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Visualizing Quantities


Visualizing Quantities - Sketchnote by @nitya

In this lesson, you'll learn how to use one of the many Python libraries available to create engaging visualizations focused on the concept of quantity. Using a cleaned dataset about the birds of Minnesota, you'll uncover fascinating insights about local wildlife.

Pre-lecture quiz

Observe wingspan with Matplotlib

Matplotlib is an excellent library for creating both simple and complex plots and charts of various types. Generally, the process of plotting data with these libraries involves identifying the parts of your dataframe to target, performing any necessary transformations, assigning x and y axis values, choosing the type of plot, and then displaying it. Matplotlib offers a wide range of visualizations, but for this lesson, we'll focus on those best suited for visualizing quantities: line charts, scatterplots, and bar plots.

✅ Choose the chart type that best fits your data structure and the story you want to tell.

To analyze trends over time: line

To compare values: bar, column, pie, scatterplot

To show how parts relate to a whole: pie

To show data distribution: scatterplot, bar

To show trends: line, column

To show relationships between values: line, scatterplot, bubble

If you have a dataset and need to determine how much of a particular item is included, one of your first tasks will be to inspect its values.

✅ There are excellent 'cheat sheets' for Matplotlib available here.

Build a line plot about bird wingspan values

Open the notebook.ipynb file located at the root of this lesson folder and add a cell.

Note: The data is stored in the root of this repository in the /data folder.

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
birds = pd.read_csv('../../data/birds.csv')
birds.head()

This data contains a mix of text and numbers:

	Name	ScientificName	Category	Order	Family	Genus	ConservationStatus	MinLength	MaxLength	MinBodyMass	MaxBodyMass	MinWingspan	MaxWingspan
0	Black-bellied whistling-duck	Dendrocygna autumnalis	Ducks/Geese/Waterfowl	Anseriformes	Anatidae	Dendrocygna	LC	47	56	652	1020	76	94
1	Fulvous whistling-duck	Dendrocygna bicolor	Ducks/Geese/Waterfowl	Anseriformes	Anatidae	Dendrocygna	LC	45	53	712	1050	85	93
2	Snow goose	Anser caerulescens	Ducks/Geese/Waterfowl	Anseriformes	Anatidae	Anser	LC	64	79	2050	4050	135	165
3	Ross's goose	Anser rossii	Ducks/Geese/Waterfowl	Anseriformes	Anatidae	Anser	LC	57.3	64	1066	1567	113	116
4	Greater white-fronted goose	Anser albifrons	Ducks/Geese/Waterfowl	Anseriformes	Anatidae	Anser	LC	64	81	1930	3310	130	165

Let's start by plotting some of the numeric data using a basic line plot. Suppose you wanted to visualize the maximum wingspan of these fascinating birds.

wingspan = birds['MaxWingspan'] 
wingspan.plot()

What stands out immediately? There appears to be at least one outlier—what a wingspan! A 2300-centimeter wingspan equals 23 meters—are there Pterodactyls in Minnesota? Let's investigate.

While you could quickly sort the data in Excel to find these outliers (likely typos), continue the visualization process by working directly within the plot.

Add labels to the x-axis to indicate the types of birds being analyzed:

plt.title('Max Wingspan in Centimeters')
plt.ylabel('Wingspan (CM)')
plt.xlabel('Birds')
plt.xticks(rotation=45)
x = birds['Name'] 
y = birds['MaxWingspan']

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.show()

Even with the labels rotated 45 degrees, there are too many to read. Let's try a different approach: label only the outliers and place the labels within the chart. You can use a scatter chart to make room for the labeling:

plt.title('Max Wingspan in Centimeters')
plt.ylabel('Wingspan (CM)')
plt.tick_params(axis='both',which='both',labelbottom=False,bottom=False)

for i in range(len(birds)):
    x = birds['Name'][i]
    y = birds['MaxWingspan'][i]
    plt.plot(x, y, 'bo')
    if birds['MaxWingspan'][i] > 500:
        plt.text(x, y * (1 - 0.05), birds['Name'][i], fontsize=12)
    
plt.show()

What's happening here? You used tick_params to hide the bottom labels and then looped through your birds dataset. By plotting the chart with small round blue dots (bo), you checked for any bird with a maximum wingspan over 500 and displayed its label next to the dot. You offset the labels slightly on the y-axis (y * (1 - 0.05)) and used the bird name as the label.

What did you discover?

Filter your data

Both the Bald Eagle and the Prairie Falcon, while likely large birds, seem to have been mislabeled with an extra 0 added to their maximum wingspan. It's unlikely you'll encounter a Bald Eagle with a 25-meter wingspan, but if you do, let us know! Let's create a new dataframe without these two outliers:

plt.title('Max Wingspan in Centimeters')
plt.ylabel('Wingspan (CM)')
plt.xlabel('Birds')
plt.tick_params(axis='both',which='both',labelbottom=False,bottom=False)
for i in range(len(birds)):
    x = birds['Name'][i]
    y = birds['MaxWingspan'][i]
    if birds['Name'][i] not in ['Bald eagle', 'Prairie falcon']:
        plt.plot(x, y, 'bo')
plt.show()

By filtering out the outliers, your data becomes more cohesive and easier to interpret.

Now that we have a cleaner dataset in terms of wingspan, let's explore more about these birds.

While line and scatter plots can display information about data values and their distributions, we want to focus on the quantities inherent in this dataset. You could create visualizations to answer questions like:

How many categories of birds are there, and what are their counts?
How many birds are extinct, endangered, rare, or common?
How many birds belong to various genera and orders in Linnaeus's classification?

Explore bar charts

Bar charts are useful for showing groupings of data. Let's examine the bird categories in this dataset to determine which is the most common.

In the notebook file, create a basic bar chart.

✅ Note: You can either filter out the two outlier birds identified earlier, correct the typo in their wingspan, or leave them in for these exercises, which don't depend on wingspan values.

To create a bar chart, select the data you want to focus on. Bar charts can be created from raw data:

birds.plot(x='Category',
        kind='bar',
        stacked=True,
        title='Birds of Minnesota')

This bar chart, however, is difficult to read because the data isn't grouped. You need to select only the data you want to plot, so let's examine the length of birds based on their category.

Filter your data to include only the bird's category.

✅ Note: Use Pandas to manage the data, and let Matplotlib handle the charting.

Since there are many categories, display this chart vertically and adjust its height to accommodate all the data:

category_count = birds.value_counts(birds['Category'].values, sort=True)
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = [6, 12]
category_count.plot.barh()

This bar chart provides a clear view of the number of birds in each category. At a glance, you can see that the Ducks/Geese/Waterfowl category has the largest number of birds in this region. Given that Minnesota is the "land of 10,000 lakes," this isn't surprising!

✅ Try counting other attributes in this dataset. Do any results surprise you?

Comparing data

You can explore different comparisons of grouped data by creating new axes. For example, compare the MaxLength of birds based on their category:

maxlength = birds['MaxLength']
plt.barh(y=birds['Category'], width=maxlength)
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = [6, 12]
plt.show()

Nothing surprising here: hummingbirds have the smallest MaxLength compared to pelicans or geese. It's reassuring when data aligns with logic!

You can create more engaging bar chart visualizations by overlaying data. Let's overlay Minimum and Maximum Length for each bird category:

minLength = birds['MinLength']
maxLength = birds['MaxLength']
category = birds['Category']

plt.barh(category, maxLength)
plt.barh(category, minLength)

plt.show()

In this plot, you can see the range of Minimum and Maximum Length for each bird category. Based on this data, you can confidently say that larger birds tend to have a wider length range. Fascinating!

🚀 Challenge

This bird dataset offers a wealth of information about various bird types within a specific ecosystem. Search online for other bird-related datasets and practice building charts and graphs to uncover surprising facts.

Post-lecture quiz

Review & Self Study

This lesson introduced you to using Matplotlib for visualizing quantities. Research other methods for working with datasets to create visualizations. Plotly is one library we won't cover in these lessons, so explore its features.

Assignment

Lines, Scatters, and Bars

Disclaimer:
This document has been translated using the AI translation service Co-op Translator. While we strive for accuracy, please note that automated translations may contain errors or inaccuracies. The original document in its native language should be regarded as the authoritative source. For critical information, professional human translation is recommended. We are not responsible for any misunderstandings or misinterpretations resulting from the use of this translation.

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