ML-For-Beginners/4-Classification/3-Classifiers-2/README.md

# Cuisine classifiers 2

In this second classification lesson, you will explore more ways to classify numeric data. You will also learn about the ramifications for choosing one over the other.
## [Pre-lecture quiz](https://jolly-sea-0a877260f.azurestaticapps.net/quiz/23/)

### Prerequisite

We assume that you have completed the previous lessons and have a cleaned dataset in your `data` folder called _cleaned_cuisine.csv_ in the root of this 4-lesson folder. 
### Preparation

We have loaded your _notebook.ipynb_ file with the cleaned dataset and have divided it into X and y dataframes, ready for the model building process.

## A classification map

Previously, you learned about the various options you have when classifying data using Microsoft's cheat sheet. Scikit-learn offers a similar, but more granular cheat sheet that can further help narrow down your estimators (another term for classifiers):

![ML Map from Scikit-learn](images/map.png)
> Tip: [visit this map online](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/tutorial/machine_learning_map/) and click along the path to read documentation.

This map is very helpful once you have a clear grasp of your data, as you can 'walk' along its paths to a decision:

- We have >50 samples
- We want to predict a category
- We have labeled data
- We have fewer than 100K samples
- ✨ We can choose a Linear SVC
- If that doesn't work, since we have numeric data
    - We can try a ✨ KNeighbors Classifier 
      - If that doesn't work, try ✨ SVC and ✨ Ensemble Classifiers

This is a very helpful trail to follow. Following this path, we should start by importing some libraries to use:

```python
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier, AdaBoostClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split, cross_val_score
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score,precision_score,confusion_matrix,classification_report, precision_recall_curve
import numpy as np
```
Split your training and test data:

```python
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(cuisines_feature_df, cuisines_label_df, test_size=0.3)
```
## Linear SVC classifier

Start by creating an array of classifiers. You will add progressively to this array as we test. Start with a Linear SVC:

```python
C = 10
# Create different classifiers.
classifiers = {
    'Linear SVC': SVC(kernel='linear', C=C, probability=True,random_state=0)
}
```
Train your model using the Linear SVC and print out a report:

```python
n_classifiers = len(classifiers)

for index, (name, classifier) in enumerate(classifiers.items()):
    classifier.fit(X_train, np.ravel(y_train))

    y_pred = classifier.predict(X_test)
    accuracy = accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)
    print("Accuracy (train) for %s: %0.1f%% " % (name, accuracy * 100))
    print(classification_report(y_test,y_pred))
```
The result is pretty good:

```
Accuracy (train) for Linear SVC: 78.6% 
              precision    recall  f1-score   support

     chinese       0.71      0.67      0.69       242
      indian       0.88      0.86      0.87       234
    japanese       0.79      0.74      0.76       254
      korean       0.85      0.81      0.83       242
        thai       0.71      0.86      0.78       227

    accuracy                           0.79      1199
   macro avg       0.79      0.79      0.79      1199
weighted avg       0.79      0.79      0.79      1199
```

✅ Learn about linear SVC

Support-Vector clustering (SVC) is a child of the Support-Vector machines family of ML techniques (learn more about these below). In this method, you can choose a 'kernel' to decide how to cluster the labels. The 'C' parameter refers to 'regularization' which regulates the influence of parameters. The kernel can be one of [several](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.svm.SVC.html#sklearn.svm.SVC); here we set it to 'linear' to ensure that we leverage linear SVC. Probability defaults to 'false'; here we set it to 'true' to gather probability estimates. We set the random state to '0' to shuffle the data to get probabilities.
## K-Neighbors classifier

The previous classifier was good, and worked well with the data, but maybe we can get better accuracy. Try a K-Neighbors classifer. Add a line to your classifier array (add a comma after the Linear SVC item):

```python
'KNN classifier': KNeighborsClassifier(C),
```
The result is a little worse:

```
Accuracy (train) for KNN classifier: 73.8% 
              precision    recall  f1-score   support

     chinese       0.64      0.67      0.66       242
      indian       0.86      0.78      0.82       234
    japanese       0.66      0.83      0.74       254
      korean       0.94      0.58      0.72       242
        thai       0.71      0.82      0.76       227

    accuracy                           0.74      1199
   macro avg       0.76      0.74      0.74      1199
weighted avg       0.76      0.74      0.74      1199
```
✅ Learn about [K-Neighbors](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/neighbors.html#neighbors)

K-Neighbors is part of the "neighbors" family of ML methods, which can be used for both supervised and unsupervised learning. In this method, a predefined number of points is created and data are gathered around these points such that generalized labels can be predicted for the data.
## Support Vector Classifier

Let's try for a little better accuracy with a Support Vector Classifier. Add a comma after the K-Neighbors item, and then add this line:

```python
'SVC': SVC(),
```
The result is quite good!

```
Accuracy (train) for SVC: 83.2% 
              precision    recall  f1-score   support

     chinese       0.79      0.74      0.76       242
      indian       0.88      0.90      0.89       234
    japanese       0.87      0.81      0.84       254
      korean       0.91      0.82      0.86       242
        thai       0.74      0.90      0.81       227

    accuracy                           0.83      1199
   macro avg       0.84      0.83      0.83      1199
weighted avg       0.84      0.83      0.83      1199
```

✅ Learn about [Support-Vectors](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/svm.html#svm)

Support-Vector classifiers are part of the [Support-Vector Machine](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Support-vector_machine) family of ML methods that are used for classification and regression tasks. SVMs "map training examples to points in space" to maximize the distance between two categories. Subsequent data is mapped into this space so their category can be predicted.
## Ensemble Classifiers

Let's follow the path to the very end, even though the previous test was quite good. Let's try some 'Ensemble Classifiers, specifically Random Forest and AdaBoost:

```
'RFST': RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=100),
 'ADA': AdaBoostClassifier(n_estimators=100)
```
The result is very good, especially for Random Forest:

```
Accuracy (train) for RFST: 84.5% 
              precision    recall  f1-score   support

     chinese       0.80      0.77      0.78       242
      indian       0.89      0.92      0.90       234
    japanese       0.86      0.84      0.85       254
      korean       0.88      0.83      0.85       242
        thai       0.80      0.87      0.83       227

    accuracy                           0.84      1199
   macro avg       0.85      0.85      0.84      1199
weighted avg       0.85      0.84      0.84      1199

Accuracy (train) for ADA: 72.4% 
              precision    recall  f1-score   support

     chinese       0.64      0.49      0.56       242
      indian       0.91      0.83      0.87       234
    japanese       0.68      0.69      0.69       254
      korean       0.73      0.79      0.76       242
        thai       0.67      0.83      0.74       227

    accuracy                           0.72      1199
   macro avg       0.73      0.73      0.72      1199
weighted avg       0.73      0.72      0.72      1199
```
✅ Learn about [Ensemble Classifiers](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/ensemble.html)

This method of Machine Learning "combines the predictions of several base estimators" to improve the model's quality. In our example, we used Random Trees and AdaBoost. 

- [Random Forest](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/ensemble.html#forest), an averaging method, builds a 'forest' of 'decision trees' infused with randomness to avoid overfitting. The n_estimators parameter is set to the number of trees.

- [AdaBoost](https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.AdaBoostClassifier.html) fits a classifier to a dataset and then fits copies of that classifier to the same dataset. It focuses on the weights of incorrectly classified items and adjusts the fit for the next classifier to correct.

---
## 🚀Challenge

Each of these techniques has a large number of parameters that you can tweak. Research each one's default parameters and think about what tweaking these parameters would mean for the model's quality.

## [Post-lecture quiz](https://jolly-sea-0a877260f.azurestaticapps.net/quiz/24/)
## Review & Self Study

There's a lot of jargon in these lessons, so take a minute to review [this list](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/machine-learning/resources/glossary?WT.mc_id=academic-15963-cxa) of useful terminology!
## Assignment 

[Parameter play](assignment.md)