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# Raspberry Pi 疑难解答指南
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本指南提供在 Raspberry Pi 设备上运行物联网项目时常见问题的解决方案。
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它针对正在学习 IoT-For-Beginners 课程的初学者设计，但对一般 Pi 开发也很有用。
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---
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## 1. 安装和依赖错误
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### ❗ `ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'xyz'`
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当所需的 Python 模块未安装时会发生此问题。
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**解决方案**
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```bash
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pip3 install <module_name>
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Permission denied when running scripts
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Often caused by accessing GPIO, I2C or system hardware without elevated privileges.
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Quick fix:
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sudo python3 script.py
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Recommended fix (no sudo needed every time):
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sudo usermod -aG gpio,i2c,spi $USER
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sudo reboot
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2. GPIO / I2C / SPI Not Working
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❗ RuntimeError: No access to GPIO
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Add user to GPIO group:
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sudo usermod -aG gpio $USER
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sudo reboot
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❗ I2C / SPI devices not detected
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Enable interfaces:
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sudo raspi-config
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→ Interface Options
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→ Enable I2C / Enable SPI
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Check if I2C device appears:
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i2cdetect -y 1
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3. Camera / Video Issues
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❗ Camera not detected or fails to start
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Enable camera interface:
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sudo raspi-config
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→ Interface Options → Camera → Enable
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sudo reboot
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Check if camera is visible:
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vcgencmd get_camera
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4. Wi-Fi / SSH / Connectivity Problems
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| Problem | Fix |
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| -------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
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| SSH connection refused | `sudo raspi-config → Interface Options → SSH` |
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| Device not showing on network | Check IP using: `hostname -I` |
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| Slow Wi-Fi / unstable connection | Prefer 2.4 GHz band, update OS |
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| Unable to access Pi headless | Add `ssh` file to boot partition |
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5. Performance Issues
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Raspberry Pi running slow / laggy
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Close unused applications
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Reduce background services
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Use Lite OS if no desktop needed
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Ensure sufficient power supply (5V/3A or better)
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Check CPU load:
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top
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htop
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Storage issues:
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sudo apt autoremove
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sudo apt clean
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df -h
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---
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