prune -o -print
+find [-path ..] [expression] 在路径列表的后面的是表达式
+-path “/usr/sam” -prune -o -print 是 -path “/usr/sam” -a -prune -o
+-print 的简写表达式按顺序求值, -a 和 -o 都是短路求值，与 shell 的 && 和 || 类似如果 -path “/usr/sam” 为真，则求值 -prune , -prune 返回真，与逻辑表达式为真；否则不求值 -prune，与逻辑表达式为假。如果 -path “/usr/sam” -a -prune 为假，则求值 -print ，-print返回真，或逻辑表达式为真；否则不求值 -print，或逻辑表达式为真。
+
+这个表达式组合特例可以用伪码写为
+
+if -path "/usr/sam"  then
+-prune
+else
+-print
+避开多个文件夹
+
+find /usr/sam \( -path /usr/sam/dir1 -o -path /usr/sam/file1 \) -prune -o -print
+圆括号表示表达式的结合。
+
+\ 表示引用，即指示 shell 不对后面的字符作特殊解释，而留给 find 命令去解释其意义。
+查找某一确定文件，-name等选项加在-o 之后
+
+#find /usr/sam  \(-path /usr/sam/dir1 -o -path /usr/sam/file1 \) -prune -o -name "temp" -print
+
+5、使用user和nouser选项
+
+按文件属主查找文件，如在$HOME目录中查找文件属主为sam的文件，可以用：
+
+$ find ~ -user sam -print
+在/etc目录下查找文件属主为uucp的文件：
+
+$ find /etc -user uucp -print
+为了查找属主帐户已经被删除的文件，可以使用-nouser选项。这样就能够找到那些属主在/etc/passwd文件中没有有效帐户的文件。在使用-nouser选项时，不必给出用户名； find命令能够为你完成相应的工作。
+
+例如，希望在/home目录下查找所有的这类文件，可以用：
+
+$ find /home -nouser -print
+
+6、使用group和nogroup选项
+
+就像user和nouser选项一样，针对文件所属于的用户组， find命令也具有同样的选项，为了在/apps目录下查找属于gem用户组的文件，可以用：
+
+$ find /apps -group gem -print
+要查找没有有效所属用户组的所有文件，可以使用nogroup选项。下面的find命令从文件系统的根目录处查找这样的文件
+
+$ find / -nogroup-print
+
+7、按照更改时间或访问时间等查找文件
+
+如果希望按照更改时间来查找文件，可以使用mtime,atime或ctime选项。如果系统突然没有可用空间了，很有可能某一个文件的长度在此期间增长迅速，这时就可以用mtime选项来查找这样的文件。
+
+用减号-来限定更改时间在距今n日以内的文件，而用加号+来限定更改时间在距今n日以前的文件。
+
+希望在系统根目录下查找更改时间在5日以内的文件，可以用：
+
+$ find / -mtime -5 -print
+为了在/var/adm目录下查找更改时间在3日以前的文件，可以用：
+
+$ find /var/adm -mtime +3 -print
+
+8、查找比某个文件新或旧的文件
+
+如果希望查找更改时间比某个文件新但比另一个文件旧的所有文件，可以使用-newer选项。它的一般形式为：
+
+newest_file_name ! oldest_file_name
+其中，！是逻辑非符号。
+
+查找更改时间比文件sam新但比文件temp旧的文件：
+
+例：有两个文件
+
+-rw-r--r--    1 sam      adm             0 10月 31 01:07 fiel
+-rw-rw-rw-    1 sam      adm         34890 10月 31 00:57 httpd1.conf
+-rwxrwxr-x    2 sam      adm             0 10月 31 01:01 httpd.conf
+drw-rw-rw-    2 gem      group        4096 10月 26 19:48 sam
+-rw-rw-rw-    1 root     root         2792 10月 31 20:19 temp
+
+# find -newer httpd1.conf  ! -newer temp -ls
+1077669    0 -rwxrwxr-x   2 sam      adm             0 10月 31 01:01 ./httpd.conf
+1077671    4 -rw-rw-rw-   1 root     root         2792 10月 31 20:19 ./temp
+1077673    0 -rw-r--r--   1 sam      adm             0 10月 31 01:07 ./fiel
+查找更改时间在比temp文件新的文件：
+
+$ find . -newer temp -print
+
+9、使用type选项
+
+在/etc目录下查找所有的目录，可以用：
+
+$ find /etc -type d -print
+在当前目录下查找除目录以外的所有类型的文件，可以用：
+
+$ find . ! -type d -print
+在/etc目录下查找所有的符号链接文件，可以用
+
+$ find /etc -type l -print
+
+10、使用size选项
+
+可以按照文件长度来查找文件，这里所指的文件长度既可以用块（block）来计量，也可以用字节来计量。以字节计量文件长度的表达形式为N c；以块计量文件长度只用数字表示即可。
+
+在按照文件长度查找文件时，一般使用这种以字节表示的文件长度，在查看文件系统的大小，因为这时使用块来计量更容易转换。
+在当前目录下查找文件长度大于1 M字节的文件：
+
+$ find . -size +1000000c -print
+查找当前目录中大于10M的文件：
+
+find . -size +10000k -exec ls -ld {} ;
+将find出来的文件复制到另一个地方：
+
+find *.c -exec cp '{}' /tmp ';'
+在/home/apache目录下查找文件长度恰好为100字节的文件：
+
+$ find /home/apache -size 100c -print
+在当前目录下查找长度超过10块的文件（一块等于512字节）：
+
+$ find . -size +10 -print
+
+11、使用depth选项
+
+在使用find命令时，可能希望先匹配所有的文件，再在子目录中查找。使用depth选项就可以使find命令这样做。这样做的一个原因就是，当在使用find命令向磁带上备份文件系统时，希望首先备份所有的文件，其次再备份子目录中的文件。
+
+在下面的例子中， find命令从文件系统的根目录开始，查找一个名为CON.FILE的文件。
+
+它将首先匹配所有的文件然后再进入子目录中查找。
+
+$ find / -name "CON.FILE" -depth -print
+
+12、使用mount选项
+
+在当前的文件系统中查找文件（不进入其他文件系统），可以使用find命令的mount选项。
+
+从当前目录开始查找位于本文件系统中文件名以XC结尾的文件：
+
+$ find . -name "*.XC" -mount -print
+
+```

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/grep.md

@@ -7,36 +7,91 @@ grep
 
 **grep** （global search regular expression(RE) and print out the line，全面搜索正则表达式并把行打印出来）是一种强大的文本搜索工具，它能使用正则表达式搜索文本，并把匹配的行打印出来。用于过滤/搜索的特定字符。可使用正则表达式能多种命令配合使用，使用上十分灵活。
 
+grep的工作方式是这样的，它在一个或多个文件中搜索字符串模板。如果模板包括空格，则必须被引用，模板后的所有字符串被看作文件名。搜索的结果被送到屏幕，不影响原文件内容。
+
+grep可用于shell脚本，因为grep通过返回一个状态值来说明搜索的状态，如果模板搜索成功，则返回0，如果搜索不成功，则返回1，如果搜索的文件不存在，则返回2。我们利用这些返回值就可进行一些自动化的文本处理工作。
 ### 选项
 
-```bash
+```sh
--a --text  # 不要忽略二进制数据。
+用法: grep [选项]... PATTERN [FILE]...
--A <显示行数>   --after-context=<显示行数>   # 除了显示符合范本样式的那一行之外，并显示该行之后的内容。
+在每个 FILE 或是标准输入中查找 PATTERN。
--b --byte-offset                           # 在显示符合范本样式的那一行之外，并显示该行之前的内容。
+默认的 PATTERN 是一个基本正则表达式(缩写为 BRE)。
--B<显示行数>   --before-context=<显示行数>   # 除了显示符合样式的那一行之外，并显示该行之前的内容。
+例如: grep -i 'hello world' menu.h main.c
--c --count    # 计算符合范本样式的列数。
+
--C<显示行数> --context=<显示行数>或-<显示行数> # 除了显示符合范本样式的那一列之外，并显示该列之前后的内容。
+正则表达式选择与解释:
--d<进行动作> --directories=<动作>  # 当指定要查找的是目录而非文件时，必须使用这项参数，否则grep命令将回报信息并停止动作。
+  -E, --extended-regexp     PATTERN 是一个可扩展的正则表达式(缩写为 ERE)
--e<范本样式> --regexp=<范本样式>   # 指定字符串作为查找文件内容的范本样式。
+  -F, --fixed-strings       PATTERN 是一组由断行符分隔的定长字符串。
--E --extended-regexp             # 将范本样式为延伸的普通表示法来使用，意味着使用能使用扩展正则表达式。
+  -G, --basic-regexp        PATTERN 是一个基本正则表达式(缩写为 BRE)
--f<范本文件> --file=<规则文件>     # 指定范本文件，其内容有一个或多个范本样式，让grep查找符合范本条件的文件内容，格式为每一列的范本样式。
+  -P, --perl-regexp         PATTERN 是一个 Perl 正则表达式
--F --fixed-regexp   # 将范本样式视为固定字符串的列表。
+  -e, --regexp=PATTERN      用 PATTERN 来进行匹配操作
--G --basic-regexp   # 将范本样式视为普通的表示法来使用。
+  -f, --file=FILE           从 FILE 中取得 PATTERN
--h --no-filename    # 在显示符合范本样式的那一列之前，不标示该列所属的文件名称。
+  -i, --ignore-case         忽略大小写
--H --with-filename  # 在显示符合范本样式的那一列之前，标示该列的文件名称。
+  -w, --word-regexp         强制 PATTERN 仅完全匹配字词
--i --ignore-case    # 忽略字符大小写的差别。
+  -x, --line-regexp         强制 PATTERN 仅完全匹配一行
--l --file-with-matches   # 列出文件内容符合指定的范本样式的文件名称。
+  -z, --null-data           一个 0 字节的数据行，但不是空行
--L --files-without-match # 列出文件内容不符合指定的范本样式的文件名称。
+
--n --line-number         # 在显示符合范本样式的那一列之前，标示出该列的编号（首行编号为1）。
+杂项:
--q --quiet或--silent     # 不显示任何信息。
+  -s, --no-messages         抑制错误消息
--R/-r  --recursive       # 此参数的效果和指定“-d recurse”参数相同。
+  -v, --invert-match        查看没有被匹配的行 
--s --no-messages  # 不显示错误信息。
+  -V, --version             display version information and exit
--v --revert-match # 反转查找。
+      --help                display this help text and exit
--V --version      # 显示版本信息。   
+
--w --word-regexp  # 只显示全字符合的列。
+输出控制:
--x --line-regexp  # 只显示全列符合的列。
+  -m, --max-count=NUM       NUM 次匹配后停止
--y # 此参数效果跟“-i”相同。
+  -b, --byte-offset         输出的同时打印字节偏移
--o # 只输出文件中匹配到的部分。
+  -n, --line-number         输出匹配字符的同时打印行号
+      --line-buffered       每行输出清空
+  -H, --with-filename       为每一匹配项打印文件名
+  -h, --no-filename         输出时不显示文件名前缀
+      --label=LABEL         将LABEL 作为标准输入文件名前缀
+  -o, --only-matching       仅打印匹配行的匹配（非空白）部分，每个这样的部分位于单独的输出行中。
+  -q, --quiet, --silent     suppress all normal output,不要向标准输出写任何东西
+      --binary-files=TYPE   assume that binary files are TYPE;
+                            TYPE is 'binary', 'text', or 'without-match'
+  -a, --text                equivalent to --binary-files=text
+  -I                        equivalent to --binary-files=without-match
+  -d, --directories=ACTION  how to handle directories;
+                            ACTION is 'read', 'recurse', or 'skip'
+  -D, --devices=ACTION      how to handle devices, FIFOs and sockets;
+                            ACTION is 'read' or 'skip'
+    如果输入文件是设备，FIFO或套接字，则使用操作来处理它。默认情况下，操作是'读'，这意味着设备的读取就像是普通文件一样。如果行动是'跳跃'，设备，FIFO和套接字默默跳过。
+  -r, --recursive           like --directories=recurse 递归搜索，包括子目录下的文件
+  -R, --dereference-recursive
+                            likewise, but follow all symlinks
+      --include=FILE_PATTERN
+                            search only files that match FILE_PATTERN
+      --exclude=FILE_PATTERN
+                            skip files and directories matching FILE_PATTERN
+      --exclude-from=FILE   skip files matching any file pattern from FILE
+      --exclude-dir=PATTERN directories that match PATTERN will be skipped.
+  -L, --files-without-match print only names of FILEs containing no match
+  -l, --files-with-matches  只打印包含匹配的文件的名称 
+  -c, --count               只打印每个文件匹配字符串行的数量 
+  -T, --initial-tab         make tabs line up (if needed)
+  -Z, --null                print 0 byte after FILE name
+
+文件控制:
+  -B, --before-context=NUM  打印以文本起始的NUM 行
+  -A, --after-context=NUM   打印以文本结尾的NUM 行
+  -C, --context=NUM         打印输出文本NUM 行
+  -NUM                      same as --context=NUM
+      --group-separator=SEP use SEP as a group separator
+      --no-group-separator  use empty string as a group separator
+      --color[=WHEN],
+      --colour[=WHEN]       use markers to highlight the matching strings;
+                            WHEN is 'always', 'never', or 'auto'
+  -U, --binary              do not strip CR characters at EOL (MSDOS/Windows)
+  -u, --unix-byte-offsets   report offsets as if CRs were not there
+                            (MSDOS/Windows)
+
+‘egrep’即‘grep -E’。‘fgrep’即‘grep -F’。
+直接使用‘egrep’或是‘fgrep’均已不可行了。
+egrep是grep的扩展，支持更多的re元字符， fgrep就是fixed grep或fast grep，它们把所有的字母都看作单词，也就是说，正则表达式中的元字符表示回其自身的字面意义，不再特殊。
+若FILE 为 -，将读取标准输入。不带FILE，读取当前目录，除非命令行中指定了-r 选项。
+如果少于两个FILE 参数，就要默认使用-h 参数。
+如果有任意行被匹配，那退出状态为 0，否则为 1；
+如果有错误产生，且未指定 -q 参数，那退出状态为 2。
+
 ```
 
 ### 规则表达式
@@ -44,6 +99,7 @@ grep
 ```bash
 ^    # 锚定行的开始 如：'^grep'匹配所有以grep开头的行。    
 $    # 锚定行的结束 如：'grep$'匹配所有以grep结尾的行。
+\    # 转义符    
 .    # 匹配一个非换行符的字符 如：'gr.p'匹配gr后接一个任意字符，然后是p。    
 *    # 匹配零个或多个先前字符 如：'*grep'匹配所有一个或多个空格后紧跟grep的行。    
 .*   # 一起用代表任意字符。   
@@ -58,30 +114,79 @@ x\{m,n\}  # 重复字符x，至少m次，不多于n次，如：'o\{5,10\}'匹配
 \w    # 匹配文字和数字字符，也就是[A-Za-z0-9]，如：'G\w*p'匹配以G后跟零个或多个文字或数字字符，然后是p。   
 \W    # \w的反置形式，匹配一个或多个非单词字符，如点号句号等。   
 \b    # 单词锁定符，如: '\bgrep\b'只匹配grep。  
+```
+## POSIX字符类
+
+```sh
+[:upper:] 表示大写字母[A-Z]
+
+[:lower:] 表示小写字母[a-z]
+
+[:digit:] 表示阿拉伯数字[0-9]
+
+[:alnum:] 表示大小写字母和阿拉伯数字[0-9a-zA-Z]
+
+[:space:] 表示空格或tab键
+
+[:alpha:] 表示大小写字母[a-zA-Z]
+
+[:cntrl:] 表示Ctrl键
+
+[:graph:]或[:print:] 表示ASCII码33-126之间的字符
+
+
+搜索以大写字母开头的行
+
+grep ^[[:upper:]] test.txt
+
+POSIX字符类作为模式的用法都类似，使用时注意用方括号将POSIX字符括起来就行了
+
+精确匹配单词the的行
+
+grep "\<the\>" test.txt或grep -w the test.txt
+
+或|字符，grep需要加上-E选项才能支持使用它
+匹配test.txt文件有zh或en的行
+
+grep -E "zh|en" test.txt
+
+grep：标准grep命令，支持基本正则表达式
+
+egrep：扩展grep命令，支持基本和扩展正则表达式，与grep -E等价
+
+fgrep：快速grep命令，不支持正则表达式，与grep -F等价
+
 ```
 
 ## grep命令常见用法
 
+递归搜索含有某个关键字的文件目录
+grep -iHR "关键字" ./*
+-i 对要搜索的字符忽略大小写
+-H 同时打印包括搜索字符串的文件名
+-R 递归搜索，当指定的搜索路径是一个目录时，加上-R的搜索会执行递归搜索
+
+搜所文件test.txt以/字符开始，中间任意四个字符，第六个字符为/的行
+
+grep ^/..../ test.txt
+
 在文件中搜索一个单词，命令会返回一个包含 **“match_pattern”** 的文本行：
 
 ```
 grep match_pattern file_name
 grep "match_pattern" file_name
-
 ```
 
 在多个文件中查找：
 
 ```
 grep "match_pattern" file_1 file_2 file_3 ...
-
 ```
 
 输出除之外的所有行  **-v**  选项：
 
 ```
 grep -v "match_pattern" file_name
-
 ```
 
 标记匹配颜色  **--color=auto**  选项：
@@ -220,11 +325,9 @@ grep -q "test" filename
 
 ```bash
 # 显示匹配某个结果之后的3行，使用 -A 选项：
-seq 10 | grep "5" -A 3
+seq 10 | grep "example" -A 3
-5
+或
-6
+grep -A 3 -i "example" demo_text
-7
-8
 
 # 显示匹配某个结果之前的3行，使用 -B 选项：
 seq 10 | grep "5" -B 3
@@ -253,4 +356,4 @@ b
 ```
 
 
-<!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->
+

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/groupadd.md

@@ -16,10 +16,15 @@ groupadd(选项)(参数)
 ### 选项  
 
 ```
--g：指定新建工作组的id；
+-f, --force       如果组已经存在则成功退出
--r：创建系统工作组，系统工作组的组ID小于500；
+并且如果 GID 已经存在则取消 -g
--K：覆盖配置文件“/ect/login.defs”；
+-g, --gid GID                 为新组使用 GID
--o：允许添加组ID号不唯一的工作组。
+-h, --help                    显示此帮助信息并推出
+-K, --key KEY=VALUE           不使用 /etc/login.defs 中的默认值
+-o, --non-unique              允许创建有重复 GID 的组
+-p, --password PASSWORD       为新组使用此加密过的密码
+-r, --system                  创建一个系统账户
+-R, --root CHROOT_DIR         chroot 到的目录
 ```
 
 ### 参数  

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/groupdel.md

@@ -24,5 +24,3 @@ groupadd damon  //创建damon工作组
 groupdel damon  //删除这个工作组
 ```
 
-
-<!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/groupmod.md

@@ -16,9 +16,12 @@ groupmod(选项)(参数)
 ### 选项  
 
 ```
--g<群组识别码>：设置欲使用的群组识别码；
+-g, --gid GID                 将组 ID 改为 GID
--o：重复使用群组识别码；
+-h, --help                    显示此帮助信息并推出
--n<新群组名称>：设置欲使用的群组名称。
+-n, --new-name NEW_GROUP      改名为 NEW_GROUP
+-o, --non-unique              允许使用重复的 GID
+-p, --password PASSWORD   将密码更改为(加密过的) PASSWORD
+-R, --root CHROOT_DIR         chroot 到的目录
 ```
 
 ### 参数  

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/gunzip.md

@@ -1,67 +1 @@
-gunzip
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-===
-
-用来解压缩文件
-
-## 补充说明
-
-**gunzip命令** 用来解压缩文件。gunzip是个使用广泛的解压缩程序，它用于解开被gzip压缩过的文件，这些压缩文件预设最后的扩展名为.gz。事实上gunzip就是gzip的硬连接，因此不论是压缩或解压缩，都可通过gzip指令单独完成。
-
-### 语法  
-
-```
-gunzip(选项)(参数)
-```
-
-### 选项  
-
-```
--a或——ascii：使用ASCII文字模式；
--c或--stdout或--to-stdout：把解压后的文件输出到标准输出设备；
--f或-force：强行解开压缩文件，不理会文件名称或硬连接是否存在以及该文件是否为符号连接；
--h或——help：在线帮助；
--l或——list：列出压缩文件的相关信息；
--L或——license：显示版本与版权信息；
--n或--no-name：解压缩时，若压缩文件内含有原来的文件名称及时间戳记，则将其忽略不予处理；
--N或——name：解压缩时，若压缩文件内含有原来的文件名称及时间戳记，则将其回存到解开的文件上；
--q或——quiet：不显示警告信息；
--r或——recursive：递归处理，将指定目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理；
--S或<压缩字尾字符串>或----suffix<压缩字尾字符串>：更改压缩字尾字符串；
--t或——test：测试压缩文件是否正确无误；
--v或——verbose：显示指令执行过程；
--V或——version：显示版本信息；
-```
-
-### 参数  
-
-文件列表：指定要解压缩的压缩包。
-
-### 实例  
-
-首先将`/etc`目录下的所有文件以及子目录进行压缩，备份压缩包etc.zip到`/opt`目录，然后对etc.zip文件进行gzip压缩，设置gzip的压缩级别为9。
-
-```
-zip –r /opt/etc.zip /etc
-gzip -9v /opt/etc.zip
-```
-
-查看上述etc.zip.gz文件的压缩信息。
-
-```
-gzip -l /opt/etc.zip.gz
-compressed        uncompressed ratio uncompressed_name
-11938745            12767265   6.5% /opt/etc.zip
-```
-
-解压上述etc.zip.gz文件到当前目录。
-
-```
-[root@mylinux ~]#gzip –d /opt/etc.zip.gz 
-或者执行
-[root@mylinux ~]#gunzip /opt/etc.zip.gz
-```
-
-通过上面的示例可以知道`gzip –d`等价于`gunzip`命令。
-
-
-<!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/gzip.md

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-gzip
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-===
-
-用来压缩文件
-
-## 补充说明
-
-**gzip命令** 用来压缩文件。gzip是个使用广泛的压缩程序，文件经它压缩过后，其名称后面会多处“.gz”扩展名。
-
-gzip是在Linux系统中经常使用的一个对文件进行压缩和解压缩的命令，既方便又好用。gzip不仅可以用来压缩大的、较少使用的文件以节省磁盘空间，还可以和tar命令一起构成Linux操作系统中比较流行的压缩文件格式。据统计，gzip命令对文本文件有60%～70%的压缩率。减少文件大小有两个明显的好处，一是可以减少存储空间，二是通过网络传输文件时，可以减少传输的时间。
-
-### 语法  
-
-```
-gzip(选项)(参数)
-```
-
-### 选项  
-
-```
--a或——ascii：使用ASCII文字模式；
--d或--decompress或----uncompress：解开压缩文件；
--f或——force：强行压缩文件。不理会文件名称或硬连接是否存在以及该文件是否为符号连接；
--h或——help：在线帮助；
--l或——list：列出压缩文件的相关信息；
--L或——license：显示版本与版权信息；
--n或--no-name：压缩文件时，不保存原来的文件名称及时间戳记；
--N或——name：压缩文件时，保存原来的文件名称及时间戳记；
--q或——quiet：不显示警告信息；
--r或——recursive：递归处理，将指定目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理；
--S或<压缩字尾字符串>或----suffix<压缩字尾字符串>：更改压缩字尾字符串；
--t或——test：测试压缩文件是否正确无误；
--v或——verbose：显示指令执行过程；
--V或——version：显示版本信息；
--<压缩效率>：压缩效率是一个介于1~9的数值，预设值为“6”，指定愈大的数值，压缩效率就会愈高；
---best：此参数的效果和指定“-9”参数相同；
---fast：此参数的效果和指定“-1”参数相同。
--num 用指定的数字num调整压缩的速度，-1或--fast表示最快压缩方法（低压缩比），-9或--best表示最慢压缩方法（高压缩比）。系统缺省值为6。 
-```
-
-### 参数  
-
-文件列表：指定要压缩的文件列表。
-
-### 实例  
-
-把test6目录下的每个文件压缩成.gz文件
-
-```
-gzip *
-```
-
-把上例中每个压缩的文件解压，并列出详细的信息
-
-```
-gzip -dv *
-```
-
-详细显示例1中每个压缩的文件的信息，并不解压
-
-```
-gzip -l *
-```
-
-压缩一个tar备份文件，此时压缩文件的扩展名为.tar.gz
-
-```
-gzip -r log.tar
-```
-
-递归的压缩目录
-
-```
-gzip -rv test6
-```
-
-这样，所有test下面的文件都变成了*.gz，目录依然存在只是目录里面的文件相应变成了*.gz.这就是压缩，和打包不同。因为是对目录操作，所以需要加上-r选项，这样也可以对子目录进行递归了。
-
-递归地解压目录
-
-```
-gzip -dr test6
-```
-
-
-<!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/halt.md

@@ -1,35 +1 @@
-halt
+<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
-===
-
-关闭正在运行的Linux操作系统
-
-## 补充说明
-
-**halt命令** 用来关闭正在运行的Linux操作系统。halt命令会先检测系统的runlevel，若runlevel为0或6，则关闭系统，否则即调用shutdown来关闭系统。
-
-### 语法  
-
-```
-halt(选项)
-```
-
-### 选项  
-
-```
--d：不要在wtmp中记录；
--f：不论目前的runlevel为何，不调用shutdown即强制关闭系统；
--i：在halt之前，关闭全部的网络界面；
--n：halt前，不用先执行sync；
--p：halt之后，执行poweroff；
--w：仅在wtmp中记录，而不实际结束系统。
-```
-
-### 实例  
-
-```
-halt -p     //关闭系统后关闭电源。
-halt -d     //关闭系统，但不留下纪录。
-```
-
-
-<!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/head.md

@@ -1,30 +1 @@
-head
+<EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
-===
-
-在屏幕上显示指定文件的开头若干行
-
-## 补充说明
-
-**head命令** 用于显示文件的开头的内容。在默认情况下，head命令显示文件的头10行内容。
-
-### 语法  
-
-```
-head(选项)(参数)
-```
-
-### 选项  
-
-```
--n<数字>：指定显示头部内容的行数；
--c<字符数>：指定显示头部内容的字符数；
--v：总是显示文件名的头信息；
--q：不显示文件名的头信息。
-```
-
-### 参数  
-
-文件列表：指定显示头部内容的文件列表。
-
-
-<!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/history.md

@@ -1,66 +1 @@
-history
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-===
-
-用于显示历史命令
-
-## 补充说明
-
-**history命令** 用于显示指定数目的指令命令，读取历史命令文件中的目录到历史命令缓冲区和将历史命令缓冲区中的目录写入命令文件。
-
-该命令单独使用时，仅显示历史命令，在命令行中，可以使用符号`!`执行指定序号的历史命令。例如，要执行第2个历史命令，则输入`!2`。
-
-历史命令是被保存在内存中的，当退出或者登录shell时，会自动保存或读取。在内存中，历史命令仅能够存储1000条历史命令，该数量是由环境变量`HISTSIZE`进行控制。
-
-### 语法  
-
-```
-history(选项)(参数)
-```
-
-### 选项  
-
-```
--c：清空当前历史命令；
--a：将历史命令缓冲区中命令写入历史命令文件中；
--r：将历史命令文件中的命令读入当前历史命令缓冲区；
--w：将当前历史命令缓冲区命令写入历史命令文件中。
-```
-
-### 参数  
-
-n：打印最近的n条历史命令。
-
-### 实例  
-
-使用history命令显示最近使用的10条历史命令，输入如下命令：
-
-```
-[root@localhost ~]# history 10
-   92  ls
-   93  cd ..
-   94  ls
-   95  exit
-   96  ls -a
-   97  cd .ssh/
-   98  ls
-   99  cat known_hosts
-  100  exit
-  101  history 10
-```
-
-列出最近3条记录
-
-```
-[root@localhost ~]# history 3
-   15  2017-08-26 11:44:35  root history 3
-   16  2017-08-26 11:44:37  root history n
-   17  2017-08-26 11:44:40  root history 3
-```
-
-清空历史记录
-
-```
-[root@localhost ~]# history -c
-```
-
-<!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/htop.md

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-htop
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-===
-
-[非内部命令]一个互动的进程查看器，可以动态观察系统进程状况。
-
-## 补充说明
-
-htop命令 是Linux系统中的一个互动的进程查看器，一个文本模式的应用程序(在控制台或者X终端中)，需要ncurses。
-
-与Linux传统的top相比，htop更加人性化。它可让用户交互式操作，支持颜色主题，可横向或纵向滚动浏览进程列表，并支持鼠标操作。
-
-与top相比，htop有以下优点：
-
-- 可以横向或纵向滚动浏览进程列表，以便看到所有的进程和完整的命令行。
-- 在启动上，比top 更快。
-- 杀进程时不需要输入进程号。
-- htop 支持鼠标操作。
-- 两者相比起来，top比较繁琐。
-
-top缺点：
-
-- 只支持键盘操作。
-- 显示也单调。
-
-htop 官网：http://htop.sourceforge.net/
-
-### 语法  
-
-```
-htop
-```
-
-### 参数
-
-```
--C --no-color               使用单色配色方案
--d --delay=DELAY            设置更新之间的延迟，在十秒
--s --sort-key=COLUMN        纵列排序(try --sort-key=help for a list)
--u --user=USERNAME          只显示一个指定用户的进程
--p --pid=PID,[,PID,PID...]  只显示给用户
--h --help                   打印此命令帮助
--v --version                打印版本信息
-```
-
-### 选项  
-
-```
-h,?     F1：查看htop使用说明
-S       F2：设置
-/       F3：搜索进程
-\       F4：过滤器，按关键字搜索
-t       F5：显示树形结构
-<,>     F6：选择排序方式
-[       F7：减少nice值，这样就可以提高对应进程的优先级
-]       F8：增加nice值，这样可以降低对应进程的优先级
-k       F9：杀掉选中的进程
-q       F10：退出htop
-
-
-/ : 搜索字符
-h : 显示帮助
-l : 显示进程打开的文件: 如果安装了lsof，按此键可以显示进程所打开的文件
-u : 显示所有用户，并可以选择某一特定用户的进程
-U : 取消标记所有的进程
-s : 将调用strace追踪进程的系统调用
-t : 显示树形结构
-
-H：显示/隐藏用户线程
-I：倒转排序顺序
-K：显示/隐藏内核线程    
-M：按内存占用排序
-P：按CPU排序    
-T：按运行时间排序
-
-上下键或PgUP， PgDn : 移动选中进程  
-左右键或Home， End : 移动列表  
-Space(空格) : 标记/取消标记一个进程。命令可以作用于多个进程，例如 "kill"，将应用于所有已标记的进程  
-
-```
-
-
-### Htop设定
-
-鼠标点击Setup或者按下F2 之后进入htop 设定的页面
-
-#### 1. Meters
-
-设定顶端的 显示信息，分为左右两侧，Left column 表示左侧的显示的信息，Right column表示右侧显示的信息，如果要新加选项，可以选择Available meters添加，F5新增到上方左侧，F6新增到上方右侧。Left column和Right column下面的选项，可以选定信息的显示方式，有LED、Bar(进度条)、Text(文本模式)，可以根据个人喜好进行设置
-
-#### 2. Display options
-
-选择要显示的内容，按空格 x表示显示，选择完后，按F10保存
-
-#### 3. Colors
-
-设定界面以什么颜色来显示，个人认为用处不大，各人喜好不同
-
-#### 4. Colums
-
-作用是增加或取消要显示的各项内容，选择后F7(向上移动)、F8(向下移动)、F9(取消显示、F10(保存更改))此处增加了PPID、PGRP，根据各人需求，显示那些信息。
-
-**F3 搜索进程**
-
-在界面下按F3或直接输入”/”就可以直接进入搜索模式，是按照进程名进行搜索的，搜索到的进程会用设定的颜色标记出来，方便查看。
-
-**F4：过滤器**
-
-相当于模糊查找，不区分大小写，下方输入要搜索的内容后，则界面只显示搜索到的内容，更加方便查看
-
-**F5:以树形方式显示**
-
-
-**F6：排序方式**
-
-按下F6后会跳转至以树形方式显示界面，让您选择以什么方式进行排序，在Sort by下选择您要以什么来排序
-
-**F7，F8：调整进程nice值**
-
-F7表示减小nice值(增大优先级)，F8增大nice值(减小优先级)，选择某一进程，按F7或F8来增大或减小nice值，nice值范围为-20-19
-
-
-**F9：杀死进程**
-
-选择某一进程按F9即可杀死此进程，很方便
-
-**F10:退出htop**
-
-
-<!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/hwclock.md

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ hwclock(选项)
 --debug：显示hwclock执行时详细的信息；
 --directisa：hwclock预设从/dev/rtc设备来存取硬件时钟。若无法存取时，可用此参数直接以I/O指令来存取硬件时钟；
 --hctosys：将系统时钟调整为与目前的硬件时钟一致；
---set --date=<日期与时间>：设定硬件时钟；
+--set --date=<日期与时间>：设定硬件时钟；hwclock --set --date='28/3/2018 12:34:00'
 --show：显示硬件时钟的时间与日期；
 --systohc：将硬件时钟调整为与目前的系统时钟一致；
 --test：仅测试程序，而不会实际更改硬件时钟；

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/iostat.md

@@ -49,6 +49,13 @@ Device:         tps   Blk_read/s    Blk_wrtn/s
 Blk_read   Blk_wrtn  
 sda1                0.02          0.08       
 0.00          2014               4 
+
+持续查看io使用情况
+说明：
+%util接近100%说明I/O请求过多，磁盘可能存在瓶颈
+idble小于70%，I/O负荷过大，进程读取有过多的等待，用vmstat查看b参数(等待资源的进程数)和wa参数(I/O等待所占用的CPU时间百分比，高于30%说明I/O压力较高)
+iostat -d -x -k 1
+
 ```
 
 详细说明：第二行是系统信息和监测时间，第三行和第四行显示CPU使用情况（具体内容和mpstat命令相同）。这里主要关注后面I/O输出的信息，如下所示：

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ip.md

@@ -11,17 +11,11 @@ ip
 
 ```
 ip(选项)(参数)
-Usage: ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }
-       ip [ -force ] -batch filename
 ```
 
 ### 选项  
 
 ```
-OBJECT := { link | address | addrlabel | route | rule | neigh | ntable |
-       tunnel | tuntap | maddress | mroute | mrule | monitor | xfrm |
-       netns | l2tp | macsec | tcp_metrics | token }
-       
 -V：显示指令版本信息；
 -s：输出更详细的信息；
 -f：强制使用指定的协议族；
@@ -34,14 +28,6 @@ OBJECT := { link | address | addrlabel | route | rule | neigh | ntable |
 ### 参数  
 
 ```
-OPTIONS := { -V[ersion] | -s[tatistics] | -d[etails] | -r[esolve] |
-        -h[uman-readable] | -iec |
-        -f[amily] { inet | inet6 | ipx | dnet | bridge | link } |
-        -4 | -6 | -I | -D | -B | -0 |
-        -l[oops] { maximum-addr-flush-attempts } |
-        -o[neline] | -t[imestamp] | -ts[hort] | -b[atch] [filename] |
-        -rc[vbuf] [size] | -n[etns] name | -a[ll] }
-        
 网络对象：指定要管理的网络对象；
 具体操作：对指定的网络对象完成具体操作；
 help：显示网络对象支持的操作命令的帮助信息。
@@ -50,24 +36,8 @@ help：显示网络对象支持的操作命令的帮助信息。
 ### 实例  
 
 ```bash
-ip link show                     # 显示网络接口信息
-ip link set eth0 upi             # 开启网卡
-ip link set eth0 down            # 关闭网卡
-ip link set eth0 promisc on      # 开启网卡的混合模式
-ip link set eth0 promisc offi    # 关闭网卡的混个模式
-ip link set eth0 txqueuelen 1200 # 设置网卡队列长度
-ip link set eth0 mtu 1400        # 设置网卡最大传输单元
-ip addr show     # 显示网卡IP信息
-ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev eth0 # 设置eth0网卡IP地址192.168.0.1
-ip addr del 192.168.0.1/24 dev eth0 # 删除eth0网卡IP地址
-
 ip route show # 显示系统路由
 ip route add default via 192.168.1.254   # 设置系统默认路由
-ip route list                 # 查看路由信息
-ip route add 192.168.4.0/24  via  192.168.0.254 dev eth0 # 设置192.168.4.0网段的网关为192.168.0.254,数据走eth0接口
-ip route add default via  192.168.0.254  dev eth0        # 设置默认网关为192.168.0.254
-ip route del 192.168.4.0/24   # 删除192.168.4.0网段的网关
-ip route del default          # 删除默认路由
 ip route delete 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0 # 删除路由
 ```
 

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/iptables.md

@@ -12,19 +12,11 @@ Linux上常用的防火墙软件
 - [补充说明](#补充说明)
   - [语法](#语法)
   - [选项](#选项)
-- [基本参数](#基本参数)
     - [命令选项输入顺序](#命令选项输入顺序)
     - [工作机制](#工作机制)
     - [防火墙的策略](#防火墙的策略)
     - [防火墙的策略](#防火墙的策略-1)
   - [实例](#实例)
-    - [空当前的所有规则和计数](#空当前的所有规则和计数)
-    - [配置允许ssh端口连接](#配置允许ssh端口连接)
-    - [允许本地回环地址可以正常使用](#允许本地回环地址可以正常使用)
-    - [设置默认的规则](#设置默认的规则)
-    - [配置白名单](#配置白名单)
-    - [开启相应的服务端口](#开启相应的服务端口)
-    - [保存规则到配置文件中](#保存规则到配置文件中)
     - [列出已设置的规则](#列出已设置的规则)
     - [清除已有规则](#清除已有规则)
     - [删除已添加的规则](#删除已添加的规则)
@@ -38,6 +30,75 @@ Linux上常用的防火墙软件
     - [阻止Windows蠕虫的攻击](#阻止windows蠕虫的攻击)
     - [防止SYN洪水攻击](#防止syn洪水攻击)
 
+Usage: iptables -[ACD] chain rule-specification [options]
+       iptables -I chain [rulenum] rule-specification [options]
+       iptables -R chain rulenum rule-specification [options]
+       iptables -D chain rulenum [options]
+       iptables -[LS] [chain [rulenum]] [options]
+       iptables -[FZ] [chain] [options]
+       iptables -[NX] chain
+       iptables -E old-chain-name new-chain-name
+       iptables -P chain target [options]
+       iptables -h (print this help information)
+
+Commands:
+Either long or short options are allowed.
+  --append  -A chain            Append to chain
+  --check   -C chain            Check for the existence of a rule
+  --delete  -D chain            Delete matching rule from chain
+  --delete  -D chain rulenum
+                                Delete rule rulenum (1 = first) from chain
+  --insert  -I chain [rulenum]
+                                Insert in chain as rulenum (default 1=first)
+  --replace -R chain rulenum
+                                Replace rule rulenum (1 = first) in chain
+  --list    -L [chain [rulenum]]
+                                List the rules in a chain or all chains
+  --list-rules -S [chain [rulenum]]
+                                Print the rules in a chain or all chains
+  --flush   -F [chain]          Delete all rules in  chain or all chains
+  --zero    -Z [chain [rulenum]]
+                                Zero counters in chain or all chains
+  --new     -N chain            Create a new user-defined chain
+  --delete-chain
+            -X [chain]          Delete a user-defined chain
+  --policy  -P chain target
+                                Change policy on chain to target
+  --rename-chain
+            -E old-chain new-chain
+                                Change chain name, (moving any references)
+Options:
+    --ipv4      -4              Nothing (line is ignored by ip6tables-restore)
+    --ipv6      -6              Error (line is ignored by iptables-restore)
+[!] --protocol  -p proto        protocol: by number or name, eg. `tcp'
+[!] --source    -s address[/mask][...]
+                                source specification
+[!] --destination -d address[/mask][...]
+                                destination specification
+[!] --in-interface -i input name[+]
+                                network interface name ([+] for wildcard)
+ --jump -j target
+                                target for rule (may load target extension)
+  --goto      -g chain
+                              jump to chain with no return
+  --match       -m match
+                                extended match (may load extension)
+  --numeric     -n              numeric output of addresses and ports
+[!] --out-interface -o output name[+]
+                                network interface name ([+] for wildcard)
+  --table       -t table        table to manipulate (default: `filter')
+  --verbose     -v              verbose mode
+  --wait        -w [seconds]    maximum wait to acquire xtables lock before give up
+  --wait-interval -W [usecs]    wait time to try to acquire xtables lock
+                                default is 1 second
+  --line-numbers                print line numbers when listing
+  --exact       -x              expand numbers (display exact values)
+[!] --fragment  -f              match second or further fragments only
+  --modprobe=<command>          try to insert modules using this command
+  --set-counters PKTS BYTES     set the counter during insert/append
+[!] --version   -V              print package version.
+
+
 <!-- /TOC -->
 
 ### 语法  
@@ -79,24 +140,6 @@ iptables(选项)(参数)
 -h：显示帮助信息；
 ```
 
-## 基本参数
-
-| 参数 | 作用 |
-| ---- | ---- |
-| -P |  设置默认策略:iptables -P INPUT (DROP|ACCEPT) |
-| -F |  清空规则链 |
-| -L |  查看规则链 |
-| -A |  在规则链的末尾加入新规则 |
-| -I | num  在规则链的头部加入新规则 |
-| -D | num  删除某一条规则 |
-| -s |  匹配来源地址IP/MASK，加叹号"!"表示除这个IP外。 |
-| -d |  匹配目标地址 |
-| -i | 网卡名称 匹配从这块网卡流入的数据 |
-| -o | 网卡名称 匹配从这块网卡流出的数据 |
-| -p |  匹配协议,如tcp,udp,icmp |
-| --dport num | 匹配目标端口号 |
-| --sport num | 匹配来源端口号 |
-
 #### 命令选项输入顺序
 
 ```
@@ -117,13 +160,15 @@ iptables -t 表名 <-A/I/D/R> 规则链名 [规则号] <-i/o 网卡名> -p 协
 
 防火墙策略一般分为两种，一种叫`通`策略，一种叫`堵`策略，通策略，默认门是关着的，必须要定义谁能进。堵策略则是，大门是洞开的，但是你必须有身份认证，否则不能进。所以我们要定义，让进来的进来，让出去的出去，`所以通，是要全通，而堵，则是要选择`。当我们定义的策略的时候，要分别定义多条功能，其中：定义数据包中允许或者不允许的策略，filter过滤的功能，而定义地址转换的功能的则是nat选项。为了让这些功能交替工作，我们制定出了“表”这个定义，来定义、区分各种不同的工作功能和处理方式。
 
-我们现在用的比较多个功能有3个：
+防火墙规则表：
 
-1. filter 定义允许或者不允许的，只能做在3个链上：INPUT ，FORWARD ，OUTPUT
+1. filter表：(主要对数据包进行过滤) 定义允许或者不允许的，只能做在3个链上：INPUT ，FORWARD ，OUTPUT
-2. nat 定义地址转换的，也只能做在3个链上：PREROUTING ，OUTPUT ，POSTROUTING
+2. nat表：(主要用于修改数据包的IP地址、端口号等) 定义地址转换的，也只能做在3个链上：PREROUTING ，OUTPUT ，POSTROUTING
-3. mangle功能:修改报文原数据，是5个链都可以做：PREROUTING，INPUT，FORWARD，OUTPUT，POSTROUTING
+3.mangle表：
+修改报文原数据，是5个链都可以做：PREROUTING，INPUT，FORWARD，OUTPUT，POSTROUTING
 
 我们修改报文原数据就是来修改TTL的。能够实现将数据包的元数据拆开，在里面做标记/修改内容的。而防火墙标记，其实就是靠mangle来实现的。
+4.Raw表：(主要用于决定数据包是否被状态跟踪机制处理，在匹配raw表时优先于其他表)
 
 小扩展:
 
@@ -194,61 +239,6 @@ iptables还支持自己定义链。但是自己定义的链，必须是跟某种
 
 ### 实例  
 
-#### 空当前的所有规则和计数
-
-```bash
-iptables -F  # 清空所有的防火墙规则
-iptables -X  # 删除用户自定义的空链
-iptables -Z  # 清空计数
-```
-
-#### 配置允许ssh端口连接
-
-```bash
-iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT  
-# 22为你的ssh端口， -s 192.168.1.0/24表示允许这个网段的机器来连接，其它网段的ip地址是登陆不了你的机器的。 -j ACCEPT表示接受这样的请求
-```
-
-#### 允许本地回环地址可以正常使用
-
-```bash
-iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT  
-#本地圆环地址就是那个127.0.0.1，是本机上使用的,它进与出都设置为允许
-iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
-```
-
-#### 设置默认的规则
-
-```bash
-iptables -P INPUT DROP # 配置默认的不让进
-iptables -P FORWARD DROP # 默认的不允许转发
-iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT # 默认的可以出去
-```
-
-#### 配置白名单
-
-```bash
-iptables -A INPUT -p all -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j ACCEPT  # 允许机房内网机器可以访问
-iptables -A INPUT -p all -s 192.168.140.0/24 -j ACCEPT  # 允许机房内网机器可以访问
-iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 183.121.3.7 --dport 3380 -j ACCEPT # 允许183.121.3.7访问本机的3380端口
-```
-
-#### 开启相应的服务端口
-
-```bash
-iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT # 开启80端口，因为web对外都是这个端口
-iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT # 允许被ping
-iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # 已经建立的连接得让它进来
-```
-
-#### 保存规则到配置文件中
-
-```bash
-cp /etc/sysconfig/iptables /etc/sysconfig/iptables.bak # 任何改动之前先备份，请保持这一优秀的习惯
-iptables-save > /etc/sysconfig/iptables 
-cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables
-```
-
 #### 列出已设置的规则
 
 > iptables -L [-t 表名] [链名]
@@ -393,5 +383,458 @@ iptables -I INPUT -j DROP -p tcp -s 0.0.0.0/0 -m string --algo kmp --string "cmd
 iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --syn -m limit --limit 5/second -j ACCEPT
 ```
 
+```sh
+iptables实现内外网隔离
+#!/bin/bash
+
+#赋值IPTABLES：
+IPT="/sbin/iptables"
+
+#赋值外网IP:
+FW_INET= 202.96.???.???
+
+#赋值内网网卡和外网网卡，及vpn网卡
+IF_INET="eth0"
+IF_LOCAL="eth1"
+IF_OVPN="tun+"
+
+#赋值内部vlan:
+LAN_1="192.168.1.0/24"
+LAN_2="192.168.2.0/24"
+LAN_3="192.168.3.0/24"
+
+#赋值总部与分公司的VPN 外网IP.
+OVPN_HEADER="202.96.???.???" 本机防火墙外部IP
+OVPN_SUBCOMPANY="202:128.???.???"  子公司防火墙外部IP
+
+#赋值服务器IP
+DNS/DHCP=192.168.1.???
+EMAIL_LOCAL= 192.168.1.???
+DOMAIN_SERVER=192.168.1.???
+ANTIVIRUS_SERVER=192.168.1.???
+FILE_SERVER=192.168.1.???
+DATABASE_SERVER=192.168.1.???
+
+#赋值VLAN网段可出外网
+INTERNET1_FULL_ACCESS_1="192.168.1.100-192.168.1.160"
+INTERNET2_FULL_ACCESS_2="192.168.2.50-192.168.2.70"
+INTERNET3_FULL_ACCESS_3="192.168.3.40-192.168.3.99"
+USERS_FULL_ACCESS=
+SKYPE_USERS=" 192.168.1.200 192.168.2.200 192.168.3.200"
+BLOCKED_HOSTS=""
+
+#装载IPTABLES模块
+modprobe nf_nat_ftp
+
+#清空所有的防火墙设置
+$IPT -F INPUT
+$IPT -F FORWARD
+$IPT -F FORWARD -t mangle
+$IPT -F OUTPUT
+$IPT -t nat -F OUTPUT
+$IPT -t nat -F POSTROUTING
+$IPT -t nat -F PREROUTING
+
+#设置默认拒绝所有输入和转发数据包
+$IPT -P INPUT DROP
+$IPT -P FORWARD DROP
+
+#允许所有数据包通过OPENVPN网络接口
+$IPT -A INPUT -i lo        -j ACCEPT
+$IPT -A INPUT -i $IF_LOCAL -j ACCEPT
+$IPT -A INPUT -i $IF_OVPN  -j ACCEPT
+
+#打开SSH端口访问
+$IPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport  22 -j ACCEPT
+
+#充许OPENPN访问
+$IPT -A INPUT -p tcp -s $OVPN_SUBCOMPANY -d $OVPN_HEADER --dport 55001 -j ACCEPT
+
+#拒绝访问的IP：
+$IPT -I INPUT   -s $BLOCKED_IPS -j DROP
+$IPT -I FORWARD -s $BLOCKED_IPS -j DROP
+
+#邮件服务器端口设置：
+$IPT -A FORWARD -s $EMAIL_LOCAL -j ACCEPT
+$IPT -A FORWARD -d $EMAIL_LOCAL -j ACCEPT
+$IPT -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $EMAIL_LOCAL -j MASQUERADE
+$IPT -t nat -A PREROUTING -i $IF_INET -p tcp -d $FW_INET --dport   25 -j DNAT --to $EMAIL_LOCAL
+$IPT -t nat -A PREROUTING -i $IF_INET -p tcp -d $FW_INET --dport   80 -j DNAT --to $EMAIL_LOCAL
+$IPT -t nat -A PREROUTING -i $IF_INET -p tcp -d $FW_INET --dport  110 -j DNAT --to $EMAIL_LOCAL
+$IPT -t nat -A PREROUTING -i $IF_INET -p tcp -d $FW_INET --dport  143 -j DNAT --to $EMAIL_LOCAL
+$IPT -t nat -A PREROUTING -i $IF_INET -p tcp -d $FW_INET --dport  587 -j DNAT --to $EMAIL_LOCAL
+$IPT -t nat -A PREROUTING -i $IF_INET -p tcp -d $FW_INET --dport  993 -j DNAT --to $EMAIL_LOCAL
+$IPT -t nat -A PREROUTING -i $IF_INET -p tcp -d $FW_INET --dport  995 -j DNAT --to $EMAIL_LOCAL
+$IPT -t nat -A PREROUTING -i $IF_INET -p tcp -d $FW_INET --dport 1925 -j DNAT --to-destination $EMAIL_LOCAL:25
+
+#DNS服务器：
+$IPT -A FORWARD            -p tcp --sport 1024: -s $DNS/DHCP --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
+$IPT -t nat -A POSTROUTING -p tcp --sport 1024: -s $DNS/DHCP --dport 53 -j MASQUERADE
+$IPT -A FORWARD            -p udp --sport 1024: -s $DNS/DHCP --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
+$IPT -t nat -A POSTROUTING -p udp --sport 1024: -s $DNS/DHCP --dport 53 -j MASQUERADE
+$IPT -A FORWARD            -p tcp --sport 1024: -s $DNS/DHCP --dport 80 -j ACCEPT      #允许服务器更新
+$IPT -t nat -A POSTROUTING -p tcp --sport 1024: -s $DNS/DHCP --dport 80 -j MASQUERADE
+
+#域服务器内外转发
+$IPT -A FORWARD -s $DOMAIN_SERVER -j ACCEPT
+$IPT -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $DOMAIN_SERVER -j MASQUERADE
+
+#抗病毒服务器内外转发
+$IPT -A FORWARD -s $PA_NETFLOW -j ACCEPT
+$IPT -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $PA_NETFLOW -j MASQUERADE
+
+#内外网隔离,VLAN IP段可访问外网设置
+$IPT -A FORWARD -m iprange --src-range $INTERNET1_FULL_ACCESS -j ACCEPT
+$IPT -t nat -A POSTROUTING -m iprange --src-range $INTERNET1_FULL_ACCESS ! -d 192.168.0.0/16 -j MASQUERADE
+$IPT -A FORWARD -m iprange --src-range $INTERNET2_FULL_ACCESS  -j ACCEPT
+$IPT -t nat -A POSTROUTING -m iprange --src-range $INTERNET2_FULL_ACCESS  ! -d 192.168.0.0/16 -j MASQUERADE
+$IPT -A FORWARD -m iprange --src-range $INTERNET3_FULL_ACCESS  -j ACCEPT
+$IPT -t nat -A POSTROUTING -m iprange --src-range $INTERNET3_FULL_ACCESS  ! -d 192.168.0.0/16 -j MASQUERADE
+
+#外网代理端口
+$IPT -A FORWARD            -p tcp -s $LAN_1 --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
+$IPT -t nat -A POSTROUTING -p tcp -s $LAN_1 --dport 443 -j MASQUERADE
+$IPT -A FORWARD            -p tcp -s $LAN_2 --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
+$IPT -t nat -A POSTROUTING -p tcp -s $LAN_2 --dport 443 -j MASQUERADE
+$IPT -A FORWARD            -p tcp -s $LAN_3 --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
+$IPT -t nat -A POSTROUTING -p tcp -s $LAN_3 --dport 443 -j MASQUERADE
+
+```
+
+### Netfilter/Iptables Layer7 应用层过滤策略
+
+```sh
+iptables安装
+wget http://download.clearfoundation.com/l7-filter/netfilter-layer7-v2.23.tar.gz
+wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.35.9.tar.bz2
+wget http://download.clearfoundation.com/l7-filter/l7-protocols-2009-05-28.tar.gz
+wget http://ftp.redhat.com/redhat/linux/enterprise/6Server/en/os/SRPMS/iptables-1.4.7-11.el6.src.rpm
+
+Netfilter/Iptables 作为一个典型的包过滤防火墙体系，对于网络层，传输层的数据包过滤具有非常优秀的性能和效率，然而，对于一些面向局域网上网用户的Linux网关服务器，有时候还需要对QQ，MSN等聊天，使用BT下载工具等现象进行封锁。下面将介绍如何为Netfilter/Iptables 增加应用层过滤。
+
+QQ，MSN等聊天，使用BT下载工具均使用了相对固定的应用层协议。使用L7-filter项目的补丁文件包可以为linux内核增加相应的应用层过滤功能，结合其提供的l7-protocols第7层协议定义包，能够识别不同应用层的数据特征
+
+L7-filter项目站点：http://l7-filter.sourceforge.net/  下载最新的补丁包及协议包内核站点:http://www.kernel.org   下载内核，iptables的源码包
+
+将netfilter-layer7 源码包中的对应补丁文件添加到内核源码中，对内核进行重新编译，安装，安装后使用新内核启动Linux操作系统。
+
+注意：L7-filter补丁包内的数据，要与内核及iptables源码版本相匹配
+注意：源码目录所在分区至少保持有2.5G的剩余磁盘空间。
+
+========编译安装内核========
+
+1.解压释放netfilter-layer7 和内核源码包，使用patch工具合并补丁文件
+  tar xf linux-2.6.35.9.tar.bz2 -C /usr/src/    
+  tar xf netfilter-layer7-v2.23.tar.gz     
+  cd /usr/src     
+  ln -sn linux-2.6.35.9/ linux     
+  ll linux* -d     
+     lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root   15 Aug 26 10:55 linux -> linux-2.6.35.9/     
+     drwxrwxr-x 23 root root 4096 Nov 23  2010 linux-2.6.35.9
+ 
+  cd linux 
+  patch -p1 < /root/netfilter-layer7-v2.23/kernel-2.6.35-layer7-2.23.patch    
+     patching file include/linux/netfilter/xt_layer7.h     
+     patching file include/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack.h     
+     patching file net/netfilter/Kconfig     
+     patching file net/netfilter/Makefile     
+     patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c     
+     patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_standalone.c     
+     patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.c     
+     patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.h     
+     patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regmagic.h     
+     patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regsub.c     
+     patching file net/netfilter/xt_layer7.c
+   注意：【patch -p1 】 中“1” 是数字 1，不是小写字母 L
+   
+2.重新配置内核编译参数，添加state机制及layer7支持【仍在内核编译目录】
+   cp /boot/config-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 .config
+   yum -y install gcc ncurses-devel 
+   make menuconfig
+
+   在配置界面中，方向键用于定位需要配置的项目
+    select      进入子配置菜单
+    exit	       返回上一层
+    help	       查看帮助信息
+    空格	        切换所选项目的编译类型
+  三种状态：
+    []		表示不需要该功能
+    [M]		将功能编译成模块
+    [*]		将功能直接编入内核
+
+  Networking support ---> Networking options ---> Network packet filtering framework (Netfilter)
+  ---> Core Netfilter Configuration --->
+  <M> Netfilter connection tracking support
+   <M>   "layer7" match support
+   <M>   "string" match support
+   <M>   "time" match support
+   <M>   "iprange" address range match support
+   <M>   "connlimit" match support"
+   <M>   "state" match support
+   <M>   "conntrack" connection match support
+   <M>   "mac" address match support
+   <M>   "multiport" Multiple port match support
+
+  Networking support ---> Networking options ---> Network packet filtering framework (Netfilter)
+   ---> IP: Netfilter Configuration --->
+  <M> IPv4 connection tracking support (required for NAT)
+   <M>   Full NAT
+   <M>     MASQUERADE target support
+   <M>     NETMAP target support
+   <M>     REDIRECT target support
+
+  使用Exit返回 最后当提示保存时，使用Yes确认保存，修改将保存到源码目录中的.config文件中。
+
+3.编译新内核，并安装新内核文件
+  make
+  make modules_install && make install
+
+    新内核编译安装过程将花费较长时间，数十分钟到数小时不等
+    新内核文件被安装到/boot目录，模块文件将复制到/lib/modules/2.6.35.9
+
+    如果编译内核，途中断过，想重新编译，那么先使用
+        make mrproper    删除不必要的文件和目录，初次编译内核不需要
+        make clean       删除不必要的模块和文件
+   然后重新  make menuconfig
+
+4.调整GRUB引导菜单，使系统以新内核启动，然后重启linux服务器 从新版内核启动
+  vim /boot/grub/grub.conf   【修改default=0 ，1改为0】
+       default=0
+      timeout=5
+      splashimage=(hd0,1)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
+      hiddenmenu
+      title CentOS (2.6.35.9)
+           root (hd0,1)
+ reboot
+
+======安装iptables/l7-protocols协议包=======
+
+1、制作iptables升级包
+  新建mockbuild用户，将l7-protocols-2009-05-28.tar.gz解压后的用于iptables 1.4.3和内核2.6.20之后的文件复制过来。
+   注意目录层次。
+
+  useradd mockbuild
+  rpm -ivh iptables-1.4.7-11.el6.src.rpm
+      warning: iptables-1.4.7-11.el6.src.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
+       1:iptables               ########################################### [100%]
+  cd /root/rpmbuild/SOURCES/
+  tar xf iptables-1.4.7.tar.bz2
+  cd iptables-1.4.7
+  cp /root/netfilter-layer7-v2.23/iptables-1.4.3forward-for-kernel-2.6.20forward/* ./extensions/
+  cd ..
+  tar -jcf iptables-1.4.7.tar.bz2 iptables-1.4.7/*
+  mv iptables-1.4.7/ /tmp/
+  cd ../SPECS/
+  vim iptables.spec
+       Version: 1.4.7
+       Release: 11.5%{?dist}   //修改11.5表示升级
+
+        CFLAGS="$RPM_OPT_FLAGS -fno-strict-aliasing"
+           --with-kernel=/usr/src/linux --with-kbuild=/usr/src/linux --with-ksource=/usr/src/linux
+              //最后 三项 参数改为编译 的内核 linux所在目录
+       %changelog
+       * Wed May 17 2016 Fisher 1.4.7-11.5
+       - L7-filter support              //在 %changelog 后添加这两段，加入更新日志（日期为当天）
+
+  yum install rpm-build libselinux-devel -y
+  rpmbuild -ba iptables.spec
+
+
+2、开始升级iptables
+  cd /root/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/
+  rpm -Uvh iptables-1.4.7-11.5.el6.x86_64.rpm iptables-ipv6-1.4.7-11.5.el6.x86_64.rpm //可加参数 --nodeps 强制安装
+  cd /tmp
+  tar xf l7-protocols-2009-05-28.tar.gz
+  cd  l7-protocols-2009-05-28
+  make install
+      mkdir -p /etc/l7-protocols
+      cp -R * /etc/l7-protocols
+
+3、检查l7-protocols协议包 
+  rpm -ql iptables | grep layer7
+     /lib64/xtables/libxt_layer7.so
+
+
+========启用七层过滤/添加规则============
+
+1、启用七层过滤
+  # modprobe xt_layer7
+  # lsmod | grep xt_layer7
+      xt_layer7              12060  0
+      nf_conntrack           79850  1 xt_layer7
+
+2、查看并开启内核参数，确保net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_acct等于1
+  # sysctl -a | grep conntrack_acct
+      net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_acct = 1
+
+3、在Iptables上做7层防火墙过虑限制
+    vim /etc/sysctl.conf
+       net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1      //开启路由转发功能
+    sysctl -p
+    lsmod | grep -w nf_conntrack    //查看nf_conntrack模块是否加载
+        nf_conntrack           79485  6
+       xt_layer7,iptable_nat,nf_nat,nf_conntrack_ipv4,nf_conntrack_ipv6,xt_state
+
+    sysctl -a | grep acct           //查看内核连接追踪功能是否开启
+    kernel.acct = 4 2   30
+        ###如果下面值为0，修改为1
+    net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_acct = 1
+        ###打开下面文件加入到里面执行如下命令即可生效
+    vim /etc/sysctl.conf
+        net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_acct = 1
+   sysctl -p
+        ###也可使用此项命令修改，但一重启系统便会失效
+    sysctl -w net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_acct=1
+
+4、添加规则
+   支持的layer7应用层协议
+     匹配格式：iptables [-t 表名] -m layer7 --l7proto 协议名  
+   根据时间过滤
+     匹配格式：-m time --timestart 起始时间 --timestop 结束时间 --weekdays 每周的那些天
+   时间格式以24小时制表示，如早9:30 晚18:00
+    每周一至周日对应的英文缩写表示为：Mon、Tue、Wed、Thu、Fri、Sat、Sun 也可以使用数字表示周一至周日，如：1、2、3、4、5、6、7
+  根据字符串过滤
+     匹配格式：-m string --string “字符串” --algo {bm|kmp}
+ 实例：
+  使用layer7显示匹配策略过滤使用QQ,MSN Edonkey等应用层协议的数据访问
+    iptables -A FORWARD -m layer7 --l7proto qq -j DROP
+   iptables -A FORWARD -m layer7 --l7proto msn-filetransfer -j DROP
+   iptables -A FORWARD -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP
+   iptables -A FORWARD -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrenr -j DROP
+   iptables -A FORWARD -m layer7 --l7proto xunlei -j DROP
+   iptables -A FORWARD -m layer7 --l7proto edonkey -j DROP
+  使用--connlimit 显示匹配进行数据并发连接控制，超过100个并发连接将拒绝
+    iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp --syn -m connlimit --connlimit-above 100 -j DROP
+
+  使用--time显示匹配根据时间范围设置访问策略，允许周一到周五 8:00-18:00之间的数据访问
+    iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport 80 -m time --timestart 8:00 --timestop 18:00 --weekdays Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu,Fri -j ACCEPT
+       星期一 MON  星期二 TUE  星期三 WED  星期四 THU  星期五 FRI  星期六 SAT  星期天 SUN
+
+  使用string显示匹配策略过滤包含tencent,verycd,色情，成人电影的网络访问
+    iptables -A FORWARD   -m string --string "qq" --algo bm -j DROP
+    iptables -A FORWARD  -m string --string "tencent" --algo bm -j DROP
+    iptables -A FORWARD  -m string --string "verycd" --algo bm -j DROP
+    iptables -A FORWARD  -m string --string "色情" --algo bm -j DROP
+    iptables -A FORWARD  -m string --string "成人电影" --algo bm -j DROP
+  其中--algo参数用于指定字符串识别算法，bm 或 kmp
+
+
+5、查看支持的协议簇
+    ls /etc/l7-protocols/protocols/
+
+=======问题汇总=======
+<code>
+1、在make 内核过程中报 【gcc: error: elf_x86_64: No such file or directory】
+   解决：gcc -v ，若gcc 版本为4.6 ，则不支持 linker-style 架构
+      在内核目录arch/x86/vdso/Makefile中，大约在28,29行 找到 
+      VDSO_LDFLAGS_vdso.lds = -m elf_x86_64 -Wl,-soname=linux-vdso.so.1 \
+                -Wl,-z,max-page-size=4096 -Wl,-z,common-page-size=4096
+              把"-m elf_x86_64" 替换为 "-m64"
+     然后再继续找，大约在72行左右，找到
+     VDSO_LDFLAGS_vdso32.lds = -m elf_i386 -Wl,-soname=linux-gate.so.1
+     中的 "-m elf_i386" 替换为 "-m32"
+
+2、在make 内核过程中报【drivers/net/igbvf/igbvf.h:129:15: 错误：重复的成员‘page’】
+   解决：打开文件，看129行，代码为：struct page *page;再往上看，第124行，也有struct page *page这行代码，
+   这个结构定义在内部的一个结构体中。就是他的名字与129行的重复了，而4.6.*的编译器不支持这种方式的定义，
+   我们修改129行的代码为struct page *pagep；保存退出
+
+3、在rpmbuild -bb iptables.spec 制作rpm包报 【*** ERROR: No build ID note found in /home/wuyang/rpmbuild/BUILDROOT/******
+   error: Bad exit status from /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.BPd1OI (%install)】
+   解决：在iptables.spec文件中任意位置添加如下参数：
+    %define __debug_install_post   \
+      %{_rpmconfigdir}/find-debuginfo.sh %{?_find_debuginfo_opts} "%{_builddir}/%{?buildsubdir}"\
+   %{nil}
+
+ 重新打包
+
+
+允许某个IP段远程访问ssh
+iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 9527 -s 192.168.64.0/24 -j ACCEPT
+开启80端口
+iptables -A INPUT -P tcp -m tcp --dropt 80 -j ACCEPT
+允许某个IP的所有请求
+iptables -A INPUT -p all -s 124.43.56.90/30 -j ACCEPT
+iptables -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
+iptables -P INPUT DROP
+iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
+iptables -P FORWARD DROP
+/etc/init.d/iptables save
+/etc/init.d/iptables restart
+
+
+
+1. 删除已有规则
+在新设定iptables规则时，我们一般先确保旧规则被清除，用以下命令清除旧规则：
+iptables -F
+(or iptables --flush)
+2. 设置chain策略
+对于filter table，默认的chain策略为ACCEPT，我们可以通过以下命令修改chain的策略：
+iptables -P INPUT DROP
+iptables -P FORWARD DROP
+iptables -P OUTPUT DROP
+以上命令配置将接收、转发和发出包均丢弃，施行比较严格的包管理。由于接收和发包均被设置为丢弃，当
+进一步配置其他规则的时候，需要注意针对INPUT和OUTPUT分别配置。当然，如果信任本机器往外发包，
+以上第三条规则可不必配置。
+3. 屏蔽指定ip
+有时候我们发现某个ip不停的往服务器发包，这时我们可以使用以下命令，将指定ip发来的包丢弃：
+BLOCK_THIS_IP="x.x.x.x"iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp -s "$BLOCK_THIS_IP" -j DROP
+以上命令设置将由x.x.x.x ip发往eth0网口的tcp包丢弃。
+4. 配置服务项
+利用iptables，我们可以对日常用到的服务项进行安全管理，比如设定只能通过指定网段、由指定网口通过
+SSH连接本机：
+iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp -s 192.168.100.0/24 --dport 22 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLESHED -j ACCEPT
+iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -p tcp --sport 22 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
+若要支持由本机通过SSH连接其他机器，由于在本机端口建立连接，因而还需要设置以下规则：
+iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp -s 192.168.100.0/24 --dport 22 -m state --state ESTABLESHED -j ACCEPT
+iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -p tcp --sport 22 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
+类似的，对于HTTP/HTTPS(80/443)、pop3(110)、rsync(873)、MySQL(3306)等基于tcp连接的服务，也可以参
+照上述命令配置。
+对于基于udp的dns服务，使用以下命令开启端口服务：
+iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp -o eth0 --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
+iptables -A INPUT -p udp -i eth0 --sport 53 -j ACCEPT
+5. 网口转发配置
+对于用作防火墙或网关的服务器，一个网口连接到公网，其他网口的包转发到该网口实现内网向公网通信，
+假设eth0连接内网，eth1连接公网，配置规则如下：
+iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o eth1 -j ACCEPT
+6. 端口转发配置
+对于端口，我们也可以运用iptables完成转发配置：
+iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -d 192.168.102.37 --dport 422 -j DNAT --to 192.168.102.37:22
+以上命令将422端口的包转发到22端口，因而通过422端口也可进行SSH连接，当然对于422端口，我们也需要
+像以上“4.配置服务项”一节一样，配置其支持连接建立的规则。
+7. DoS攻击防范
+利用扩展模块limit，我们还可以配置iptables规则，实现DoS攻击防范：
+iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -m limit --limit 25/minute --limit-burst 100 -j ACCEPT
+–litmit 25/minute 指示每分钟限制最大连接数为25
+–litmit-burst 100 指示当总连接数超过100时，启动 litmit/minute 限制
+8. 配置web流量均衡
+我们可以将一台服务器作为前端服务器，利用iptables进行流量分发，配置方法如下：
+iptables -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW -m nth --counter 0 --every 3 --packet 0 -j
+DNAT --to-destination 192.168.1.101:80
+iptables -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW -m nth --counter 0 --every 3 --packet 0 -j
+DNAT --to-destination 192.168.1.102:80
+iptables -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW -m nth --counter 0 --every 3 --packet 0 -j
+DNAT --to-destination 192.168.1.103:80
+以上配置规则用到nth扩展模块，将80端口的流量均衡到三台服务器。
+9. 将丢弃包情况记入日志
+使用LOG目标和syslog服务，我们可以记录某协议某端口下的收发包情况。拿记录丢包情况举例，可以通过以
+下方式实现。
+首先自定义一个chain：
+iptables -N LOGGING
+其次将所有接收包导入LOGGING chain中：
+iptables -A INPUT -j LOGGING
+然后设置日志前缀、日志级别：
+iptables -A LOGGING -m limit --limit 2/min -j LOG --log-prefix "IPTables Packet Dropped: " --log-level 7
+最后将包倒向DROP，将包丢弃：
+iptables -A LOGGING -j DROP
+另可以配置syslog.conf文件，指定iptables的日志输出。
+ps -eo"pid,stime,args"
+ps -eo rss,pmem,pcpu,vsize,args | sort -k 1 -r -n | less
+
+
+
+
+
+```
 
 <!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/less.md

@@ -30,10 +30,5 @@ less(选项)(参数)
 
 文件：指定要分屏显示内容的文件。
 
-## 实例
-
-```bash
-sudo less /var/log/shadowsocks.log
-```
 
 <!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ln.md

@@ -9,6 +9,12 @@ ln
 
 注意：符号链接文件不是一个独立的文件，它的许多属性依赖于源文件，所以给符号链接文件设置存取权限是没有意义的。
 
+软连接特点:
+1.软连接的权限都是rwxrwxrwx,文件类型是l，时间值和原文件的时间值不同；
+2.类似于windows中的快捷方式操作；
+3.源文件和链接文件同步更新；
+4支持跨文件系统创建链接文件；
+
 ### 语法  
 
 ```
@@ -21,22 +27,17 @@ ln [选项]... [-T] 目标 链接名	(第一种格式)
 ### 选项  
 
 ```
-    --backup[=CONTROL]  为每个已存在的目标文件创建备份文件
+-b或--backup：删除，覆盖目标文件之前的备份；
--b        类似--backup，但不接受任何参数
+-d或-F或——directory：建立目录的硬连接；
--d, -F, --directory   创建指向目录的硬链接(只适用于超级用户)
+-f或——force：强行建立文件或目录的连接，不论文件或目录是否存在；
--f, --force     强行删除任何已存在的目标文件
+-i或——interactive：覆盖既有文件之前先询问用户；
--i, --interactive           覆盖既有文件之前先询问用户；
+-n或--no-dereference：把符号连接的目的目录视为一般文件；
--L, --logical               取消引用作为符号链接的目标
+-s或——symbolic：对源文件建立符号连接，而非硬连接；
--n, --no-dereference        把符号连接的目的目录视为一般文件；
+-S<字尾备份字符串>或--suffix=<字尾备份字符串>：用"-b"参数备份目标文件后，备份文件的字尾会被加上一个备份字符串，预设的备份字符串是符号“~”，用户可通过“-S”参数来改变它；
--P, --physical              直接将硬链接到符号链接
+-v或——verbose：显示指令执行过程；
--r, --relative              创建相对于链接位置的符号链接
+-V<备份方式>或--version-control=<备份方式>：用“-b”参数备份目标文件后，备份文件的字尾会被加上一个备份字符串，这个字符串不仅可用“-S”参数变更，当使用“-V”参数<备份方式>指定不同备份方式时，也会产生不同字尾的备份字符串；
--s, --symbolic              对源文件建立符号连接，而非硬连接；
+--help：在线帮助；
--S, --suffix=SUFFIX         用"-b"参数备份目标文件后，备份文件的字尾会被加上一个备份字符串，预设的备份字符串是符号“~”，用户可通过“-S”参数来改变它；
+--version：显示版本信息。
--t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY  指定要在其中创建链接的DIRECTORY
--T, --no-target-directory   将“LINK_NAME”视为常规文件
--v, --verbose               打印每个链接文件的名称
-    --help    显示此帮助信息并退出
-    --version   显示版本信息并退出
 ```
 
 ### 参数  
@@ -44,13 +45,6 @@ ln [选项]... [-T] 目标 链接名	(第一种格式)
 *   源文件：指定连接的源文件。如果使用`-s`选项创建符号连接，则“源文件”可以是文件或者目录。创建硬连接时，则“源文件”参数只能是文件；
 *   目标文件：指定源文件的目标连接文件。
 
-```bash
-none, off       # 不进行备份(即使使用了--backup 选项)
-numbered, t     # 备份文件加上数字进行排序
-existing, nil   # 若有数字的备份文件已经存在则使用数字，否则使用普通方式备份
-simple, never   # 永远使用普通方式备份
-```
-
 ### 实例  
 
 将目录`/usr/mengqc/mub1`下的文件m2.c链接到目录`/usr/liu`下的文件a2.c
@@ -78,6 +72,12 @@ Linux具有为一个文件起多个名字的功能，称为链接。被链接的
 
 ### 硬链接
 
+硬链接特点：
+1.源文件和硬链接文件的属性完全相同；
+2.类似于cp -p 复制文件指令，不同之处是时间值不同；
+3.硬链接是同步更新的；
+4.硬链接不能跨文件系统，类似于跨分区....（实质上文件系统就是一个初始化后的分区，属于独立存储空间，同时在文件的逻辑结构上是隶属于根目录）
+
 建立硬链接时，在另外的目录或本目录中增加目标文件的一个目录项，这样，一个文件就登记在多个目录中。如图所示的m2.c文件就在目录mub1和liu中都建立了目录项。
 
 创建硬链接后，己经存在的文件的I节点号（Inode）会被多个目录文件项使用。一个文件的硬链接数可以在目录的长列表格式的第二列中看到，无额外链接的文件的链接数为l。
@@ -89,13 +89,21 @@ Linux具有为一个文件起多个名字的功能，称为链接。被链接的
 *   不能对目录文件做硬链接。
 *   不能在不同的文件系统之间做硬链接。就是说，链接文件和被链接文件必须位于同一个文件系统中。
 
+### 软，硬链接不同点：
+1.如果源文件被删除的话，软连接文件只是一个符号链接，因此软连接文件不可访问。硬链接文件是可以访问的，相当于源文件的一个拷贝，大小内容是一样的，同步更新。
+
+为了更好的理解两者的不同点，下面来分析一下软硬链接的原理：
+在Linux系统中最核心的部分是内核，其功能是负责处理几乎所有的事情，但处理过程中不能识别字母，只能识别数字，因此在处理的过程中要有一个数字标识来标记，我们称之为i节点；（uid ,gid ,pid 等数字标识）每个文件都有一个i节点，如果没有的话就没有办法访问目标文件；
+
+硬链接和源文件有相同的i节点--inode映射到了两个文件，删除一个就减掉一个映射，还有另一条映射因此不影响对文件的访问。内核查看inode都是相同的数字，同步在两个文件中写入，而且并不知道那个是源文件那个是硬链接文件，这就是硬链接为什么会同步更新；
+
+切记：i节点是内核调用的数字标识；
+
 ### 符号链接  
 
 符号链接也称为软链接，是将一个路径名链接到一个文件。这些文件是一种特别类型的文件。事实上，它只是一个文本文件（如图中的abc文件），其中包含它提供链接的另一个文件的路径名，如图中虚线箭头所示。另一个文件是实际包含所有数据的文件。所有读、写文件内容的命令被用于符号链接时，将沿着链接方向前进来访问实际的文件。
 
-!符号连接
+符号连接与硬链接不同的是，符号链接确实是一个新文件，当然它具有不同的I节点号；而硬链接并没有建立新文件。
-
-与硬链接不同的是，符号链接确实是一个新文件，当然它具有不同的I节点号；而硬链接并没有建立新文件。
 
 符号链接没有硬链接的限制，可以对目录文件做符号链接，也可以在不同文件系统之间做符号链接。
 

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/locale.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+locale
+===
+
+```sh
+locate [选择参数] [样式]
+```
+
+选项
+
+```sh
+-e 将排除在寻找的范围之外。
+-1 如果 是 1．则启动安全模式。在安全模式下，使用者不会看到权限无法看到 的档案。这会始速度减慢，因为 locate 必须至实际的档案系统中取得档案的  权限资料。
+-f 将特定的档案系统排除在外，例如我们没有到理要把 proc 档案系统中的档案  放在资料库中。
+-q 安静模式，不会显示任何错误讯息。
+-n 至多显示 n个输出。
+-r 使用正规运算式 做寻找的条件。
+-o 指定资料库存的名称。
+-d 指定资料库的路径
+-h 显示辅助讯息
+-V 显示程式的版本讯息
+```
+
+实例
+
+显示所支持语系：locale
+

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/locate.md

@@ -7,13 +7,12 @@ Apache服务器的性能测试工具
 
 locate 让使用者可以很快速的搜寻档案系统内是否有指定的档案。其方法是先建立一个包括系统内所有档案名称及路径的数据库，之后当寻找时就只需查询这个数据库，而不必实际深入档案系统之中了。在一般的 distribution 之中，数据库的建立都被放在 crontab 中自动执行。
 
-locate命令可以在搜寻数据库时快速找到档案，数据库由updatedb程序来更新，updatedb是由cron daemon周期性建立的，locate命令在搜寻数据库时比由整个由硬盘资料来搜寻资料来得快，但较差劲的是locate所找到的档案若是最近才建立或 刚更名的，可能会找不到，在内定值中，updatedb每天会跑一次，可以由修改crontab来更新设定值。(etc/crontab)
+locate命令可以在搜寻数据库时快速找到档案，数据库（/var/lib/locatedb）由updatedb程序来更新，数据库含有本地所有的文件信息，updatedb是由cron daemon周期性建立的，locate命令在搜寻数据库时比由整个由硬盘资料来搜寻资料来得快，但较差劲的是locate所找到的档案若是最近才建立或 刚更名的，可能会找不到，为了避免这种情况，可以在使用locate之前，先使用updatedb命令，手动更新数据库。在内定值中，updatedb每天会跑一次，可以由修改crontab来更新设定值。(etc/crontab)
 
 locate指定用在搜寻符合条件的档案，它会去储存档案与目录名称的数据库内，寻找合乎范本样式条件的档案或目录录，可以使用特殊字元（如”*” 或”?”等）来指定范本样式，如指定范本为kcpa*ner, locate 会找出所有起始字串为kcpa且结尾为ner的档案或目录，如名称为kcpartner若目录录名称为kcpa_ner则会列出该目录下包括 子目录在内的所有档案。
 
 locate指令和find找寻档案的功能类似，但locate是透过update程序将硬盘中的所有档案和目录资料先建立一个索引数据库，在 执行loacte时直接找该索引，查询速度会较快，索引数据库一般是由操作系统管理，但也可以直接下达update强迫系统立即修改索引数据库。
 
-
 ### 语法  
 
 ```
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ locate [选择参数] [样式]
 
 ### 实例  
 
-实例1：查找和pwd相关的所有文件
+查找和pwd相关的所有文件
 
 ```
 root ~ # locate pwd
@@ -58,8 +57,7 @@ root ~ # locate pwd
 /usr/share/help/el/empathy/irc-join-pwd.page
 ```
 
-实例2： 搜索etc目录下所有以sh开头的文件 
+搜索etc目录下所有以sh开头的文件 
-
 ```
 root ~ # locate /etc/sh
 /etc/shadow
@@ -67,8 +65,7 @@ root ~ # locate /etc/sh
 /etc/shells
 ```
 
-实例3：搜索etc目录下，所有以m开头的文件
+搜索etc目录下，所有以m开头的文件
-
 ```
 root ~ # locate /etc/m
 /etc/magic
@@ -79,4 +76,19 @@ root ~ # locate /etc/m
 /etc/mate-settings-daemon
 ```
 
+搜索etc目录下所有以sh开头的文件。
+```
+locate /etc/sh
+```
+
+搜索用户主目录下，所有以m开头的文件。
+```
+locate ~/m
+```
+
+搜索用户主目录下，所有以m开头的文件，并且忽略大小写。
+```
+locate -i ~/m
+```
+
 <!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎：https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ls.md

@@ -16,105 +16,30 @@ ls（选项）（参数）
 ### 选项  
 
 ```
-
+-a：显示所有档案及目录（连同隐藏档，开头为.文件一起罗列出来）；
--a, --all     不隐藏任何以. 开始的项目
+-A：显示全部文件和目录，连同隐藏文件，但不包括.和..这两个目录；
--A, --almost-all    列出除. 及.. 以外的任何项目
+-C：多列显示输出结果。这是默认选项；
-    --author      与-l 同时使用时列出每个文件的作者
+-l：与“-C”选项功能相反，所有输出信息用单列格式输出，不输出为多列；
--b, --escape      以八进制溢出序列表示不可打印的字符
+-F：在每个输出项后追加文件的类型标识符，具体含义：“*”表示具有可执行权限的普通文件，“/”表示目录，“@”表示符号链接，“|”表示命令管道FIFO，“=”表示sockets套接字。当文件为普通文件时，不输出任何标识符；
-    --block-size=SIZE      scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
+-b：将文件中的不可输出的字符以反斜线“”加字符编码的方式输出；
-                             '--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of
+-c：与“-lt”选项连用时，按照文件状态时间排序输出目录内容，排序的依据是文件的索引节点中的ctime字段。与“-l”选项连用时，则排序的一句是文件的状态改变时间；
-                             1,048,576 bytes; see SIZE format below
+-d：仅显示目录名，而不显示目录下的内容列表。显示符号链接文件本身，而不显示其所指向的目录列表；
--B, --ignore-backups       do not list implied entries ending with ~
+-f：此参数的效果和同时指定“aU”参数相同，并关闭“lst”参数的效果；
--c                         with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
+-i：显示文件索引节点号（inode）。一个索引节点代表一个文件；
-                             modification of file status information);
+--file-type：与“-F”选项的功能相同，但是不显示“*”；
-                             with -l: show ctime and sort by name;
+-k：以KB（千字节）为单位显示文件大小；
-                             otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
+-h:将文件容量以人类易读的方式显示
--C                         list entries by columns
+-l：以长格式显示目录下的内容列表。输出的信息从左到右依次包括文件名，文件类型、权限模式、硬连接数、所有者、组、文件大小和文件的最后修改时间等；
-    --color[=WHEN]         colorize the output; WHEN can be 'never', 'auto',
+-m：用“,”号区隔每个文件和目录的名称；
-                             or 'always' (the default); more info below
+-n：以用户识别码和群组识别码替代其名称；
--d, --directory            list directories themselves, not their contents
+-r：以文件名反序排列并输出目录内容列表；
--D, --dired                generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
+-s：显示文件和目录的大小，以区块为单位；
--f                         do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
+-S: 以文件大小排序，最大的优先（降序）
--F, --classify             append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
+-t：用文件和目录的更改时间排序；
-    --file-type            likewise, except do not append '*'
+-L：如果遇到性质为符号链接的文件或目录，直接列出该链接所指向的原始文件或目录；
-    --format=WORD          across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
+-R：递归处理，将指定目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理；
-                             single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
+--full-time：列出完整的日期与时间；
-    --full-time            like -l --time-style=full-iso
+--color[=WHEN]：使用不同的颜色高亮显示不同类型的。
--g        类似-l，但不列出所有者
-    --group-directories-first
-                           group directories before files;
-                             can be augmented with a --sort option, but any
-                             use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
--G, --no-group    以一个长列表的形式，不输出组名
--h, --human-readable    与-l 一起，以易于阅读的格式输出文件大小
-      (例如 1K 234M 2G)
-    --si      同上面类似，但是使用1000 为基底而非1024
--H, --dereference-command-line
-                           follow symbolic links listed on the command line
-    --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
-                           follow each command line symbolic link
-                             that points to a directory
-    --hide=PATTERN         do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-                             (overridden by -a or -A)
-    --indicator-style=WORD  append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
-                             none (default), slash (-p),
-                             file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
--i, --inode                print the index number of each file
--I, --ignore=PATTERN       do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
--k, --kibibytes            default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage
--l        使用较长格式列出信息
--L, --dereference   当显示符号链接的文件信息时，显示符号链接所指示
-      的对象而并非符号链接本身的信息
--m        所有项目以逗号分隔，并填满整行行宽
--n, --numeric-uid-gid   类似 -l，但列出UID 及GID 号
--N, --literal     输出未经处理的项目名称 (如不特别处理控制字符)
--o        类似 -l，但不列出有关组的信息
--p,  --indicator-style=slash  对目录加上表示符号"/"
--q, --hide-control-chars   print ? instead of nongraphic characters
-    --show-control-chars   show nongraphic characters as-is (the default,
-                             unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
--Q, --quote-name           enclose entry names in double quotes
-    --quoting-style=WORD   use quoting style WORD for entry names:
-                             literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
--r, --reverse     逆序排列
--R, --recursive   递归显示子目录
--s, --size      以块数形式显示每个文件分配的尺寸
--S                         sort by file size
-    --sort=WORD            sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S),
-                             time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X)
-    --time=WORD            with -l, show time as WORD instead of default
-                             modification time: atime or access or use (-u)
-                             ctime or status (-c); also use specified time
-                             as sort key if --sort=time
-    --time-style=STYLE     with -l, show times using style STYLE:
-                             full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT;
-                             FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date'; if FORMAT
-                             is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies
-                             to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
-                             if STYLE is prefixed with 'posix-', STYLE
-                             takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
--t                         sort by modification time, newest first
--T, --tabsize=COLS         assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
--u                         with -lt: sort by, and show, access time;
-                             with -l: show access time and sort by name;
-                             otherwise: sort by access time
--U                         do not sort; list entries in directory order
--v                         natural sort of (version) numbers within text
--w, --width=COLS           assume screen width instead of current value
--x                         list entries by lines instead of by columns
--X                         sort alphabetically by entry extension
--1                         list one file per line
-
-SELinux options:
-
---lcontext                 Display security context.   Enable -l. Lines
-                           will probably be too wide for most displays.
--Z, --context              Display security context so it fits on most
-                           displays.  Displays only mode, user, group,
-                           security context and file name.
---scontext                 Display only security context and file name.
-    --help    显示此帮助信息并退出
-    --version   显示版本信息并退出
 ```
 
 ### 参数  

LearnShell/LinuxCommands/lsb_release.md

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ lsb_release
 
 ## 补充说明
 
+yum install -y redhat-lsb
+
 LSB是Linux Standard Base的缩写， **lsb_release命令** 用来显示LSB和特定版本的相关信息。如果使用该命令时不带参数，则默认加上-v参数。
 
 ```