tech-interview-handbook/contents/coding-interview-cheatsheet.md

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coding-interview-cheatsheet	Coding interview cheatsheet: Best practices before, during and after	Tips on what to do before, during and after coding interviews to display hire signals according to coding interview evaluation criteria	coding interview best practices best practices for coding interviews what to do during coding interview what to do after coding interview what to do before coding interview how to display hire behavior in coding interview how to pass coding interview	Best practices cheatsheet

As coding interviews mature over the years, there are now firmer expectations on how candidates should behave during a coding interview. Some of these practices also help you to exhibit "hire" signals to the interviewer by displaying your ability to communicate well and deal with roadblocks.

Deriving the best practices from top candidates and also based on how you will be evaluated during a coding interview, we have summarized some of the top tips for how to behave during a coding interview in an exhaustive checklist - including top mistakes to avoid.

You should read and familiarize with this guide even before you start practicing your coding interview questions. Accompanying LeetCode grinding with this guide will allow you to ingrain these important coding interview behaviors early on.

What to do before your coding interview

• ✅ Dress comfortably.

  Usually you do not need to wear smart clothes, casual should be fine. T-shirts and jeans are acceptable at most places.

• ✅ Ensure you have read and prepared for your self introduction and final questions to ask.

For virtual onsite coding interviews

What to do before a virtual onsite coding interview

• ✅ Prepare pen and paper.

  In case you need to jot and visualize stuff. Drawings are especially helpful for trees / graphs questions

• ✅ Use earphones or headphones and make sure you are in a quiet environment.

  Avoid using speakers because if the echo is loud, communication is harder and participants repeating themselves will just result in loss of valuable time.

• ✅ Check that your internet connection is working.
• ✅ Check that your webcam and audio are working.
• ✅ Familiarize and set up shortcuts in the coding environment (CoderPad / CodePen).

  Set up the editor shortcuts, turn on autocompletion, tab spacing, etc. Interviewers are impressed if you know the shortcuts and use them well

• ✅ Turn off the webcam if possible.

  Most remote interviews will not require video chat and leaving it on only serves as a distraction and hogs network bandwidth.

For phone screen coding interviews

What to do before a phone screen coding interview

• ✅ Use earphones and put the phone on the table.

  Avoid holding a phone in one hand and only having one other hand to type

• ✅ Request for the option to use Zoom/Google Meet/Hangouts or Skype instead of a phone call.

  It is easier to send links or text across.

For onsite whiteboarding coding interviews

• ✅ Learn about whiteboard space management.

  Leave space between lines of code in case you need to insert lines between existing code.

What to do during your coding interview

What to do during a coding interview

1. Make a good self introduction at the start of the interview

• ✅ Introduce yourself in a few sentences under a minute or 2.

  Follow our guide on how to make a good self introduction for software engineers

• ✅ Sound enthusiastic!

  Speak with a smile and you will naturally sound more engaging.

• ❌ Do not spend too long on your self introduction as you will have less time left to code.

2. Upon receiving the question, make clarifications

Do not jump into coding right away. Coding questions tend to be vague and underspecified on purpose to allow the interviewer to gauge the candidate's attention to detail and carefulness. Ask at least 2-3 clarifying questions.

• ✅ Paraphrase and repeat the question back at the interviewer.

  Make sure you understand exactly what they are asking.

• ✅ Clarify assumptions (Refer to algorithms cheatsheets for common assumptions)

  • A tree-like diagram could very well be a graph that allows for cycles and a naive recursive solution would not work. Clarify if the given diagram is a tree or a graph.

  • Can you modify the original array / graph / data structure in any way?

  • How is the input stored?

  • If you are given a dictionary of words, is it a list of strings or a Trie?

  • Is the input array sorted? (e.g. for deciding between binary / linear search)

• ✅ Clarify input value range.

  Inputs: how big and what is the range?

• ✅ Clarify input value format

  Values: Negative? Floating points? Empty? Null? Duplicates? Extremely large?

• ✅ Work through a simplified example to ensure you understood the question.

  E.g., you are asked to write a palindrome checker, before coding, come up with simple test cases like "KAYAK" => true, "MOUSE" => false, then check with the interviewer if those example cases are in line with their expectations

• ❌ Do not jump into coding right away or before the interviewer gives you the green light to do so.

3. Work out and optimize your approach with the interviewer

The worst thing you can do next is jump straight to coding - interviewers expect there to be some time for a 2-way discussion on the correct approach to take for the question, including analysis of the time and space complexity.

This discussion can range from a few minutes to up to 5-10 minutes depending on the complexity of the question. This also gives interviewers a chance to provide you with hints to guide you towards an acceptable solution.

• ✅ If you get stuck on the approach or optimization, use this structured way to jog your memory / find a good approach
• ✅ Explain a few approaches that you could take at a high level (don't go too much into implementation details). Discuss the tradeoffs of each approach with your interviewer as if the interviewer was your coworker and you all are collaborating on a problem.

  For algorithmic questions, space/time is a common tradeoff. Let's take the famous Two Sum question for example. There are two common solutions - (1) use nested for loops. This would be O(n²) in terms of time complexity and O(1) in terms of space. (2) In one pass of the array, you would hash a value to its index into a hash table. For subsequent values, look up the hash table to see if you can find an existing value that can sum up to the target. This approach is O(N) in terms of both time and space. Discuss both solutions, mention the tradeoffs and conclude on which solution is better (typically the one with lower time complexity)

• ✅ State and explain the time and space complexity of your proposed approach(es).

  Mention the Big O complexity for time and explain why (e.g O(n²) for time because there are nested for loops, O(n) for space because an extra array is created). Master all the time and space complexity using the algorithm optimization techniques.

• ✅ Agree on the most ideal approach and optimize it. Identify repeated/duplicated/overlapping computations and reduce them via caching. Refer to the page on optimizing your solution.
• ❌ Do not jump into coding right away or before the interviewer gives you the green light to do so.
• ❌ Do not ignore any piece of information given.
• ❌ Do not appear unsure about your approach or analysis.

4. Code out your solution while talking through it

• ✅ Only start coding after you have explained your approach and the interviewer has given you the green light.
• ✅ Explain what you are trying to achieve as you are coding / writing. Compare different coding approaches where relevant.

  In so doing, demonstrate mastery of your chosen programming language.

• ✅ Code / write at a reasonable speed so you can talk through it - but not too slow.

  You want to type slow enough so you can explain the code, but not too slow as you may run out of time to answer all questions

• ✅ Write actual compilable, working code where possible, not pseudocode.
• ✅ Write clean, straightforward and neat code with as few syntax errors / bugs as possible.

  Always go for a clean, straightforward implementation than a complex, messy one. Ensure you adopt a neat coding style and good coding practices as per language paradigms and constructs. Syntax errors and bugs should be avoided as much as possible.

• ✅ Use variable names that explain your code.

  Good variable names are important because you need to explain your code to the interviewer. It's better to use long variable names that explain themselves. Let's say you need to find the multiples of 3 in an array of numbers. Name your results array multiplesOfThree instead of array/numbers.

• ✅ Ask for permission to use trivial functions without having to implement them.

  E.g. reduce, filter, min, max should all be ok to use

• ✅ Write in a modular fashion, going from higher-level functions and breaking them down into smaller helper functions.

  Let's say you're asked to build a car. You can just write a few high level functions first: gatherMaterials(), assemble(). Then break down assemble() into smaller functions, makeEngine(), polishWheels(), constructCarFrame(). You could even ask the interviewer if it's ok to not code out some trivial helper functions.

• ✅ If you are cutting corners in your code, state that out loud to your interviewer and say what you would do in a non-interview setting (no time constraints).

  E.g., "Under non-interview settings, I would write a regex to parse this string rather than using split() which may not cover certain edge cases."

• ✅ [Onsite / Whiteboarding] Practice whiteboard space management
• ❌ Do not interrupt your interviewer when they are talking. Usually if they speak, they are trying to give you hints or steer you in the right direction.
• ❌ Do not spend too much time writing comments.
• ❌ Do not repeat yourself
• ❌ Do not use bad variable names.
  • Do not use extremely verbose or single-character variable names, (unless they're common like i, n) variable names
• ❌ Do not copy and paste code without checking (e.g. some variables might need to be renamed after pasting).

5. After coding, check your code and add test cases

Once you are done coding, do not announce that you are done. Interviewers expect you to start scanning for mistakes and adding test cases to improve on your code.

• ✅ Scan through your code for mistakes - such as off-by-one errors.

  Read through your code with a fresh pair of eyes - as if it's your first time seeing a piece of code written by someone else - and talk through your process of finding mistakes

• ✅ Brainstorm edge cases with the interviewer and add additional test cases. (Refer to algorithms cheatsheets for common corner cases)

  Given test cases are usually simple by design. Brainstorm on possible edge cases such as large sized inputs, empty sets, single item sets, negative numbers.

• ✅ Step through your code with those test cases.
• ✅ Look out for places where you can refactor.
• ✅ Reiterate the time and space complexity of your code.

  This allows you to remind yourself to spot issues within your code that could deviate from the original time and space complexity.

• ✅ Explain trade-offs and how the code / approach can be improved if given more time.
• ❌ Do not immediately announce that you are done coding. Do the above first!
• ❌ Do not argue with the interviewer. They may be wrong but that is very unlikely given that they are familiar with the question.

6. At the end of the interview, leave a good impression

• ✅Ask good final questions that are tailored to the company.

  Read tips and sample final questions to ask.

• ✅ Thank the interviewer
• ❌ Do not end the interview without asking any questions.

What to do after your coding interview

What to do after a coding interview

• ✅ Record the interview questions and answers down as these can be useful for future reference.
• ✅ Send a follow up email or Linkedin invitation to your interviewer(s) thanking them for their time and the opportunity to interview with them.

  As an interviewer myself, these can leave a lasting impression on me.