From 484489615802f6118feb33182de12d8f7b87e9fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Black-Gold Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2018 19:58:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] --- .vscode/settings.json | 2 +- LearnShell/LinuxCommands/date.md | 156 -------- LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pidof.md | 43 --- LearnShell/LinuxCommands/poweroff.md | 35 -- LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ps.md | 108 ------ LearnShell/LinuxCommands/reboot.md | 34 -- LearnShell/LinuxCommands/wget.md | 337 ------------------ .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/ab.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/accept.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/alias.md | 0 .../apachectl.md | 0 .../apropos.md | 0 .../apt-get.md | 0 .../apt-key.md | 0 .../apt-sortpkgs.md | 0 .../aptitude.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/ar.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/arch.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/arj.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/arp.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/arpd.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => 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.../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/nm.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/nmap.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/nmcli.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/nohup.md | 0 .../nologin.md | 0 .../nslookup.md | 0 .../ntpdate.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/ntsysv.md | 0 .../objdump.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/od.md | 0 .../openssl.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/parted.md | 0 .../partprobe.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/passwd.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/paste.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/patch.md | 0 .../pathchk.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/perl.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pfctl.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pgrep.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/php.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pico.md | 0 LinuxCommands/pidof.md | 27 ++ .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/ping.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pkill.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pmap.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/popd.md | 0 LinuxCommands/poweroff.md | 13 + .../ppp-off.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pr.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/printf.md | 0 .../protoize.md | 0 LinuxCommands/ps.md | 104 ++++++ .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pssh.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pstack.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pstree.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pushd.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pv.md | 0 .../pvchange.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pvck.md | 0 .../pvcreate.md | 0 .../pvdisplay.md | 0 .../pvremove.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pvs.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pvscan.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pwck.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pwconv.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/pwd.md | 0 .../pwunconv.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/quota.md | 0 .../quotacheck.md | 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.../swapoff.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/swapon.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/sync.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/sysctl.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/syslog.md | 0 .../systemctl.md | 0 .../systool.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/tac.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/tail.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/tailf.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/talk.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/tar.md | 0 .../tcpdump.md | 0 .../tcpreplay.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/tee.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/telint.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/telnet.md | 0 .../tempfile.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/test.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/tftp.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/time.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/tload.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/top.md | 70 ++-- .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/touch.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/tput.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/tr.md | 0 .../tracepath.md | 0 .../traceroute.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/trap.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/tree.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/tty.md | 0 .../tune2fs.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/type.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/ulimit.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/umask.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/umount.md | 0 .../unalias.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/uname.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/unarj.md | 0 .../uncompress.md | 0 .../unexpand.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/uniq.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/unlink.md | 0 .../unprotoize.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/unset.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/unzip.md | 0 .../updatedb.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/uptime.md | 0 .../useradd.md | 0 .../userdel.md | 0 .../usermod.md | 0 .../usernetctl.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/users.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/uucico.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/uupick.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/vdfuse.md | 0 .../vgchange.md | 0 .../vgconvert.md | 0 .../vgcreate.md | 0 .../vgdisplay.md | 0 .../vgextend.md | 0 .../vgreduce.md | 0 .../vgremove.md | 0 .../vgrename.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/vgscan.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/vi.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/vmstat.md | 0 .../volname.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/w.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/wait.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/wall.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/watch.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/wc.md | 0 LinuxCommands/wget.md | 303 ++++++++++++++++ .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/whatis.md | 0 .../whereis.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/which.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/who.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/whoami.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/write.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/xargs.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/xauth.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/xclip.md | 0 .../xfs_admin.md | 0 .../xfs_info.md | 0 .../xfs_repair.md | 0 .../xfsdump.md | 0 .../xfsrestore.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/xhost.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/xinit.md | 0 .../xlsatoms.md | 0 .../xlsclients.md | 0 .../xlsfonts.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/xset.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/xz.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/yes.md | 0 .../ypdomainname.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/yum.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/zcat.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/zfore.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/zip.md | 0 .../zipinfo.md | 0 .../zipsplit.md | 0 .../LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/znew.md | 0 README.md | 4 +- 566 files changed, 729 insertions(+), 869 deletions(-) delete mode 100755 LearnShell/LinuxCommands/date.md delete mode 100755 LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pidof.md delete mode 100755 LearnShell/LinuxCommands/poweroff.md delete mode 100755 LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ps.md delete mode 100755 LearnShell/LinuxCommands/reboot.md delete mode 100755 LearnShell/LinuxCommands/wget.md rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/ab.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/accept.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/alias.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/apachectl.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/apropos.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/apt-get.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/apt-key.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/apt-sortpkgs.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/aptitude.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/ar.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/arch.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/arj.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/arp.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/arpd.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/arping.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/arptables.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/arpwatch.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/as.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/at.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/atop.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/atq.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/atrm.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/awk.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/axel.md (100%) rename 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rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/zcat.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/zfore.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/zip.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/zipinfo.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/zipsplit.md (100%) rename {LearnShell/LinuxCommands => LinuxCommands}/znew.md (100%) diff --git a/.vscode/settings.json b/.vscode/settings.json index 6e1deb1..25bc26f 100644 --- a/.vscode/settings.json +++ b/.vscode/settings.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "workbench.startupEditor": "none", "workbench.iconTheme": "vscode-icons", - "workbench.colorTheme": "Solarized Light", + "workbench.colorTheme": "Monokai", "files.autoSave": "afterDelay", "editor.wordWrap": "on", "workbench.statusBar.feedback.visible": false, diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/date.md b/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/date.md deleted file mode 100755 index ba43842..0000000 --- a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/date.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,156 +0,0 @@ -date -=== - -显示或设置系统时间与日期 - -## 补充说明 - -**date命令** 是显示或设置系统时间与日期。 - -很多shell脚本里面需要打印不同格式的时间或日期，以及要根据时间和日期执行操作。延时通常用于脚本执行过程中提供一段等待的时间。日期可以以多种格式去打印，也可以使用命令设置固定的格式。在类UNIX系统中，日期被存储为一个整数，其大小为自世界标准时间（UTC）1970年1月1日0时0分0秒起流逝的秒数。 - -### 语法 - -``` -date(选项)(参数) -``` - -### 选项 - -``` --d<字符串>：显示字符串所指的日期与时间。字符串前后必须加上双引号； --s<字符串>：根据字符串来设置日期与时间。字符串前后必须加上双引号； --u：显示GMT； ---help：在线帮助； ---version：显示版本信息。 -``` - -### 参数 - -<+时间日期格式>：指定显示时使用的日期时间格式。 - -### 日期格式字符串列表 - -``` -%H 小时，24小时制（00~23） -%I 小时，12小时制（01~12） -%k 小时，24小时制（0~23） -%l 小时，12小时制（1~12） -%M 分（00～59） -%p 显示出上午或下午 -%r 时间，12小时制 -%s 从1970年1月1日0点到目前经历的秒数 -%S 秒（00～59） -%T 时间（24小时制）（hh:mm:ss） -%X 显示时间的格式（％H时％M分％S秒） -%Z 按字母表排序的时区缩写 -%a 星期名缩写 -%A 星期名全称 -%b 月名缩写 -%B 月名全称 -%c 日期和时间 -%d 按月计的日期（01～31） -%D 日期（mm/dd/yy） -%h 和%b选项相同 -%j 一年的第几天（001~366） -%m 月份（01～12） -%w 一个星期的第几天（0代表星期天） -%W 一年的第几个星期（00～53，星期一为第一天） -%x 显示日期的格式（mm/dd/yy） -%y 年份的最后两个数字（1999则是99） -%Y 年份（比如1970、1996等） -%C 世纪，通常为省略当前年份的后两位数字 -%U 一年中的第几周，以周日为每星期第一天 -%e 按月计的日期，添加空格，等于%_d -``` - -### 实例 - -格式化输出： - -``` -date +"%Y-%m-%d" -2009-12-07 -``` - -输出昨天日期： - -``` -date -d "1 day ago" +"%Y-%m-%d" -2012-11-19 -``` - -2秒后输出： - -``` -date -d "2 second" +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M.%S" -2012-11-20 14:21.31 -``` - -传说中的 1234567890 秒： - -``` -date -d "1970-01-01 1234567890 seconds" +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%m:%S" -2009-02-13 23:02:30 -``` - -普通转格式： - -``` -date -d "2009-12-12" +"%Y/%m/%d %H:%M.%S" -2009/12/12 00:00.00 -``` - -apache格式转换： - -``` -date -d "Dec 5, 2009 12:00:37 AM" +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M.%S" -2009-12-05 00:00.37 -``` - -格式转换后时间游走： - -``` -date -d "Dec 5, 2009 12:00:37 AM 2 year ago" +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M.%S" -2007-12-05 00:00.37 -``` - -加减操作： - -``` -date +%Y%m%d //显示前天年月日 -date -d "+1 day" +%Y%m%d //显示前一天的日期 -date -d "-1 day" +%Y%m%d //显示后一天的日期 -date -d "-1 month" +%Y%m%d //显示上一月的日期 -date -d "+1 month" +%Y%m%d //显示下一月的日期 -date -d "-1 year" +%Y%m%d //显示前一年的日期 -date -d "+1 year" +%Y%m%d //显示下一年的日期 -``` - -设定时间： - -``` -date -s //设置当前时间，只有root权限才能设置，其他只能查看 -date -s 20120523 //设置成20120523，这样会把具体时间设置成空00:00:00 -date -s 01:01:01 //设置具体时间，不会对日期做更改 -date -s "01:01:01 2012-05-23" //这样可以设置全部时间 -date -s "01:01:01 20120523" //这样可以设置全部时间 -date -s "2012-05-23 01:01:01" //这样可以设置全部时间 -date -s "20120523 01:01:01" //这样可以设置全部时间 -``` - -有时需要检查一组命令花费的时间，举例： - -``` -#!/bin/bash - -start=$(date +%s) -nmap man.linuxde.net &> /dev/null - -end=$(date +%s) -difference=$(( end - start )) -echo $difference seconds. -``` - - - diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pidof.md b/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pidof.md deleted file mode 100755 index 68f1b52..0000000 --- a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pidof.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -pidof -=== - -查找指定名称的进程的进程号ID号 - -## 补充说明 - -**pidof命令** 用于查找指定名称的进程的进程号id号。 - -### 语法 - -``` -pidof(选项)(参数) -``` - -### 选项 - -``` --s：仅返回一个进程号； --c：仅显示具有相同“root”目录的进程； --x：显示由脚本开启的进程； --o：指定不显示的进程ID。 -``` - -### 参数 - -进程名称：指定要查找的进程名称。 - -### 实例 - -``` -pidof nginx -13312 5371 - -pidof crond -1509 - -pidof init -1 -``` - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/poweroff.md b/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/poweroff.md deleted file mode 100755 index b96eb1d..0000000 --- a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/poweroff.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,35 +0,0 @@ -poweroff -=== - -关闭Linux系统，关闭记录会被写入到/var/log/wtmp日志文件中。 - -## 补充说明 - -**grename命令** 可以重命名卷组的名称。 - -### 语法 - -``` -poweroff [选项] -``` - -### 选项 - -``` --n 关闭之前不同步 --p 当被称为halt时关闭电源 --v 增加输出，包括消息 --q 降低输出错误唯一的消息 --w 并不实际关闭系统，只是写入/var/log/wtmp文件中 --f 强制关机，不调用shutdown -``` - -### 例子 - -关闭Linux系统。 - -```bash -[root@localhost ~]# poweroff -``` - - diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ps.md b/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ps.md deleted file mode 100755 index 7b818d2..0000000 --- a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ps.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,108 +0,0 @@ -ps -=== - -报告当前系统的进程状态 - -## 补充说明 - -**ps命令** 用于报告当前系统的进程状态。可以搭配kill指令随时中断、删除不必要的程序。ps命令是最基本同时也是非常强大的进程查看命令，使用该命令可以确定有哪些进程正在运行和运行的状态、进程是否结束、进程有没有僵死、哪些进程占用了过多的资源等等，总之大部分信息都是可以通过执行该命令得到的。 - -### 语法 - -``` -ps(选项) -``` - -### 选项 - -``` --a：显示所有终端机下执行的程序，除了阶段作业领导者之外。 -a：显示现行终端机下的所有程序，包括其他用户的程序。 --A：显示所有程序。 --c：显示CLS和PRI栏位。 -c：列出程序时，显示每个程序真正的指令名称，而不包含路径，选项或常驻服务的标示。 --C<指令名称>：指定执行指令的名称，并列出该指令的程序的状况。 --d：显示所有程序，但不包括阶段作业领导者的程序。 --e：此选项的效果和指定"A"选项相同。 -e：列出程序时，显示每个程序所使用的环境变量。 --f：显示UID,PPIP,C与STIME栏位。 -f：用ASCII字符显示树状结构，表达程序间的相互关系。 --g<群组名称>：此选项的效果和指定"-G"选项相同，当亦能使用阶段作业领导者的名称来指定。 -g：显示现行终端机下的所有程序，包括群组领导者的程序。 --G<群组识别码>：列出属于该群组的程序的状况，也可使用群组名称来指定。 -h：不显示标题列。 --H：显示树状结构，表示程序间的相互关系。 --j或j：采用工作控制的格式显示程序状况。 --l或l：采用详细的格式来显示程序状况。 -L：列出栏位的相关信息。 --m或m：显示所有的执行绪。 -n：以数字来表示USER和WCHAN栏位。 --N：显示所有的程序，除了执行ps指令终端机下的程序之外。 --p<程序识别码>：指定程序识别码，并列出该程序的状况。 -p<程序识别码>：此选项的效果和指定"-p"选项相同，只在列表格式方面稍有差异。 -r：只列出现行终端机正在执行中的程序。 --s<阶段作业>：指定阶段作业的程序识别码，并列出隶属该阶段作业的程序的状况。 -s：采用程序信号的格式显示程序状况。 -S：列出程序时，包括已中断的子程序资料。 --t<终端机编号>：指定终端机编号，并列出属于该终端机的程序的状况。 -t<终端机编号>：此选项的效果和指定"-t"选项相同，只在列表格式方面稍有差异。 --T：显示现行终端机下的所有程序。 --u<用户识别码>：此选项的效果和指定"-U"选项相同。 -u：以用户为主的格式来显示程序状况。 --U<用户识别码>：列出属于该用户的程序的状况，也可使用用户名称来指定。 -U<用户名称>：列出属于该用户的程序的状况。 -v：采用虚拟内存的格式显示程序状况。 --V或V：显示版本信息。 --w或w：采用宽阔的格式来显示程序状况。　 -x：显示所有程序，不以终端机来区分。 -X：采用旧式的Linux i386登陆格式显示程序状况。 --y：配合选项"-l"使用时，不显示F(flag)栏位，并以RSS栏位取代ADDR栏位　。 --<程序识别码>：此选项的效果和指定"p"选项相同。 ---cols<每列字符数>：设置每列的最大字符数。 ---columns<每列字符数>：此选项的效果和指定"--cols"选项相同。 ---cumulative：此选项的效果和指定"S"选项相同。 ---deselect：此选项的效果和指定"-N"选项相同。 ---forest：此选项的效果和指定"f"选项相同。 ---headers：重复显示标题列。 ---help：在线帮助。 ---info：显示排错信息。 ---lines<显示列数>：设置显示画面的列数。 ---no-headers：此选项的效果和指定"h"选项相同，只在列表格式方面稍有差异。 ---group<群组名称>：此选项的效果和指定"-G"选项相同。 ---Group<群组识别码>：此选项的效果和指定"-G"选项相同。 ---pid<程序识别码>：此选项的效果和指定"-p"选项相同。 ---rows<显示列数>：此选项的效果和指定"--lines"选项相同。 ---sid<阶段作业>：此选项的效果和指定"-s"选项相同。 ---tty<终端机编号>：此选项的效果和指定"-t"选项相同。 ---user<用户名称>：此选项的效果和指定"-U"选项相同。 ---User<用户识别码>：此选项的效果和指定"-U"选项相同。 ---version：此选项的效果和指定"-V"选项相同。 ---widty<每列字符数>：此选项的效果和指定"-cols"选项相同。 -``` - -由于ps命令能够支持的系统类型相当的多，所以选项多的离谱！ - -### 实例 - -按内存资源的使用量对进程进行排序 - -```sh -ps aux | sort -rnk 4 -``` - -按 CPU 资源的使用量对进程进行排序 - -```sh -ps aux | sort -nk 3 -``` - -最常用的查询指令; - -```sh -ps -le or ps -aux 查看所有用户执行的进程的详细信息； -ps -aux --sort pid 可按照进程执行的时间，PID，UID等对进程进行排序； -ps -uU tangsir / ps -aux | grep tangsir查看系统中指定用户执行的进程； -pstree | more 进程树，非常直观的观察父子进程； -``` - - diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/reboot.md b/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/reboot.md deleted file mode 100755 index 6634f36..0000000 --- a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/reboot.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,34 +0,0 @@ -reboot -=== - -重新启动正在运行的Linux操作系统 - -## 补充说明 - -**reboot命令** 用来重新启动正在运行的Linux操作系统。 - -### 语法 - -``` -reboot(选项) -``` - -### 选项 - -``` --d：重新开机时不把数据写入记录文件/var/tmp/wtmp。本参数具有“-n”参数效果； --f：强制重新开机，不调用shutdown指令的功能； --i：在重开机之前，先关闭所有网络界面； --n：重开机之前不检查是否有未结束的程序； --w：仅做测试，并不真正将系统重新开机，只会把重开机的数据写入/var/log目录下的wtmp记录文件。 -``` - -### 实例 - -``` -reboot //重开机。 -reboot -w //做个重开机的模拟（只有纪录并不会真的重开机）。 -``` - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/wget.md b/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/wget.md deleted file mode 100755 index f5c445f..0000000 --- a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/wget.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,337 +0,0 @@ -wget -=== - -Linux系统下载文件工具 - -## 补充说明 - -**wget命令** 用来从指定的URL下载文件。wget非常稳定，它在带宽很窄的情况下和不稳定网络中有很强的适应性，如果是由于网络的原因下载失败，wget会不断的尝试，直到整个文件下载完毕。如果是服务器打断下载过程，它会再次联到服务器上从停止的地方继续下载。这对从那些限定了链接时间的服务器上下载大文件非常有用。 - -wget支持HTTP，HTTPS和FTP协议，可以使用HTTP代理。所谓的自动下载是指，wget可以在用户退出系统的之后在后台执行。这意味这你可以登录系统，启动一个wget下载任务，然后退出系统，wget将在后台执行直到任务完成，相对于其它大部分浏览器在下载大量数据时需要用户一直的参与，这省去了极大的麻烦。 - -用于从网络上下载资源，没有指定目录，下载资源回默认为当前目录。wget虽然功能强大，但是使用起来还是比较简单： - -1. **支持断点下传功能** 这一点，也是网络蚂蚁和FlashGet当年最大的卖点，现在，Wget也可以使用此功能，那些网络不是太好的用户可以放心了； -2. **同时支持FTP和HTTP下载方式** 尽管现在大部分软件可以使用HTTP方式下载，但是，有些时候，仍然需要使用FTP方式下载软件； -3. **支持代理服务器** 对安全强度很高的系统而言，一般不会将自己的系统直接暴露在互联网上，所以，支持代理是下载软件必须有的功能； -4. **设置方便简单** 可能，习惯图形界面的用户已经不是太习惯命令行了，但是，命令行在设置上其实有更多的优点，最少，鼠标可以少点很多次，也不要担心是否错点鼠标； -5. **程序小，完全免费** 程序小可以考虑不计，因为现在的硬盘实在太大了；完全免费就不得不考虑了，即使网络上有很多所谓的免费软件，但是，这些软件的广告却不是我们喜欢的。 - - -### 语法 - -``` -wget [参数] [URL地址] -``` - -### 选项 - -``` -启动参数： - --V, –version 显示wget的版本后退出 --h, –help 打印语法帮助 --b, –background 启动后转入后台执行 --e, –execute=COMMAND 执行`.wgetrc’格式的命令，wgetrc格式参见/etc/wgetrc或~/.wgetrc - -记录和输入文件参数： - --o, –output-file=FILE 把记录写到FILE文件中 --a, –append-output=FILE 把记录追加到FILE文件中 --d, –debug 打印调试输出 --q, –quiet 安静模式(没有输出) --v, –verbose 冗长模式(这是缺省设置) --nv, –non-verbose 关掉冗长模式，但不是安静模式 --i, –input-file=FILE 下载在FILE文件中出现的URLs --F, –force-html 把输入文件当作HTML格式文件对待 --B, –base=URL 将URL作为在-F -i参数指定的文件中出现的相对链接的前缀 -–sslcertfile=FILE 可选客户端证书 -–sslcertkey=KEYFILE 可选客户端证书的KEYFILE -–egd-file=FILE 指定EGD socket的文件名 - -下载参数： - -–bind-address=ADDRESS 指定本地使用地址(主机名或IP，当本地有多个IP或名字时使用) --t, –tries=NUMBER 设定最大尝试链接次数(0 表示无限制). --O –output-document=FILE 把文档写到FILE文件中 --nc, –no-clobber 不要覆盖存在的文件或使用.#前缀 --c, –continue 接着下载没下载完的文件 -–progress=TYPE 设定进程条标记 --N, –timestamping 不要重新下载文件除非比本地文件新 --S, –server-response 打印服务器的回应 -–spider 不下载任何东西 --T, –timeout=SECONDS 设定响应超时的秒数 --w, –wait=SECONDS 两次尝试之间间隔SECONDS秒 -–waitretry=SECONDS 在重新链接之间等待1…SECONDS秒 -–random-wait 在下载之间等待0…2*WAIT秒 --Y, –proxy=on/off 打开或关闭代理 --Q, –quota=NUMBER 设置下载的容量限制 -–limit-rate=RATE 限定下载输率 - -目录参数： - --nd –no-directories 不创建目录 --x, –force-directories 强制创建目录 --nH, –no-host-directories 不创建主机目录 --P, –directory-prefix=PREFIX 将文件保存到目录 PREFIX/… -–cut-dirs=NUMBER 忽略 NUMBER层远程目录 - -HTTP 选项参数： - -–http-user=USER 设定HTTP用户名为 USER. -–http-passwd=PASS 设定http密码为 PASS --C, –cache=on/off 允许/不允许服务器端的数据缓存 (一般情况下允许) --E, –html-extension 将所有text/html文档以.html扩展名保存 -–ignore-length 忽略 `Content-Length’头域 -–header=STRING 在headers中插入字符串 STRING -–proxy-user=USER 设定代理的用户名为 USER -–proxy-passwd=PASS 设定代理的密码为 PASS -–referer=URL 在HTTP请求中包含 `Referer: URL’头 --s, –save-headers 保存HTTP头到文件 --U, –user-agent=AGENT 设定代理的名称为 AGENT而不是 Wget/VERSION -–no-http-keep-alive 关闭 HTTP活动链接 (永远链接) -–cookies=off 不使用 cookies -–load-cookies=FILE 在开始会话前从文件 FILE中加载cookie -–save-cookies=FILE 在会话结束后将 cookies保存到 FILE文件中 - -FTP 选项参数： - --nr, –dont-remove-listing 不移走 `.listing’文件 --g, –glob=on/off 打开或关闭文件名的 globbing机制 -–passive-ftp 使用被动传输模式 (缺省值). -–active-ftp 使用主动传输模式 -–retr-symlinks 在递归的时候，将链接指向文件(而不是目录) - -递归下载参数： - --r, –recursive 递归下载－－慎用! --l, –level=NUMBER 最大递归深度 (inf 或 0 代表无穷) -–delete-after 在现在完毕后局部删除文件 --k, –convert-links 转换非相对链接为相对链接 --K, –backup-converted 在转换文件X之前，将之备份为 X.orig --m, –mirror 等价于 -r -N -l inf -nr --p, –page-requisites 下载显示HTML文件的所有图片 - -递归下载中的包含和不包含(accept/reject)： - --A, –accept=LIST 分号分隔的被接受扩展名的列表 --R, –reject=LIST 分号分隔的不被接受的扩展名的列表 --D, –domains=LIST 分号分隔的被接受域的列表 -–exclude-domains=LIST 分号分隔的不被接受的域的列表 -–follow-ftp 跟踪HTML文档中的FTP链接 -–follow-tags=LIST 分号分隔的被跟踪的HTML标签的列表 --G, –ignore-tags=LIST 分号分隔的被忽略的HTML标签的列表 --H, –span-hosts 当递归时转到外部主机 --L, –relative 仅仅跟踪相对链接 --I, –include-directories=LIST 允许目录的列表 --X, –exclude-directories=LIST 不被包含目录的列表 --np, –no-parent 不要追溯到父目录 -wget -S –spider url 不下载只显示过程 -``` - -### 参数 - -URL：下载指定的URL地址。 - -### 实例 - - **使用wget下载单个文件** - -``` -wget http://www.jsdig.com/testfile.zip -``` - -以下的例子是从网络下载一个文件并保存在当前目录，在下载的过程中会显示进度条，包含（下载完成百分比，已经下载的字节，当前下载速度，剩余下载时间）。 - - **下载并以不同的文件名保存** - -``` -wget -O wordpress.zip http://www.jsdig.com/download.aspx?id=1080 -``` - -wget默认会以最后一个符合`/`的后面的字符来命令，对于动态链接的下载通常文件名会不正确。 - -错误：下面的例子会下载一个文件并以名称`download.aspx?id=1080`保存: - -``` -wget http://www.jsdig.com/download?id=1 -``` - -即使下载的文件是zip格式，它仍然以`download.php?id=1080`命令。 - -正确：为了解决这个问题，我们可以使用参数`-O`来指定一个文件名： - -``` -wget -O wordpress.zip http://www.jsdig.com/download.aspx?id=1080 -``` - - **wget限速下载** - -``` -wget --limit-rate=300k http://www.jsdig.com/testfile.zip -``` - -当你执行wget的时候，它默认会占用全部可能的宽带下载。但是当你准备下载一个大文件，而你还需要下载其它文件时就有必要限速了。 - - **使用wget断点续传** - -``` -wget -c http://www.jsdig.com/testfile.zip -``` - -使用`wget -c`重新启动下载中断的文件，对于我们下载大文件时突然由于网络等原因中断非常有帮助，我们可以继续接着下载而不是重新下载一个文件。需要继续中断的下载时可以使用`-c`参数。 - - **使用wget后台下载** - -``` -wget -b http://www.jsdig.com/testfile.zip - -Continuing in background, pid 1840. -Output will be written to `wget-log'. -``` - -对于下载非常大的文件的时候，我们可以使用参数`-b`进行后台下载，你可以使用以下命令来察看下载进度： - -``` -tail -f wget-log -``` - - **伪装代理名称下载** - -``` -wget --user-agent="Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/534.16 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/10.0.648.204 Safari/534.16" http://www.jsdig.com/testfile.zip -``` - -有些网站能通过根据判断代理名称不是浏览器而拒绝你的下载请求。不过你可以通过`--user-agent`参数伪装。 - - **测试下载链接** - -当你打算进行定时下载，你应该在预定时间测试下载链接是否有效。我们可以增加`--spider`参数进行检查。 - -``` -wget --spider URL -``` - -如果下载链接正确，将会显示: - -``` -Spider mode enabled. Check if remote file exists. -HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK -Length: unspecified [text/html] -Remote file exists and could contain further links, -but recursion is disabled -- not retrieving. -``` - -这保证了下载能在预定的时间进行，但当你给错了一个链接，将会显示如下错误: - -``` -wget --spider url -Spider mode enabled. Check if remote file exists. -HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 404 Not Found -Remote file does not exist -- broken link!!! -``` - -你可以在以下几种情况下使用`--spider`参数： - -* 定时下载之前进行检查 -* 间隔检测网站是否可用 -* 检查网站页面的死链接 - - **增加重试次数** - -``` -wget --tries=40 URL -``` - -如果网络有问题或下载一个大文件也有可能失败。wget默认重试20次连接下载文件。如果需要，你可以使用`--tries`增加重试次数。 - - **下载多个文件** - -``` -wget -i filelist.txt -``` - -首先，保存一份下载链接文件： - -``` -cat > filelist.txt -url1 -url2 -url3 -url4 -``` - -接着使用这个文件和参数`-i`下载。 - - **镜像网站** - -``` -wget --mirror -p --convert-links -P ./LOCAL URL -``` - -下载整个网站到本地。 - -* `--miror`开户镜像下载。 -* `-p`下载所有为了html页面显示正常的文件。 -* `--convert-links`下载后，转换成本地的链接。 -* `-P ./LOCAL`保存所有文件和目录到本地指定目录。 - - **过滤指定格式下载** - -``` -wget --reject=gif ur -``` - -下载一个网站，但你不希望下载图片，可以使用这条命令。 - - **把下载信息存入日志文件** - -``` -wget -o download.log URL -``` - -不希望下载信息直接显示在终端而是在一个日志文件，可以使用。 - - **限制总下载文件大小** - -``` -wget -Q5m -i filelist.txt -``` - -当你想要下载的文件超过5M而退出下载，你可以使用。注意：这个参数对单个文件下载不起作用，只能递归下载时才有效。 - - **下载指定格式文件** - -``` -wget -r -A.pdf url -``` - -可以在以下情况使用该功能： - -* 下载一个网站的所有图片。 -* 下载一个网站的所有视频。 -* 下载一个网站的所有PDF文件。 - - **FTP下载** - -``` -wget ftp-url -wget --ftp-user=USERNAME --ftp-password=PASSWORD url -``` - -可以使用wget来完成ftp链接的下载。 - -使用wget匿名ftp下载： - -``` -wget ftp-url -``` - -使用wget用户名和密码认证的ftp下载： - -``` -wget --ftp-user=USERNAME --ftp-password=PASSWORD url -``` - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ab.md b/LinuxCommands/ab.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ab.md rename to LinuxCommands/ab.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/accept.md b/LinuxCommands/accept.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/accept.md rename to LinuxCommands/accept.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/alias.md b/LinuxCommands/alias.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/alias.md rename to LinuxCommands/alias.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/apachectl.md b/LinuxCommands/apachectl.md similarity index 100% rename from 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--git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/cupsdisable.md b/LinuxCommands/cupsdisable.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/cupsdisable.md rename to LinuxCommands/cupsdisable.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/cupsenable.md b/LinuxCommands/cupsenable.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/cupsenable.md rename to LinuxCommands/cupsenable.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/curl.md b/LinuxCommands/curl.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/curl.md rename to LinuxCommands/curl.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/cut.md b/LinuxCommands/cut.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/cut.md rename to LinuxCommands/cut.md diff --git a/LinuxCommands/date.md b/LinuxCommands/date.md new file mode 100755 index 0000000..49432cc --- /dev/null +++ b/LinuxCommands/date.md @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +# date + +## 说明 + +**date命令** 是显示或设置系统时间与日期。 + +很多shell脚本里面需要打印不同格式的时间或日期，以及要根据时间和日期执行操作。延时通常用于脚本执行过程中提供一段等待的时间。日期可以以多种格式去打印，也可以使用命令设置固定的格式。在类UNIX系统中，日期被存储为一个整数，其大小为自世界标准时间（UTC）1970年1月1日0时0分0秒起流逝的秒数。 + +## 语法 + +用法：date [选项]... [+格式] + +或：date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] + +## 选项 + +```sh +必选参数对长短选项同时适用 + +-d,--date=STRING 用STRING描述时间，而不是'NOW' + --debug 注释解析日期,并警告stderr的可疑用法 + +-f,--file=DATEFILE 和--date相似,输出DATEFILE的每一行 + +-I[FMT],--iso-8601[=FMT] 以ISO 8601格式输出，FMT='date'默认只适用于日期，'hour'，'minutes'，'seconds'或'ns'，对于指定精度的日期和时间。 示例：2006-08-14T02：34：56-06：00 + +-R,--rfc-email 以RFC 5322格式输出，例如：Mon, 14 Aug 2006 02:34:56 -0600 + --rfc-3339=FMT 以RFC 3339格式输出，FMT='date'，'hour'，'minutes'，'seconds'或'ns'，对于指定精度的日期和时间。 示例： 2006-08-14 02:34:56-06:00 + +-r,--reference=FILE 显示文件最后的修改时间 + +-s,--set=STRING 以字符串方式设置时间 + +-u,--utc,--universal 打印或者设置协调世界时(UTC) + +``` + +## 参数 + +给定的格式FORMAT 控制着输出，解释序列如下： + +```sh +%% 一个文字的%(即%不起到格式化的作用) +%a 当前locale 的星期名缩写(例如： 日，代表星期日) +%A 当前locale 的星期名全称 (如：星期日) +%b 当前locale 的月名缩写 (如：一，代表一月) +%B 当前locale 的月名全称 (如：一月) +%c 当前locale 的日期和时间 (如：2005年3月3日 +%C 世纪；比如 %Y，通常为省略当前年份的后两位 +%d 按月计的日期(例如：01) +%D 按月计的日期；等于%m/%d/%y +%e 按月计的日期，添加空格，等于%_d +%F 完整日期格式，等价于 %Y-%m-%d +%g ISO-8601 格式年份的最后两位 (参见%G) +%G ISO-8601 格式年份 (参见%V)，一般只和 %V 结 +%h 等于%b +%H 小时(00-23) +%I 小时(00-12) +%j 按年计的日期(001-366) +%k hour, space padded ( 0..23); same as %_H +%l hour, space padded ( 1..12); same as %_I +%m month (01..12) +%M minute (00..59) +%n a newline +%N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) +%p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; bla +%P like %p, but lower case +%q quarter of year (1..4) +%r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 +%R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M +%s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC +%S 秒(00-60) +%t 输出制表符 Tab +%T 时间，等于%H:%M:%S +%u 星期，1 代表星期一 +%U 一年中的第几周，以周日为每星期第一天(00-53 +%V ISO-8601 格式规范下的一年中第几周，以周一 +%w 一星期中的第几日(0-6)，0 代表周一 +%W 一年中的第几周，以周一为每星期第一天(00-53 +%x 当前locale 下的日期描述 (如：12/31/99) +%X 当前locale 下的时间描述 (如：23:13:48) +%y 年份最后两位数位 (00-99) +%Y 年份 +%z +hhmm 数字时区(例如，-0400) +%:z +hh:mm 数字时区(例如，-04:00) +%::z +hh:mm:ss 数字时区(例如，-04:00:00) +%:::z 数字时区带有必要的精度 (例如，-04 +%Z 按字母表排序的时区缩写 (例如，EDT) + +默认情况下，日期的数字区域以0填充 +以下可选标志可能跟在'％'后面： +- 连字符，不要填充字段 +_ 下划线，用空格填充 +0 用0填充 +^ 如果可能的话，使用大写字母 +# 尽可能使用相反的情况 + +在任何标记之后还允许一个可选的域宽度指定，它是一个十进制数字。 +作为一个可选的修饰声明，它可以是E，在可能的情况下使用本地环境关联的 +表示方式；或者是O，在可能的情况下使用本地环境关联的数字符号。 +例如： +将数字从纪元(1970-01-01)UTC开始转换为日期 +date --date='@2147483647' + +显示美国西海岸的时间（使用tzselect（1）查找TZ） +TZ='America/Los_Angeles' date + +显示下周五上午9点在美国西海岸的当地时间 +date --date='TZ="America/Los_Angeles" 09:00 next Fri' +``` + +## 实例 + +```sh +# 格式化输出并用-符号连接日期： +date +"%Y-%m-%d" +2009-12-07 + +# 输出昨天日期： +date -d "1 day ago" +"%Y-%m-%d"或date -d "yesterday" +"%Y-%m-%d"或date -d "-1 day" +"%Y-%m-%d" +2012-11-19 + +# 2秒后输出： +date -d "2 second" +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M.%S" +2012-11-20 14:21.31 + +# 传说中的 1234567890 秒： +date -d "1970-01-01 1234567890 seconds" +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%m:%S" +2009-02-13 23:02:30 + +# 普通转格式： +date -d "2009-12-12" +"%Y/%m/%d %H:%M.%S" +2009/12/12 00:00.00 + +# apache格式转换： +date -d "Dec 5, 2009 12:00:37 AM" +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M.%S" +2009-12-05 00:00.37 + +# 格式转换后时间游走： +date -d "Dec 5, 2009 12:00:37 AM 2 year ago" +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M.%S" +2007-12-05 00:00.37 + +# 加减操作： +date +%Y%m%d //显示前天年月日 +date -d "+1 day" +%Y%m%d //显示前一天的日期 +date -d "-1 day" +%Y%m%d //显示后一天的日期 +date -d "-1 month" +%Y%m%d //显示上一月的日期 +date -d "+1 month" +%Y%m%d //显示下一月的日期 +date -d "-1 year" +%Y%m%d //显示前一年的日期 +date -d "+1 year" +%Y%m%d //显示下一年的日期 + +# 设定时间： +date -s //设置当前时间，只有root权限才能设置，其他只能查看 +date -s 20120523 //设置成20120523，这样会把具体时间设置成空00:00:00 +date -s 01:01:01 //设置具体时间，不会对日期做更改 +date -s "01:01:01 2012-05-23" //这样可以设置全部时间 +date -s "01:01:01 20120523" //这样可以设置全部时间 +date -s "2012-05-23 01:01:01" //这样可以设置全部时间 +date -s "20120523 01:01:01" //这样可以设置全部时间 + +# 有时需要检查一组命令花费的时间，举例： +#!/bin/bash + +start=$(date +%s) +nmap man.linuxde.net &> /dev/null + +end=$(date +%s) +difference=$(( end - start )) +echo $difference seconds. +``` diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/dd.md b/LinuxCommands/dd.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/dd.md rename to LinuxCommands/dd.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/declare.md b/LinuxCommands/declare.md similarity index 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[SHORT-OPTION] ... [STRING] + echo LONG-OPTION 使用`-e`选项时，若字符串中出现以下字符，则特别加以处理，而不会将它当成一般文字输出： -* \a 发出警告声； -* \b 删除前一个字符； -* \c 最后不加上换行符号； -* \f 换行但光标仍旧停留在原来的位置； -* \n 换行且光标移至行首； -* \r 光标移至行首，但不换行； -* \t 插入tab； -* \v 与\f相同； -* \\ 插入\字符； -* \nnn 插入nnn（八进制）所代表的ASCII字符； - -### 参数 - -变量：指定要打印的变量。 - -### 实例 +* \a 发出警告声 +* \b 删除前一个字符 +* \c 最后不加上换行符号 +* \f 换行但光标仍旧停留在原来的位置 +* \n 换行且光标移至行首 +* \r 光标移至行首，但不换行 +* \t 插入tab +* \v 与\f相同 +* \\ 插入\字符 +* \nnn 插入nnn（八进制）所代表的ASCII字符 +* \e escape +* \0NNN 八进制值NNN(1-3位)的字节 +* \xHH 十六进制值HH(1-2位)的字节 +* -E 取消-e效果，默认就是这个 + +## 实例 用echo命令打印带有色彩的文字： - **文字色：** +## 文字色： -``` +```sh echo -e "\e[1;31mThis is red text\e[0m" -This is red text +This is red text(粉红色字体) ``` -* `\e[1;31m` 将颜色设置为红色 -* `\e[0m` 将颜色重新置回 +* `\e[1;31m` 将颜色设置为红色 +* `\e[0m` 将颜色重新置回 颜色码：重置=0，黑色=30，红色=31，绿色=32，黄色=33，蓝色=34，洋红=35，青色=36，白色=37 - **背景色** ： +## 背景色： -``` +```sh echo -e "\e[1;42mGreed Background\e[0m" -Greed Background +Greed Background(绿色背景) ``` 颜色码：重置=0，黑色=40，红色=41，绿色=42，黄色=43，蓝色=44，洋红=45，青色=46，白色=47 - **文字闪动：** +## 文字闪动： -``` +```sh echo -e "\033[37;31;5mMySQL Server Stop...\033[39;49;0m" - +MySQL Server Stop...(红色字体并闪烁) ``` 红色数字处还有其他数字参数：0 关闭所有属性、1 设置高亮度（加粗）、4 下划线、5 闪烁、7 反显、8 消隐 - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ed.md b/LinuxCommands/ed.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ed.md rename to LinuxCommands/ed.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/edquota.md b/LinuxCommands/edquota.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/edquota.md rename to LinuxCommands/edquota.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/egrep.md b/LinuxCommands/egrep.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/egrep.md rename to LinuxCommands/egrep.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/eject.md b/LinuxCommands/eject.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/eject.md rename to LinuxCommands/eject.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/elinks.md b/LinuxCommands/elinks.md similarity index 100% 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LearnShell/LinuxCommands/join.md rename to LinuxCommands/join.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/jwhois.md b/LinuxCommands/jwhois.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/jwhois.md rename to LinuxCommands/jwhois.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/kernelversion.md b/LinuxCommands/kernelversion.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/kernelversion.md rename to LinuxCommands/kernelversion.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/kexec.md b/LinuxCommands/kexec.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/kexec.md rename to LinuxCommands/kexec.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/kill.md b/LinuxCommands/kill.md similarity index 51% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/kill.md rename to LinuxCommands/kill.md index 3c762b3..7af9563 100755 --- a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/kill.md +++ b/LinuxCommands/kill.md @@ -1,59 +1,47 @@ -kill -=== - -删除执行中的程序或工作 +# kill -## 补充说明 +## 说明 **kill命令** 用来删除执行中的程序或工作。kill可将指定的信息送至程序。预设的信息为SIGTERM(15),可将指定程序终止。若仍无法终止该程序，可使用SIGKILL(9)信息尝试强制删除程序。程序或工作的编号可利用ps指令或job指令查看。 -### 语法 +## 选项 -``` -kill(选项)(参数) -``` - -### 选项 - -``` +```sh -a：当处理当前进程时，不限制命令名和进程号的对应关系； --l <信息编号>：若不加<信息编号>选项，则-l参数会列出全部的信息名称； +-l <信息编号>：若不加<信息编号>选项，则-l参数会列出全部的信息名称 +-L, --table List signal names in a nice table -p：指定kill 命令只打印相关进程的进程号，而不发送任何信号； -s <信息名称或编号>：指定要送出的信息； -u：指定用户。 ``` -### 参数 - -进程或作业识别号：指定要删除的进程或作业。 - -### 实例 +## 实例 列出所有信号名称： -``` +```sh kill -l 1) SIGHUP 2) SIGINT 3) SIGQUIT 4) SIGILL - 5) SIGTRAP 6) SIGABRT 7) SIGBUS 8) SIGFPE - 9) SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1 11) SIGSEGV 12) SIGUSR2 -13) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM 16) SIGSTKFLT -17) SIGCHLD 18) SIGCONT 19) SIGSTOP 20) SIGTSTP -21) SIGTTIN 22) SIGTTOU 23) SIGURG 24) SIGXCPU -25) SIGXFSZ 26) SIGVTALRM 27) SIGPROF 28) SIGWINCH -29) SIGIO 30) SIGPWR 31) SIGSYS 34) SIGRTMIN -35) SIGRTMIN+1 36) SIGRTMIN+2 37) SIGRTMIN+3 38) SIGRTMIN+4 -39) SIGRTMIN+5 40) SIGRTMIN+6 41) SIGRTMIN+7 42) SIGRTMIN+8 -43) SIGRTMIN+9 44) SIGRTMIN+10 45) SIGRTMIN+11 46) SIGRTMIN+12 -47) SIGRTMIN+13 48) SIGRTMIN+14 49) SIGRTMIN+15 50) SIGRTMAX-14 -51) SIGRTMAX-13 52) SIGRTMAX-12 53) SIGRTMAX-11 54) SIGRTMAX-10 -55) SIGRTMAX-9 56) SIGRTMAX-8 57) SIGRTMAX-7 58) SIGRTMAX-6 -59) SIGRTMAX-5 60) SIGRTMAX-4 61) SIGRTMAX-3 62) SIGRTMAX-2 -63) SIGRTMAX-1 64) SIGRTMAX + 2) SIGTRAP 6) SIGABRT 7) SIGBUS 8) SIGFPE + 3) SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1 11) SIGSEGV 12) SIGUSR2 +1) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM 16) SIGSTKFLT +2) SIGCHLD 18) SIGCONT 19) SIGSTOP 20) SIGTSTP +3) SIGTTIN 22) SIGTTOU 23) SIGURG 24) SIGXCPU +4) SIGXFSZ 26) SIGVTALRM 27) SIGPROF 28) SIGWINCH +5) SIGIO 30) SIGPWR 31) SIGSYS 34) SIGRTMIN +6) SIGRTMIN+1 36) SIGRTMIN+2 37) SIGRTMIN+3 38) SIGRTMIN+4 +7) SIGRTMIN+5 40) SIGRTMIN+6 41) SIGRTMIN+7 42) SIGRTMIN+8 +8) SIGRTMIN+9 44) SIGRTMIN+10 45) SIGRTMIN+11 46) SIGRTMIN+12 +9) SIGRTMIN+13 48) SIGRTMIN+14 49) SIGRTMIN+15 50) SIGRTMAX-14 +10) SIGRTMAX-13 52) SIGRTMAX-12 53) SIGRTMAX-11 54) SIGRTMAX-10 +11) SIGRTMAX-9 56) SIGRTMAX-8 57) SIGRTMAX-7 58) SIGRTMAX-6 +12) SIGRTMAX-5 60) SIGRTMAX-4 61) SIGRTMAX-3 62) SIGRTMAX-2 +13) SIGRTMAX-1 64) SIGRTMAX ``` -只有第9种信号(SIGKILL)才可以无条件终止进程，其他信号进程都有权利忽略， **下面是常用的信号：** +只有第9种信号(SIGKILL)才可以无条件终止进程，其他信号进程都有权利忽略， **下面是常用的信号：** -``` +```sh HUP 1 终端断线 INT 2 中断（同 Ctrl + C） QUIT 3 退出（同 Ctrl + \） @@ -65,7 +53,7 @@ STOP 19 暂停（同 Ctrl + Z） 先用ps查找进程，然后用kill杀掉： -``` +```sh ps -ef | grep vim root 3268 2884 0 16:21 pts/1 00:00:00 vim install.log root 3370 2822 0 16:21 pts/0 00:00:00 grep vim @@ -74,6 +62,3 @@ kill 3268 kill 3268 -bash: kill: (3268) - 没有那个进程 ``` - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/killall.md b/LinuxCommands/killall.md similarity index 71% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/killall.md rename to LinuxCommands/killall.md index ea8425b..b92e1a2 100644 --- a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/killall.md +++ b/LinuxCommands/killall.md @@ -1,21 +1,12 @@ -killall -=== - -使用进程的名称来杀死一组进程 +# killall ## 补充说明 **killall命令** 使用进程的名称来杀死进程，使用此指令可以杀死一组同名进程。我们可以使用kill命令杀死指定进程PID的进程，如果要找到我们需要杀死的进程，我们还需要在之前使用ps等命令再配合grep来查找进程，而killall把这两个过程合二为一，是一个很好用的命令。 -### 语法 - -``` -killall(选项)(参数) -``` - -### 选项 +## 选项 -``` +```sh -e：对长名称进行精确匹配； -l：忽略大小写的不同； -p：杀死进程所属的进程组； @@ -26,18 +17,3 @@ killall(选项)(参数) -s：用指定的进程号代替默认信号“SIGTERM”； -u：杀死指定用户的进程。 ``` - -### 参数 - -进程名称：指定要杀死的进程名称。 - -### 实例 - -杀死所有同名进程 - -``` -killall vi -``` - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/last.md b/LinuxCommands/last.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/last.md rename to LinuxCommands/last.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/lastb.md b/LinuxCommands/lastb.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/lastb.md rename to LinuxCommands/lastb.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/lastlog.md b/LinuxCommands/lastlog.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/lastlog.md rename to LinuxCommands/lastlog.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ld.md 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a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ping.md b/LinuxCommands/ping.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ping.md rename to LinuxCommands/ping.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pkill.md b/LinuxCommands/pkill.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pkill.md rename to LinuxCommands/pkill.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pmap.md b/LinuxCommands/pmap.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pmap.md rename to LinuxCommands/pmap.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/popd.md b/LinuxCommands/popd.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/popd.md rename to LinuxCommands/popd.md diff --git a/LinuxCommands/poweroff.md b/LinuxCommands/poweroff.md new file mode 100755 index 0000000..7994e8b --- /dev/null +++ b/LinuxCommands/poweroff.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# poweroff + +## 选项 + +```sh +--halt Halt the machine +-p --poweroff Switch off the machine + --reboot Reboot the machine +-f --force Force immediate halt/power-off/reboot(不调用shutdown) +-w --wtmp-only Don't halt/power-off/reboot, just write wtmp record(并不实际关闭系统，只是写入/var/log/wtmp文件中) +-d --no-wtmp Don't write wtmp record + --no-wall Don't send wall message before halt/power-off/reboot +``` diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ppp-off.md b/LinuxCommands/ppp-off.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/ppp-off.md rename to LinuxCommands/ppp-off.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pr.md b/LinuxCommands/pr.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pr.md rename to LinuxCommands/pr.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/printf.md b/LinuxCommands/printf.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/printf.md rename to LinuxCommands/printf.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/protoize.md b/LinuxCommands/protoize.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/protoize.md rename to LinuxCommands/protoize.md diff --git a/LinuxCommands/ps.md b/LinuxCommands/ps.md new file mode 100755 index 0000000..ca73b65 --- /dev/null +++ b/LinuxCommands/ps.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +# ps + +## 说明 + +**ps命令** 用于报告当前系统的进程状态。可以搭配kill指令随时中断、删除不必要的程序。ps命令是最基本同时也是非常强大的进程查看命令，使用该命令可以确定有哪些进程正在运行和运行的状态、进程是否结束、进程有没有僵死、哪些进程占用了过多的资源等等，总之大部分信息都是可以通过执行该命令得到的。 + +## 语法 + +Usage: ps [options] + +## 选项 + +```sh +基本选项 +-A, -e all processes +-a all with tty, except session leaders + a all with tty, including other users +-d 除了sessions之外的所有进程 +-N, --deselect negate selection(显示所有的程序，除了执行ps指令终端机下的程序之外) + r only running processes + T all processes on this terminal + x processes without controlling ttys + +Selection by list: +-C command name +-G, --Group real group id or name +-g, --group session or effective group name +-p, p, --pid process id + --ppid parent process id +-q, q, --quick-pid + process id (quick mode) +-s, --sid session id +-t, t, --tty terminal +-u, U, --user effective user id or name +-U, --User real user id or name + The selection options take as their argument either: + a comma-separated list e.g. '-u root,nobody' or + a blank-separated list e.g. '-p 123 4567' + +Output formats: +-F extra full +-f full-format, including command lines + f, --forest ascii art process tree +-H show process hierarchy +-j jobs format + j BSD job control format +-l long format + l BSD long format +-M, Z add security data (for SELinux) +-O preloaded with default columns + O as -O, with BSD personality +-o, o, --format + user-defined format + s signal format + u user-oriented format + v virtual memory format + X register format +-y do not show flags, show rss vs. addr (used with-l) + --context display security context (for SELinux) + --headers repeat header lines, one per page + --no-headers do not print header at all + --cols, --columns, --width + set screen width + --rows, --lines + set screen height + +Show threads: + H as if they were processes +-L possibly with LWP and NLWP columns +-m, m after processes +-T possibly with SPID column + +Miscellaneous options: +-c show scheduling class with -l option + c show true command name + e show the environment after command + k, --sort specify sort order as: [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]] + L show format specifiers + n display numeric uid and wchan + S, --cumulative include some dead child process data +-y do not show flags, show rss (only with -l) +-V, V, --version display version information and exit +-w, w unlimited output width + --help + display help and exit +``` + +由于ps命令能够支持的系统类型相当的多，所以选项多的离谱！ + +## 实例 + +```sh +# 按内存资源的使用量对进程进行排序 +ps aux | sort -rnk 4 + +# 按 CPU 资源的使用量对进程进行排序 +ps aux | sort -nk 3 + +# 最常用的查询指令; +ps -le or ps -aux 查看所有用户执行的进程的详细信息； +ps -aux --sort pid 可按照进程执行的时间，PID，UID等对进程进行排序； +ps -uU tangsir / ps -aux | grep tangsir查看系统中指定用户执行的进程； +pstree | more 进程树，非常直观的观察父子进程； +``` diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pssh.md b/LinuxCommands/pssh.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pssh.md rename to LinuxCommands/pssh.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pstack.md b/LinuxCommands/pstack.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pstack.md rename to LinuxCommands/pstack.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pstree.md b/LinuxCommands/pstree.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pstree.md rename to LinuxCommands/pstree.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pushd.md b/LinuxCommands/pushd.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pushd.md rename to LinuxCommands/pushd.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pv.md b/LinuxCommands/pv.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pv.md rename to LinuxCommands/pv.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pvchange.md b/LinuxCommands/pvchange.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pvchange.md rename to LinuxCommands/pvchange.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pvck.md b/LinuxCommands/pvck.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pvck.md 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b/LinuxCommands/pwck.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pwck.md rename to LinuxCommands/pwck.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pwconv.md b/LinuxCommands/pwconv.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pwconv.md rename to LinuxCommands/pwconv.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pwd.md b/LinuxCommands/pwd.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pwd.md rename to LinuxCommands/pwd.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pwunconv.md b/LinuxCommands/pwunconv.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/pwunconv.md rename to LinuxCommands/pwunconv.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/quota.md b/LinuxCommands/quota.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/quota.md rename to LinuxCommands/quota.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/quotacheck.md b/LinuxCommands/quotacheck.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/quotacheck.md rename to 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100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/readelf.md rename to LinuxCommands/readelf.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/readonly.md b/LinuxCommands/readonly.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/readonly.md rename to LinuxCommands/readonly.md diff --git a/LinuxCommands/reboot.md b/LinuxCommands/reboot.md new file mode 100755 index 0000000..5f39713 --- /dev/null +++ b/LinuxCommands/reboot.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +# reboot + +## 选项 + +```sh +-d --no-wtmp 重新开机时不把数据写入记录文件/var/tmp/wtmp，本参数具有“-n”参数效果 + --no-wall 在halt/power-off/reboot之前不发送wall信息 +-f --force 强制立即重新开机，不调用shutdown指令的功能； +-n --no-sync 重开机之前不同步hard disks/storage media(检查是否有未结束的程序) +-w --wtmp-only 仅做测试，并不真正将系统重新开机，只会把重开机的数据写入/var/log目录下的wtmp记录文件。 +``` + +## 实例 + +```sh +reboot //重开机。 +reboot -w //做个重开机的模拟（只有纪录并不会真的重开机）。 +``` diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/reject.md b/LinuxCommands/reject.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/reject.md rename to LinuxCommands/reject.md diff 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b/LinuxCommands/telnet.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/telnet.md rename to LinuxCommands/telnet.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/tempfile.md b/LinuxCommands/tempfile.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/tempfile.md rename to LinuxCommands/tempfile.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/test.md b/LinuxCommands/test.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/test.md rename to LinuxCommands/test.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/tftp.md b/LinuxCommands/tftp.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/tftp.md rename to LinuxCommands/tftp.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/time.md b/LinuxCommands/time.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/time.md rename to LinuxCommands/time.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/tload.md b/LinuxCommands/tload.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/tload.md rename to LinuxCommands/tload.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/top.md b/LinuxCommands/top.md similarity index 62% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/top.md rename to LinuxCommands/top.md index 7e739c1..4b31c69 100755 --- a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/top.md +++ b/LinuxCommands/top.md @@ -1,21 +1,12 @@ -top -=== - -显示或管理执行中的程序 +# top ## 补充说明 **top命令** 可以实时动态地查看系统的整体运行情况，是一个综合了多方信息监测系统性能和运行信息的实用工具。通过top命令所提供的互动式界面，用热键可以管理。 -### 语法 - -``` -top(选项) -``` - -### 选项 +## 选项 -``` +```sh -b：以批处理模式操作； -c：显示完整的治命令； -d：屏幕刷新间隔时间； @@ -29,11 +20,11 @@ top(选项) -k:关闭指定进程号 ``` -### top交互命令 +## top交互命令 在top命令执行过程中可以使用的一些交互命令。这些命令都是单字母的，如果在命令行中使用了-s选项， 其中一些命令可能会被屏蔽。 -``` +```sh h：显示帮助画面，给出一些简短的命令总结说明； k：终止一个进程； i：忽略闲置和僵死进程，这是一个开关式命令； @@ -53,7 +44,7 @@ T：根据时间/累计时间进行排序； w：将当前设置写入~/.toprc文件中。 ``` -### 实例 +## 实例 ``` top - 09:44:56 up 16 days, 21:23, 1 user, load average: 9.59, 4.75, 1.92 @@ -65,29 +56,26 @@ Swap: 5144568k total, 56k used, 5144512k free, 2013180k cached **解释：** -* top - 09:44:56[当前系统时间], -* 16 days[系统已经运行了16天], -* 1 user[个用户当前登录], -* load average: 9.59, 4.75, 1.92[系统负载，即任务队列的平均长度] -* Tasks: 145 total[总进程数], -* 2 running[正在运行的进程数], -* 143 sleeping[睡眠的进程数], -* 0 stopped[停止的进程数], -* 0 zombie[冻结进程数], -* Cpu(s): 99.8%us[用户空间占用CPU百分比], -* 0.1%sy[内核空间占用CPU百分比], -* 0.0%ni[用户进程空间内改变过优先级的进程占用CPU百分比], -* 0.2%id[空闲CPU百分比], 0.0%wa[等待输入输出的CPU时间百分比], -* 0.0%hi[], -* 0.0%st[], -* Mem: 4147888k total[物理内存总量], -* 2493092k used[使用的物理内存总量], -* 1654796k free[空闲内存总量], -* 158188k buffers[用作内核缓存的内存量] -* Swap:  5144568k total[交换区总量], -* 56k used[使用的交换区总量], -* 5144512k free[空闲交换区总量], -* 2013180k cached[缓冲的交换区总量], - - - \ No newline at end of file +* top - 09:44:56[当前系统时间], +* 16 days[系统已经运行了16天], +* 1 user[个用户当前登录], +* load average: 9.59, 4.75, 1.92[系统负载，即任务队列的平均长度] +* Tasks: 145 total[总进程数], +* 2 running[正在运行的进程数], +* 143 sleeping[睡眠的进程数], +* 0 stopped[停止的进程数], +* 0 zombie[冻结进程数], +* Cpu(s): 99.8%us[用户空间占用CPU百分比], +* 0.1%sy[内核空间占用CPU百分比], +* 0.0%ni[用户进程空间内改变过优先级的进程占用CPU百分比], +* 0.2%id[空闲CPU百分比], 0.0%wa[等待输入输出的CPU时间百分比], +* 0.0%hi[], +* 0.0%st[], +* Mem: 4147888k total[物理内存总量], +* 2493092k used[使用的物理内存总量], +* 1654796k free[空闲内存总量], +* 158188k buffers[用作内核缓存的内存量] +* Swap:  5144568k total[交换区总量], +* 56k used[使用的交换区总量], +* 5144512k free[空闲交换区总量], +* 2013180k cached[缓冲的交换区总量], diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/touch.md b/LinuxCommands/touch.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/touch.md rename to LinuxCommands/touch.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/tput.md b/LinuxCommands/tput.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/tput.md rename to LinuxCommands/tput.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/tr.md b/LinuxCommands/tr.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/tr.md rename to LinuxCommands/tr.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/tracepath.md b/LinuxCommands/tracepath.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/tracepath.md rename to LinuxCommands/tracepath.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/traceroute.md 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to LinuxCommands/watch.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/wc.md b/LinuxCommands/wc.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/wc.md rename to LinuxCommands/wc.md diff --git a/LinuxCommands/wget.md b/LinuxCommands/wget.md new file mode 100755 index 0000000..0109e80 --- /dev/null +++ b/LinuxCommands/wget.md @@ -0,0 +1,303 @@ +# wget + +## 说明 + +**wget命令** 用来从指定的URL下载文件。wget非常稳定，它在带宽很窄的情况下和不稳定网络中有很强的适应性，如果是由于网络的原因下载失败，wget会不断的尝试，直到整个文件下载完毕。如果是服务器打断下载过程，它会再次联到服务器上从停止的地方继续下载。这对从那些限定了链接时间的服务器上下载大文件非常有用。 + +wget支持HTTP，HTTPS和FTP协议，可以使用HTTP代理。所谓的自动下载是指，wget可以在用户退出系统的之后在后台执行。这意味这你可以登录系统，启动一个wget下载任务，然后退出系统，wget将在后台执行直到任务完成，相对于其它大部分浏览器在下载大量数据时需要用户一直的参与，这省去了极大的麻烦。 + +用于从网络上下载资源，没有指定目录，下载资源回默认为当前目录。wget虽然功能强大，但是使用起来还是比较简单： + +1. **支持断点下传功能** 这一点，也是网络蚂蚁和FlashGet当年最大的卖点，现在，Wget也可以使用此功能，那些网络不是太好的用户可以放心了； +2. **同时支持FTP和HTTP下载方式** 尽管现在大部分软件可以使用HTTP方式下载，但是，有些时候，仍然需要使用FTP方式下载软件； +3. **支持代理服务器** 对安全强度很高的系统而言，一般不会将自己的系统直接暴露在互联网上，所以，支持代理是下载软件必须有的功能； +4. **设置方便简单** 可能，习惯图形界面的用户已经不是太习惯命令行了，但是，命令行在设置上其实有更多的优点，最少，鼠标可以少点很多次，也不要担心是否错点鼠标； +5. **程序小，完全免费** 程序小可以考虑不计，因为现在的硬盘实在太大了；完全免费就不得不考虑了，即使网络上有很多所谓的免费软件，但是，这些软件的广告却不是我们喜欢的。 + +## 用法 + +wget [选项]... [URL]... + +```sh +长选项所必须的参数在使用短选项时也是必须的 + +启动： +-b,--background 启动后转入后台执行 +-e,--execute=COMMAND 执行”.wgetrc“格式的命令，wgetrc格式参见/etc/wgetrc或~/.wgetrc + +日志和输入文件： +-o,--output-file=FILE 把记录写到FILE文件中 +-a,--append-output=FILE 把记录追加到FILE文件中 +-d,--debug 打印调试输出 +-q,--quiet 安静模式(没有输出) +-v,--verbose 详尽模式(这是缺省设置) +-nv,--non-verbose 关掉冗长模式，但不进入安静模式 + --report-speed=类型 以类型报告带宽，类型可以是bits +-i,--input-file=FILE 下载本地或外部文件中的 URL +-F,--force-html 把输入文件当作HTML格式文件对待 +-B,--base=URL 将URL作为在-F -i参数指定的文件中出现的相对链接的前缀 + --config=文件 指定要使用的配置文件 + --no-cookies 不读取任何配置文件 + --rejected-log=文件 将拒绝URL的原因写入文件 + +下载： +--bind-address=ADDRESS 指定本地使用地址(主机名或IP，当本地有多个IP或名字时使用) +-t,--tries=NUMBER 设定最大尝试链接次数(0 表示无限制) + --retry-connrefused 即使拒绝连接也是重试 +-O，--output-document=FILE 把文档写到FILE文件中 +-nc,--no-clobber 不要覆盖存在的文件或使用.#前缀 + --no-netrc 不要尝试从.netrc获取凭据 +-c,--continue 断点续传文件 + --start-pos=偏移量 从由零计数的偏移量开始下载 + --progress=类型 选择进度条类型 + --show-progress 在任意状态下都显示进度条 +-N,--timestamping 只下载比本地文件新的文件 + --no-if-modified-since 不要在时间戳(timestamping)模式下使用if-modified-since get 条件请求 + --no-use-server-timestamps 不用服务器上的时间戳来设置本地文件 +-S,--server-response 打印服务器的响应 + --spider 不下载任何东西 +-T,--timeout=SECONDS 将所有超时设为 SECONDS + --dns-timeout=SECS 设置 DNS 查寻超时为 SE + --connect-timeout=SECS 设置连接超时为 SECS 秒 + --read-timeout=SECS 设置读取超时为 SECS 秒 +-w,--wait=SECONDS 等待间隔为 SECONDS 秒 + --waitretry=SECONDS 在获取文件的重试期间等待 1..SECO + --random-wait 获取多个文件时，每次随机等待间隔 +(0.5~1.5)*WAIT 秒 + --no-proxy 禁止使用代理 +-Q,--quota=数字 设置获取配额为 <数字> 字节 + --bind-address=ADDRESS 绑定至本地主机上的 ADDRESS (主机 +IP) + --limit-rate=RATE 限制下载速率为 RATE + --no-dns-cache 关闭 DNS 查询缓存 + --restrict-file-names=系统 限定文件名中的字符为 <系统> 允许 + --ignore-case 匹配文件/目录时忽略大小写 +-4,--inet4-only 仅连接至 IPv4 地址 +-6,--inet6-only 仅连接至 IPv6 地址 + --prefer-family=地址族 首先连接至指定家族（IPv6，IPv4 +的地址 + --user=用户 将 ftp 和 http 的用户名均设置为 + --password=密码 将 ftp 和 http 的密码均设置为 < + --ask-password 提示输入密码 + --use-askpass=命令 指定用于请求用户名和密码的凭据管 + 如果没有提供指定命令，程序将使 +WGET_ASKPASS 或 + SSH_ASKPASS 环境变量。 + --no-iri 关闭 IRI 支持 + --local-encoding=ENC 使用 ENC 作为 IRI (国际化资源标 +本地编码 + --remote-encoding=ENC 使用 ENC 作为默认远程编码 + --unlink 覆盖前移除文件 + --no-xattr 不要在文件的拓展属性中储存元数据 + +目录： +-nd,--no-directories 不创建目录 +-x, --force-directories 强制创建目录 +-nH,--no-host-directories 不要创建主 (host) 目录 + --protocol-directories 在目录中使用协议名称 +-P, --directory-prefix=前缀 保存文件到 <前缀>/.. + --cut-dirs=数字 忽略远程目录中 <数字> 个目录层 + +HTTP 选项： + --http-user=用户 设置 http 用户名为 <用户> + --http-password=密码 设置 http 密码为 <密码> + --no-cache 不使用服务器缓存的数据。 + --default-page=NAME 改变默认页 (通常是“index.html”)。 + -E, --adjust-extension 以合适的扩展名保存 HTML/CSS 文档 + --ignore-length 忽略头部的‘Content-Length’区域 + --header=字符串 在头部插入 <字符串> + --max-redirect 每页所允许的最大重定向 + --proxy-user=用户 使用 <用户> 作为代理用户名 + --proxy-password=密码 使用 <密码> 作为代理密码 + --referer=URL 在 HTTP 请求头包含‘Referer: URL’ + --save-headers 将 HTTP 头保存至文件。 + -U, --user-agent=代理 标识自己为 <代理> 而不是 Wget/VERSION。 + --no-http-keep-alive 禁用 HTTP keep-alive (持久连接)。 + --no-cookies 不使用 cookies。 + --load-cookies=文件 会话开始前从 <文件> 中载入 cookies。 + --save-cookies=文件 会话结束后保存 cookies 至 FILE。 + --keep-session-cookies 载入并保存会话 (非永久) cookies。 + --post-data=字符串 使用 POST 方式；把 <字串>作为数据发送。 + --post-file=文件 使用 POST 方式；发送 <文件> 内容。 + --method=HTTP方法 在请求中使用指定的 。 + --post-data=字符串 把 <字串> 作为数据发送，必须设置 --method + --post-file=文件 发送 <文件> 内容，必须设置 --method + --content-disposition 当选择本地文件名时允许 Content-Disposition + 头部 (实验中)。 + --content-on-error 在服务器错误时输出接收到的内容 + --auth-no-challenge 不先等待服务器询问就发送基本 HTTP 验证信息。 + +HTTPS (SSL/TLS) 选项： + --secure-protocol=PR choose secure protocol, one of auto, SSLv2, + SSLv3, TLSv1, TLSv1_1, TLSv1_2 and PFS + --https-only 只跟随安全的 HTTPS 链接 + --no-check-certificate 不要验证服务器的证书。 + --certificate=文件 客户端证书文件。 + --certificate-type=类型 客户端证书类型，PEM 或 DER。 + --private-key=文件 私钥文件。 + --private-key-type=类型 私钥文件类型，PEM 或 DER。 + --ca-certificate=文件 带有一组 CA 证书的文件。 + --ca-directory=DIR 保存 CA 证书的哈希列表的目录。 + --ca-certificate=文件 带有一组 CA 证书的文件。 + --pinnedpubkey=文件/散列值 用于验证节点的公钥（PEM/DER）文件或 + 任何数量的 sha256 散列值，以 base64 编码、 + “sha256//” 开头、用“;”间隔 + --random-file=文件 用于初始化 SSL 伪随机数生成器（PRNG）的文件， + 应含有随机数据 + +HSTS 选项： + --no-hsts 禁用 HSTS + --hsts-file HSTS 数据库路径（将覆盖默认值） + +FTP 选项： + --ftp-user=用户 设置 ftp 用户名为 <用户>。 + --ftp-password=密码 设置 ftp 密码为 <密码> + --no-remove-listing 不要删除‘.listing’文件 + --no-glob 不在 FTP 文件名中使用通配符展开 + --no-passive-ftp 禁用“passive”传输模式 + --preserve-permissions 保留远程文件的权限 + --retr-symlinks 递归目录时，获取链接的文件 (而非目录) + +FTPS 选项： + --ftps-implicit 使用隐式 FTPS（默认端口 990） + --ftps-resume-ssl 打开数据连接时继续控制连接中的 SSL/TLS 会话 + --ftps-clear-data-connection 只加密控制信道；数据传输使用明文 + --ftps-fallback-to-ftp 回落到 FTP，如果目标服务器不支持 FTPS +WARC 选项： + --warc-file=文件名 在一个 .warc.gz 文件里保持请求/响应数据 + --warc-header=字符串 在头部插入 <字符串> + --warc-max-size=数字 将 WARC 的最大尺寸设置为 <数字> + --warc-cdx 写入 CDX 索引文件 + --warc-dedup=文件名 不要记录列在此 CDX 文件内的记录 + --no-warc-digests 不要计算 SHA1 摘要 + --no-warc-keep-log 不要在 WARC 记录中存储日志文件 + --warc-tempdir=目录 WARC 写入器的临时文件目录 + +递归下载： + -r, --recursive 指定递归下载 + -l, --level=数字 最大递归深度 (inf 或 0 代表无限制，即全部下载)。 + --delete-after 下载完成后删除本地文件 + -k, --convert-links 让下载得到的 HTML 或 CSS 中的链接指向本地文件 + --convert-file-only 只转换 URL 的文件部分（一般叫做“基础名”/basename） + --backups=N 写入文件 X 前，轮换移动最多 N 个备份文件 + -K, --backup-converted 在转换文件 X 前先将它备份为 X.orig。 + -m, --mirror -N -r -l inf --no-remove-listing 的缩写形式。 + -p, --page-requisites 下载所有用于显示 HTML 页面的图片之类的元素。 + --strict-comments 用严格方式 (SGML) 处理 HTML 注释。 + +递归接受/拒绝： + -A, --accept=列表 逗号分隔的可接受的扩展名列表 + -R, --reject=列表 逗号分隔的要拒绝的扩展名列表 + --accept-regex=REGEX 匹配接受的 URL 的正则表达式 + --reject-regex=REGEX 匹配拒绝的 URL 的正则表达式 + --regex-type=类型 正则类型 (posix|pcre) + -D, --domains=列表 逗号分隔的可接受的域名列表 + --exclude-domains=列表 逗号分隔的要拒绝的域名列表 + --follow-ftp 跟踪 HTML 文档中的 FTP 链接 + --follow-tags=列表 逗号分隔的跟踪的 HTML 标识列表 + --ignore-tags=列表 逗号分隔的忽略的 HTML 标识列表 + -H, --span-hosts 递归时转向外部主机 + -L, --relative 仅跟踪相对链接 + -I, --include-directories=列表 允许目录的列表 + --trust-server-names 使用重定向 URL 的最后一段作为本地文件名 + -X, --exclude-directories=列表 排除目录的列表 + -np, --no-parent 不追溯至父目录 +``` + +## 实例 + +```sh +# 下载并以不同的文件名保存 +wget -O wordpress.zip http://www.jsdig.com/download.aspx?id=1080 + +# wget默认会以最后一个符合`/`的后面的字符来命令，对于动态链接的下载通常文件名会不正确。 + +错误：下面的例子会下载一个文件并以名称`download.aspx?id=1080`保存: +wget http://www.jsdig.com/download?id=1 + +即使下载的文件是zip格式，它仍然以`download.php?id=1080`命令。 + +正确：为了解决这个问题，我们可以使用参数`-O`来指定一个文件名： +wget -O wordpress.zip http://www.jsdig.com/download.aspx?id=1080 + +# wget限速下载，当你执行wget的时候，它默认会占用全部可能的宽带下载。但是当你准备下载一个大文件，而你还需要下载其它文件时就有必要限速了。 +wget--limit-rate=300k http://www.jsdig.com/testfile.zip + +# 使用wget断点续传，使用`wget -c`重新启动下载中断的文件，对于我们下载大文件时突然由于网络等原因中断非常有帮助，我们可以继续接着下载而不是重新下载一个文件。需要继续中断的下载时可以使用`-c`参数。 + +# 使用wget后台下载,对于下载非常大的文件的时候，我们可以使用参数`-b`进行后台下载，你可以使用以下命令来察看下载进度： +wget -b http://www.jsdig.com/testfile.zip +Continuing in background, pid 1840 + +tail -f wget-log + +# 伪装代理名称下载 +wget--user-agent="Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/534.16 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/10.0.648.204 Safari/534.16" http://www.jsdig.com/testfile.zip + +# 有些网站能通过根据判断代理名称不是浏览器而拒绝你的下载请求。不过你可以通过`--user-agent`参数伪装。 + +# 测试下载链接,当你打算进行定时下载，你应该在预定时间测试下载链接是否有效。我们可以增加`--spider`参数进行检查。 +wget--spider URL +# 如果下载链接正确，将会显示: +Spider mode enabled. Check if remote file exists. +HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK +Length: unspecified [text/html] +Remote file exists and could contain further links, +but recursion is disabled-- not retrieving. +# 这保证了下载能在预定的时间进行，但当你给错了一个链接，将会显示如下错误: +wget--spider url +Spider mode enabled. Check if remote file exists. +HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 404 Not Found +Remote file does not exist-- broken link!!! + +# 你可以在以下几种情况下使用`--spider`参数： +* 定时下载之前进行检查 +* 间隔检测网站是否可用 +* 检查网站页面的死链接 + +# 增加重试次数 +wget--tries=40 URL +# 如果网络有问题或下载一个大文件也有可能失败。wget默认重试20次连接下载文件。如果需要，你可以使用`--tries`增加重试次数。 + +# 下载多个文件 +wget -i filelist.txt + +## 镜像网站 +wget--mirror -p--convert-links -P ./LOCAL URL + +# 下载整个网站到本地。 +`--miror`开户镜像下载。 +`-p`下载所有为了html页面显示正常的文件。 +`--convert-links`下载后，转换成本地的链接。 +`-P ./LOCAL`保存所有文件和目录到本地指定目录。 + +# 过滤指定格式下载 +wget--reject=gif ur + +# 下载一个网站，但你不希望下载图片，可以使用这条命令。 + +# 把下载信息存入日志文件,不希望下载信息直接显示在终端而是在一个日志文件，可以使用 +wget -o download.log URL + + +# 限制总下载文件大小,当你想要下载的文件超过5M而退出下载，你可以使用。注意：这个参数对单个文件下载不起作用，只能递归下载时才有效 +wget -Q5m -i filelist.txt + +# 下载指定格式文件,可以在以下情况使用该功能： +下载一个网站的所有图片。 +下载一个网站的所有视频。 +下载一个网站的所有PDF文件。 +wget -r -A.pdf url + +# FTP下载 +wget ftp-url +wget--ftp-user=USERNAME--ftp-password=PASSWORD url + +# 可以使用wget来完成ftp链接的下载。 + +# 使用wget匿名ftp下载： +wget ftp-url + +# 使用wget用户名和密码认证的ftp下载： +wget--ftp-user=USERNAME--ftp-password=PASSWORD url +``` diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/whatis.md b/LinuxCommands/whatis.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/whatis.md rename to LinuxCommands/whatis.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/whereis.md b/LinuxCommands/whereis.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/whereis.md rename to LinuxCommands/whereis.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/which.md b/LinuxCommands/which.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/which.md rename to LinuxCommands/which.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/who.md b/LinuxCommands/who.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/who.md rename to LinuxCommands/who.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/whoami.md b/LinuxCommands/whoami.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/whoami.md rename to LinuxCommands/whoami.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/write.md 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from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/zipinfo.md rename to LinuxCommands/zipinfo.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/zipsplit.md b/LinuxCommands/zipsplit.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/zipsplit.md rename to LinuxCommands/zipsplit.md diff --git a/LearnShell/LinuxCommands/znew.md b/LinuxCommands/znew.md similarity index 100% rename from LearnShell/LinuxCommands/znew.md rename to LinuxCommands/znew.md diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 558ce76..d7bc01e 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,4 +1,6 @@ # nothing 站在巨人的肩上！！！ -仰望天空，脚踏实地。 \ No newline at end of file +仰望天空，脚踏实地。 + +LinuxCommand Forked from On the other hand, while learning, supplement and update by oneself! \ No newline at end of file