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ip6tables
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===
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linux中防火墙软件
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## 补充说明
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**ip6tables命令** 和iptables一样,都是linux中防火墙软件,不同的是ip6tables采用的TCP/ip协议为IPv6。
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### 语法
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```
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ip6tables(选项)
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```
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### 选项
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```
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-t<表>:指定要操纵的表;
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-A:向规则链中添加条目;
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-D:从规则链中删除条目;
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-i:向规则链中插入条目;
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-R:替换规则链中的条目;
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-L:显示规则链中已有的条目;
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-F:清楚规则链中已有的条目;
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-Z:清空规则链中的数据包计算器和字节计数器;
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-N:创建新的用户自定义规则链;
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-P:定义规则链中的默认目标;
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-h:显示帮助信息;
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-p:指定要匹配的数据包协议类型;
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-s:指定要匹配的数据包源ip地址;
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-j<目标>:指定要跳转的目标;
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-i<网络接口>:指定数据包进入本机的网络接口;
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-o<网络接口>:指定数据包要离开本机所使用的网络接口。
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-c<计数器>:在执行插入操作(insert),追加操作(append),替换操作(replace)时初始化包计数器和字节计数器。
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```
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### 实例
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在命令行窗口输入下面的指令就可以查看当前的 IPv6 防火墙配置:
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```
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ip6tables -nl --line-numbers
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```
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**/etc/sysconfig/ip6tables文件**
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使用编辑器编辑`/etc/sysconfig/ip6tables`文件:
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```
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vi /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables
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```
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可能会看到下面的默认 ip6tables 规则:
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```
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*filter
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:INPUT accept [0:0]
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:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
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:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
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:RH-Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0]
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-A INPUT -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT
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-A FORWARD -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmpv6 -j ACCEPT
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 50 -j ACCEPT
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 51 -j ACCEPT
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp --dport 5353 -d ff02::fb -j ACCEPT
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 32768:61000 -j ACCEPT
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 32768:61000 ! --syn -j ACCEPT
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j reject --reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited
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COMMIT
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```
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与 IPv4 的 iptables 规则类似,但又不完全相同。
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要开启 80 端口(HTTP 服务器端口),在 COMMIT 一行之前添加如下规则:
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```
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m tcp -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
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```
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`-p tcp`表示仅针对 tcp 协议的通信。`--dport`指定端口号。
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要开启 53 端口(DNS 服务器端口),在 COMMIT 一行之前添加如下规则:
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```
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m tcp -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m udp -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
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```
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同时针对 tcp 和 udp 协议开启 53 端口。
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要开启 443 端口,在 COMMIT 一行之前添加如下规则:
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```
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m tcp -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
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```
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要开启 25 端口(SMTP 邮件服务器端口),在 COMMIT 一行之前添加如下规则:
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```
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m tcp -p tcp --dport 25 -j ACCEPT
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```
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对于那些没有特定规则与之匹配的数据包,可能是我们不想要的,多半是有问题的。我们可能也希望在丢弃(DROP)之前记录它们。此时,可以将最后一行:
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```
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited
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COMMIT
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```
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改为:
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```
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j LOG
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-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j DROP
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COMMIT
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```
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保存并关闭该文件。然后重新启动 ip6tables 防火墙:
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```
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# service ip6tables restart
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```
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然后重新查看 ip6tables 规则,可以看到如下所示的输出:
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```
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# ip6tables -vnL --line-numbers
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```
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输出示例:
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```
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Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
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num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
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1 42237 3243K RH-Firewall-1-INPUT all * * ::/0 ::/0
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Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
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num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
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1 0 0 RH-Firewall-1-INPUT all * * ::/0 ::/0
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Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 12557 packets, 2042K bytes)
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num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
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Chain RH-Firewall-1-INPUT (2 references)
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num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
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1 6 656 ACCEPT all lo * ::/0 ::/0
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2 37519 2730K ACCEPT icmpv6 * * ::/0 ::/0
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3 0 0 ACCEPT esp * * ::/0 ::/0
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4 0 0 ACCEPT ah * * ::/0 ::/0
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5 413 48385 ACCEPT udp * * ::/0 ff02::fb/128 udp dpt:5353
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6 0 0 ACCEPT udp * * ::/0 ::/0 udp dpt:631
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7 0 0 ACCEPT tcp * * ::/0 ::/0 tcp dpt:631
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8 173 79521 ACCEPT udp * * ::/0 ::/0 udp dpts:32768:61000
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9 0 0 ACCEPT tcp * * ::/0 ::/0 tcp dpts:32768:61000 flags:!0x16/0x02
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10 0 0 ACCEPT tcp * * ::/0 ::/0 tcp dpt:22
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11 0 0 ACCEPT tcp * * ::/0 ::/0 tcp dpt:80
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12 0 0 ACCEPT tcp * * ::/0 ::/0 tcp dpt:53
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13 4108 380K ACCEPT udp * * ::/0 ::/0 udp dpt:53
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14 18 4196 REJECT all * * ::/0 ::/0
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```
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**IPv6 私有 IP**
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IPv4 通常默认即可保护内部局域网私有 IP 上的主机。但是 IPv6 的地址非常丰富,不再需要使用类似 NAT 等协议的私有网络。这样一来,所有的内部主机都可以拥有公网 IP 而直接连接到互联网,也就同时暴露于互联网上的各种威胁之中了。那么,如何配置 IPv6 防火墙使其默认将除了 ping6 请求之外的所有输入数据包都丢弃呢?可以使用FC00::/7 前缀来标识本地 IPv6 单播地址。
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**允许特定的 ICMPv6 通信**
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使用 IPv6 的时候需要允许比 IPv4 更多类型的 ICMP 通信以保证路由和 IP 地址自动配置等功能正常工作。有时候,如果你的规则设置太过苛刻,可能都无法分配到正确的 IPv6 地址。当然,不使用 DHCP 而是手动配置 IP 地址的除外。
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下面是一些比较常见的 ipv6-icmp 配置实例:
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```
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:ICMPv6 - [0:0]
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# Approve certain ICMPv6 types and all outgoing ICMPv6
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# http://forum.linode.com/viewtopic.php?p=39840#39840
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-A INPUT -p icmpv6 -j ICMPv6
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type echo-request -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type destination-unreachable -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type packet-too-big -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type time-exceeded -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type parameter-problem -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type router-solicitation -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type router-advertisement -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type neighbour-solicitation -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type neighbour-advertisement -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type redirect -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type 141 -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type 142 -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type 148 -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type 149 -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type 130 -s fe80::/10 -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type 131 -s fe80::/10 -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type 132 -s fe80::/10 -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type 143 -s fe80::/10 -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type 151 -s fe80::/10 -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type 152 -s fe80::/10 -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type 153 -s fe80::/10 -j ACCEPT
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-A ICMPv6 -j RETURN
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-A OUTPUT -p icmpv6 -j ACCEPT
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```
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<!-- Linux命令行搜索引擎:https://jaywcjlove.github.io/linux-command/ -->
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