In these four lessons, you will discover the 'meat and potatoes' of classic machine learning - classification. No pun intended - we will walk through using various classification algorithms with a dataset all about the brilliant cuisines of Asia and India. Hope you're hungry!
In these four lessons, you will discover the basics of classic machine learning - _classification_. We will walk through using various classification algorithms with a dataset about all the brilliant cuisines of Asia and India. Hope you're hungry!
Classification is a form of [supervised learning](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervised_learning) that bears a lot in common with regression techniques. If machine learning is all about predicting values or names to things by using datasets, then classification generally falls into two groups: binary classification and multiclass classification.
Classification is a form of [supervised learning](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervised_learning) that bears a lot in common with regression techniques. If machine learning is all about predicting values or names to things by using datasets, then classification generally falls into two groups: _binary classification_ and _multiclass classification_.
[](https://youtu.be/eg8DJYwdMyg "Introduction to classification")
[](https://youtu.be/eg8DJYwdMyg "Introduction to classification")
> 🎥 Click the image above for a video: MIT's John Guttag introduces classification
> 🎥 Click the image above for a video: MIT's John Guttag introduces classification
Remember, linear regression helped you predict relationships between variables and make accurate predictions on where a new datapoint would fall in relationship to that line. So, you could predict what price a pumpkin would be in September vs. December, for example. Logistic regression helped you discover binary categories: at this price point, is this pumpkin orange or not-orange?
Remember:
- **Linear regression**, helped you predict relationships between variables and make accurate predictions on where a new datapoint would fall in relationship to that line. So, you could predict _what price a pumpkin would be in September vs. December_, for example.
- **Logistic regression**, helped you discover "binary categories": at this price point, _is this pumpkin orange or not-orange_?
Classification uses various algorithms to determine other ways of determining a data point's label or class. Let's work with this cuisine data to see whether, by observing a group of ingredients, we can determine its cuisine of origin.
Classification uses various algorithms to determine other ways of determining a data point's label or class. Let's work with this cuisine data to see whether, by observing a group of ingredients, we can determine its cuisine of origin.
Classification is one of the fundamental activities of the machine learning researcher and data scientist. From basic classification of a binary value ("is this email spam or not?") to complex image classification and segmentation using computer vision, it's always useful to be able to sort data into classes and ask questions of it.
Classification is one of the fundamental activities of the machine learning researcher and data scientist. From basic classification of a binary value ("is this email spam or not?"), to complex image classification and segmentation using computer vision, it's always useful to be able to sort data into classes and ask questions of it.
To state the process in a more scientific way, your classification method creates a predictive model that enables you to map the relationship between input variables to output variables.
To state the process in a more scientific way, your classification method creates a predictive model that enables you to map the relationship between input variables to output variables.
@ -25,7 +29,7 @@ To state the process in a more scientific way, your classification method create
Before starting the process of cleaning our data, visualizing it, and prepping it for our ML tasks, let's learn a bit about the various ways machine learning can be leveraged to classify data.
Before starting the process of cleaning our data, visualizing it, and prepping it for our ML tasks, let's learn a bit about the various ways machine learning can be leveraged to classify data.
Derived from [statistics](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_classification), classification using classic machine learning uses features, such as 'smoker','weight', and 'age' to determine 'likelihood of developing X disease'. As a supervised learning technique similar to the regression exercises you performed earlier, your data is labeled and the ML algorithms use those labels to classify and predict classes (or 'features') of a dataset and assign them to a group or outcome.
Derived from [statistics](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_classification), classification using classic machine learning uses features, such as `smoker`, `weight`, and `age` to determine _likelihood of developing X disease_. As a supervised learning technique similar to the regression exercises you performed earlier, your data is labeled and the ML algorithms use those labels to classify and predict classes (or 'features') of a dataset and assign them to a group or outcome.
✅ Take a moment to imagine a dataset about cuisines. What would a multiclass model be able to answer? What would a binary model be able to answer? What if you wanted to determine whether a given cuisine was likely to use fenugreek? What if you wanted to see if, given a present of a grocery bag full of star anise, artichokes, cauliflower, and horseradish, you could create a typical Indian dish?
✅ Take a moment to imagine a dataset about cuisines. What would a multiclass model be able to answer? What would a binary model be able to answer? What if you wanted to determine whether a given cuisine was likely to use fenugreek? What if you wanted to see if, given a present of a grocery bag full of star anise, artichokes, cauliflower, and horseradish, you could create a typical Indian dish?
@ -39,185 +43,235 @@ The question we want to ask of this cuisine dataset is actually a **multiclass q
Scikit-learn offers several different algorithms to use to classify data, depending on the kind of problem you want to solve. In the next two lessons, you'll learn about several of these algorithms.
Scikit-learn offers several different algorithms to use to classify data, depending on the kind of problem you want to solve. In the next two lessons, you'll learn about several of these algorithms.
## Clean and balance your data
## Exercise - clean and balance your data
The first task at hand before starting this project is to clean and **balance** your data to get better results. Start with the blank `notebook.ipynb` file in the root of this folder.
The first task at hand, before starting this project, is to clean and **balance** your data to get better results. Start with the blank _notebook.ipynb_ file in the root of this folder.
The first thing to install is [imblearn](https://imbalanced-learn.org/stable/). This is a Scikit-learn package that will allow you to better balance the data (you will learn more about this task in a minute).
The first thing to install is [imblearn](https://imbalanced-learn.org/stable/). This is a Scikit-learn package that will allow you to better balance the data (you will learn more about this task in a minute).
```python
1. To install `imblearn`, run `pip install`, like so:
pip install imblearn
```
```python
pip install imblearn
Then, import the packages you need to import your data and visualize it. Import SMOTE from imblearn.
```
```python
1. Import the packages you need to import your data and visualize it, also import `SMOTE` from `imblearn`.
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
```python
import matplotlib as mpl
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from imblearn.over_sampling import SMOTE
import matplotlib as mpl
```
import numpy as np
The next task will be to import the data:
from imblearn.over_sampling import SMOTE
```
```python
df = pd.read_csv('../data/cuisines.csv')
Now you are set up to read import the data next.
```
1. The next task will be to import the data:
Check the data's shape:
```python
```python
df = pd.read_csv('../data/cuisines.csv')
df.head()
```
```
Using `read_csv()` will read the content of the csv file _cusines.csv_ and place it in the variable `df`.
Now the work starts to become more interesting. Let's discover the distribution of data, per cuisine:
```output
```python
<class'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
df.cuisine.value_counts().plot.barh()
RangeIndex: 2448 entries, 0 to 2447
```
Columns: 385 entries, Unnamed: 0 to zucchini
dtypes: int64(384), object(1)
memory usage: 7.2+ MB
```
There are a finite number of cuisines, but the distribution of data is uneven. You can fix that! Before doing so, explore a little more. How much data exactly is available per cuisine?
## Exercise - learning about cuisines
```python
thai_df = df[(df.cuisine == "thai")]
Now the work starts to become more interesting. Let's discover the distribution of data, per cuisine
japanese_df = df[(df.cuisine == "japanese")]
chinese_df = df[(df.cuisine == "chinese")]
1. Plot the data as bars by calling `barh()`:
indian_df = df[(df.cuisine == "indian")]
korean_df = df[(df.cuisine == "korean")]
```python
df.cuisine.value_counts().plot.barh()
print(f'thai df: {thai_df.shape}')
```
print(f'japanese df: {japanese_df.shape}')
print(f'chinese df: {chinese_df.shape}')
print(f'indian df: {indian_df.shape}')
print(f'korean df: {korean_df.shape}')
There are a finite number of cuisines, but the distribution of data is uneven. You can fix that! Before doing so, explore a little more.
```
thai df: (289, 385)
1. Find out how much data is available per cuisine and print it out:
japanese df: (320, 385)
chinese df: (442, 385)
```python
indian df: (598, 385)
thai_df = df[(df.cuisine == "thai")]
korean df: (799, 385)
japanese_df = df[(df.cuisine == "japanese")]
chinese_df = df[(df.cuisine == "chinese")]
indian_df = df[(df.cuisine == "indian")]
korean_df = df[(df.cuisine == "korean")]
print(f'thai df: {thai_df.shape}')
print(f'japanese df: {japanese_df.shape}')
print(f'chinese df: {chinese_df.shape}')
print(f'indian df: {indian_df.shape}')
print(f'korean df: {korean_df.shape}')
```
the output looks like so:
```output
thai df: (289, 385)
japanese df: (320, 385)
chinese df: (442, 385)
indian df: (598, 385)
korean df: (799, 385)
```
## Discovering ingredients
## Discovering ingredients
Now you can dig deeper into the data and learn what are the typical ingredients per cuisine. You should clean out recurrent data that creates confusion between cuisines, so let's learn about this problem.
Now you can dig deeper into the data and learn what are the typical ingredients per cuisine. You should clean out recurrent data that creates confusion between cuisines, so let's learn about this problem.
Create a function in Python to create an ingredient dataframe. This function will start by dropping an unhelpful column and sort through ingredients by their count:
1. Create a function `create_ingredient()` in Python to create an ingredient dataframe. This function will start by dropping an unhelpful column and sort through ingredients by their count:
Now that you have cleaned the data, use [SMOTE](https://imbalanced-learn.org/dev/references/generated/imblearn.over_sampling.SMOTE.html) - "Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique" - to balance it. This strategy generates new samples by interpolation.
Now that you have cleaned the data, use [SMOTE](https://imbalanced-learn.org/dev/references/generated/imblearn.over_sampling.SMOTE.html) - "Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique" - to balance it.
```python
1. Call `fit_resample()`, this strategy generates new samples by interpolation.
By balancing your data, you'll have better results when classifying it. Think about a binary classification. If most of your data is one class, a ML model is going to predict that class more frequently, just because there is more data for it. Balancing the data takes any skewed data and helps remove this imbalance.
Now you can check the numbers of labels per ingredient:
By balancing your data, you'll have better results when classifying it. Think about a binary classification. If most of your data is one class, a ML model is going to predict that class more frequently, just because there is more data for it. Balancing the data takes any skewed data and helps remove this imbalance.
The data is nice and clean, balanced, and very delicious! You can take one more look at the data using `transformed_df.head()` and `transformed_df.info()`. Save a copy of this data for use in future lessons:
This fresh CSV can now be found in the root data folder.
The data is nice and clean, balanced, and very delicious!
1. You can take one more look at the data using `transformed_df.head()` and `transformed_df.info()`. Save a copy of this data for use in future lessons:
This fresh CSV can now be found in the root data folder.
---
---
## 🚀Challenge
## 🚀Challenge
This curriculum contains several interesting datasets. Dig through the `data` folders and see if any contain datasets that would be appropriate for binary or multi-class classification? What questions would you ask of this dataset?
This curriculum contains several interesting datasets. Dig through the `data` folders and see if any contain datasets that would be appropriate for binary or multi-class classification? What questions would you ask of this dataset?
softchris
4 years ago