tech-interview-handbook/contents/algorithms/recursion.md

---
id: recursion
title: Recursion cheatsheet for coding interviews
description: Recursion study guide for coding interviews, including practice questions, techniques, time complexity, and recommended resources
keywords:
  [
    recursion coding interview study guide,
    recursion tips for coding interviews,
    recursion practice questions,
    recursion useful techniques,
    recursion time complexity,
    recursion recommended study resources,
  ]
sidebar_label: Recursion
toc_max_heading_level: 2
---

## Introduction

Recursion is a method of solving a computational problem where the solution depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem.

All recursive functions contains two parts:

1. A base case (or cases) defined, which defines when the recursion is stopped - otherwise it will go on forever!
1. Breaking down the problem into smaller subproblems and invoking the recursive call

One of the most common example of recursion is the Fibonacci sequence.

- Base cases: `fib(0) = 0` and `fib(1) = 1`
- Recurrence relation: `fib(i) = fib(i-1) + fib(i-2)`

```py
def fib(n):
  if n <= 1:
    return n
  return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2)
```

Many algorithms relevant in coding interviews make heavy use of recursion - binary search, merge sort, tree traversal, depth-first search, etc. In this article, we focus on questions which use recursion but aren't part of other well known algorithms.

## Learning resources

- Readings
  - [Recursion](https://www.cs.utah.edu/~germain/PPS/Topics/recursion.html), University of Utah
- Videos
  - [Tail Recursion](https://www.coursera.org/lecture/programming-languages/tail-recursion-YZic1), University of Washington

<!-- TODO: Talk about backtracking -->

## Things to look out for during interviews

- Always remember to always define a base case so that your recursion will end.
- Recursion is useful for permutation, because it generates all combinations and tree-based questions. You should know how to generate all permutations of a sequence as well as how to handle duplicates.
- Recursion implicitly uses a stack. Hence all recursive approaches can be rewritten iteratively using a stack. Beware of cases where the recursion level goes too deep and causes a stack overflow (the default limit in Python is 1000). You may get bonus points for pointing this out to the interviewer. Recursion will never be O(1) space complexity because a stack is involved, unless there is [tail-call optimization](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/310974/what-is-tail-call-optimization) (TCO). Find out if your chosen language supports TCO.
- Number of base cases - In the fibonacci example above, note that one of our recursive calls invoke `fib(n - 2)`. This indicates that you should have 2 base cases defined so that your code covers all possible invocations of the function within the input range. If your recursive function only invokes `fn(n - 1)`, then only one base case is needed

## Corner cases

- `n = 0`
- `n = 1`
- Make sure you have enough base cases to cover all possible invocations of the recursive function

## Techniques

### Memoization

In some cases, you may be computing the result for previously computed inputs. Let's look at the Fibonacci example again. `fib(5)` calls `fib(4)` and `fib(3)`, and `fib(4)` calls `fib(3)` and `fib(2)`. `fib(3)` is being called twice! If the value for `fib(3)` is memoized and used again, that greatly improves the efficiency of the algorithm and the time complexity becomes O(n).

## Recommended questions

- [Letter Combinations of a Phone Number](https://leetcode.com/problems/letter-combinations-of-a-phone-number/)
- [Generate Parentheses](https://leetcode.com/problems/generate-parentheses/)
- [Combinations](https://leetcode.com/problems/combinations/)
- [Subsets](https://leetcode.com/problems/subsets/)
- [Subsets II](https://leetcode.com/problems/subsets-ii/)
- [Permutations](https://leetcode.com/problems/permutations/)
- [Sudoku Solver](https://leetcode.com/problems/sudoku-solver/)
- [Strobogrammatic Number II (LeetCode Premium)](https://leetcode.com/problems/strobogrammatic-number-ii/)

## Recommended courses

import AlgorithmCourses from '../\_courses/AlgorithmCourses.md'

<AlgorithmCourses />