def graph_topo_sort(num_nodes, edges): from collections import deque nodes, order, queue = {}, [], deque() for node_id in range(num_nodes): nodes[node_id] = { 'in': 0, 'out': set() } for node_id, pre_id in edges: nodes[node_id]['in'] += 1 nodes[pre_id]['out'].add(node_id) for node_id in nodes.keys(): if nodes[node_id]['in'] == 0: queue.append(node_id) while len(queue): node_id = queue.pop() for outgoing_id in nodes[node_id]['out']: nodes[outgoing_id]['in'] -= 1 if nodes[outgoing_id]['in'] == 0: queue.append(outgoing_id) order.append(node_id) return order if len(order) == num_nodes else [] print(graph_topo_sort(3, [[0, 1], [0, 2]]))