diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/constants.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/constants.js
index 032b6c3e2b..190a947af8 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/constants.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/constants.js
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ export const STALE_REACTION = new (class StaleReactionError extends Error {
 	message = 'The reaction that called `getAbortSignal()` was re-run or destroyed';
 })();
 
-// TODO: DOM access
 export const IS_XHTML =
 	// We gotta write it like this because after downleveling the pure comment may end up in the wrong location
 	!!globalThis.document?.contentType &&
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dev/css.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dev/css.js
index 96f67f7d10..cc868e92fa 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dev/css.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dev/css.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { remove_node } from '../dom/operations';
+
 /** @type {Map<String, Set<HTMLStyleElement>>} */
 var all_styles = new Map();
 
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ export function cleanup_styles(hash) {
 	if (!styles) return;
 
 	for (const style of styles) {
-		style.remove();
+		remove_node(style);
 	}
 
 	all_styles.delete(hash);
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dev/elements.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dev/elements.js
index df765607a0..c0a2c14a85 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dev/elements.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dev/elements.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { COMMENT_NODE, DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE, ELEMENT_NODE } from '#client/cons
 import { HYDRATION_END, HYDRATION_START } from '../../../constants.js';
 import { hydrating } from '../dom/hydration.js';
 import { dev_stack } from '../context.js';
+import { get_first_child, get_next_sibling, get_node_value, node_type } from '../dom/operations.js';
 
 /**
  * @param {any} fn
@@ -14,7 +15,12 @@ export function add_locations(fn, filename, locations) {
 	return (/** @type {any[]} */ ...args) => {
 		const dom = fn(...args);
 
-		var node = hydrating ? dom : dom.nodeType === DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE ? dom.firstChild : dom;
+		// check here
+		var node = hydrating
+			? dom
+			: node_type(dom) === DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE
+				? get_first_child(dom)
+				: dom;
 		assign_locations(node, filename, locations);
 
 		return dom;
@@ -28,13 +34,14 @@ export function add_locations(fn, filename, locations) {
  */
 function assign_location(element, filename, location) {
 	// @ts-expect-error
+	// TODO RENDERER: what if the element is not an object?
 	element.__svelte_meta = {
 		parent: dev_stack,
 		loc: { file: filename, line: location[0], column: location[1] }
 	};
 
 	if (location[2]) {
-		assign_locations(element.firstChild, filename, location[2]);
+		assign_locations(get_first_child(element), filename, location[2]);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -48,16 +55,17 @@ function assign_locations(node, filename, locations) {
 	var depth = 0;
 
 	while (node && i < locations.length) {
-		if (hydrating && node.nodeType === COMMENT_NODE) {
+		if (hydrating && node_type(node) === COMMENT_NODE) {
 			var comment = /** @type {Comment} */ (node);
-			if (comment.data[0] === HYDRATION_START) depth += 1;
-			else if (comment.data[0] === HYDRATION_END) depth -= 1;
+			const data = get_node_value(comment) ?? '';
+			if (data[0] === HYDRATION_START) depth += 1;
+			else if (data[0] === HYDRATION_END) depth -= 1;
 		}
 
-		if (depth === 0 && node.nodeType === ELEMENT_NODE) {
+		if (depth === 0 && node_type(node) === ELEMENT_NODE) {
 			assign_location(/** @type {Element} */ (node), filename, locations[i++]);
 		}
 
-		node = node.nextSibling;
+		node = get_next_sibling(node);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dev/validation.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dev/validation.js
index 60d140c718..1fc4f3540e 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dev/validation.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dev/validation.js
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import * as e from '../errors.js';
  * @param {...(()=>any)[]} args
  */
 export function validate_snippet_args(anchor, ...args) {
+	// TODO RENDERER: don't emit validate args for custom renderers
 	if (typeof anchor !== 'object' || !(anchor instanceof Node)) {
 		e.invalid_snippet_arguments();
 	}
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/await.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/await.js
index d6430547b5..4b70e38a0e 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/await.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/await.js
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import { is_runes } from '../../context.js';
 import { Batch, current_batch, flushSync, is_flushing_sync } from '../../reactivity/batch.js';
 import { BranchManager } from './branches.js';
 import { capture, unset_context } from '../../reactivity/async.js';
+import { get_node_value } from '../operations.js';
 
 const PENDING = 0;
 const THEN = 1;
@@ -57,7 +58,8 @@ export function await_block(node, get_input, pending_fn, then_fn, catch_fn) {
 
 		/** Whether or not there was a hydration mismatch. Needs to be a `let` or else it isn't treeshaken out */
 		// @ts-ignore coercing `node` to a `Comment` causes TypeScript and Prettier to fight
-		let mismatch = hydrating && is_promise(input) === (node.data === HYDRATION_START_ELSE);
+		let mismatch =
+			hydrating && is_promise(input) === (get_node_value(node) === HYDRATION_START_ELSE);
 
 		if (mismatch) {
 			// Hydration mismatch: remove everything inside the anchor and start fresh
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/css-props.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/css-props.js
index 084a5561be..ea8b268ff6 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/css-props.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/css-props.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { render_effect } from '../../reactivity/effects.js';
 import { hydrating, set_hydrate_node } from '../hydration.js';
-import { get_first_child } from '../operations.js';
+import { get_first_child, style_set_property, style_remove_property } from '../operations.js';
 
 /**
  * @param {HTMLDivElement | SVGGElement} element
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ export function css_props(element, get_styles) {
 			var value = styles[key];
 
 			if (value) {
-				element.style.setProperty(key, value);
+				style_set_property(/** @type {HTMLElement} */ (element), key, value);
 			} else {
-				element.style.removeProperty(key);
+				style_remove_property(/** @type {HTMLElement} */ (element), key);
 			}
 		}
 	});
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/html.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/html.js
index ffe947eb16..cda857c9bc 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/html.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/html.js
@@ -14,7 +14,17 @@ import * as w from '../../warnings.js';
 import { hash, sanitize_location } from '../../../../utils.js';
 import { DEV } from 'esm-env';
 import { dev_current_component_function } from '../../context.js';
-import { create_element, get_first_child, get_next_sibling } from '../operations.js';
+import {
+	create_element,
+	get_first_child,
+	get_next_sibling,
+	get_last_child,
+	set_inner_html,
+	insert_before,
+	get_parent_node,
+	node_type,
+	get_node_value
+} from '../operations.js';
 import { active_effect } from '../../runtime.js';
 import { COMMENT_NODE } from '#client/constants';
 
@@ -81,12 +91,12 @@ export function html(
 			// When @html is the only child, use innerHTML directly.
 			// This also handles contenteditable, where the user may delete the anchor comment.
 			effect.nodes = null;
-			parent_node.innerHTML = /** @type {string} */ (value);
+			set_inner_html(parent_node, /** @type {string} */ (value));
 
 			if (value !== '') {
 				assign_nodes(
 					/** @type {TemplateNode} */ (get_first_child(parent_node)),
-					/** @type {TemplateNode} */ (parent_node.lastChild)
+					/** @type {TemplateNode} */ (get_last_child(parent_node))
 				);
 			}
 
@@ -103,16 +113,13 @@ export function html(
 		if (hydrating) {
 			// We're deliberately not trying to repair mismatches between server and client,
 			// as it's costly and error-prone (and it's an edge case to have a mismatch anyway)
-			var hash = /** @type {Comment} */ (hydrate_node).data;
+			var hash = get_node_value(hydrate_node);
 
 			/** @type {TemplateNode | null} */
 			var next = hydrate_next();
 			var last = next;
 
-			while (
-				next !== null &&
-				(next.nodeType !== COMMENT_NODE || /** @type {Comment} */ (next).data !== '')
-			) {
+			while (next !== null && (node_type(next) !== COMMENT_NODE || get_node_value(next) !== '')) {
 				last = next;
 				next = get_next_sibling(next);
 			}
@@ -123,7 +130,7 @@ export function html(
 			}
 
 			if (DEV && !skip_warning) {
-				check_hash(/** @type {Element} */ (next.parentNode), hash, value);
+				check_hash(/** @type {Element} */ (get_parent_node(next)), hash, value);
 			}
 
 			assign_nodes(hydrate_node, last);
@@ -139,22 +146,22 @@ export function html(
 		var wrapper = /** @type {HTMLTemplateElement | SVGElement | MathMLElement} */ (
 			create_element(svg ? 'svg' : mathml ? 'math' : 'template', ns)
 		);
-		wrapper.innerHTML = /** @type {any} */ (value);
+		set_inner_html(wrapper, /** @type {any} */ (value));
 
 		/** @type {DocumentFragment | Element} */
 		var node = svg || mathml ? wrapper : /** @type {HTMLTemplateElement} */ (wrapper).content;
 
 		assign_nodes(
 			/** @type {TemplateNode} */ (get_first_child(node)),
-			/** @type {TemplateNode} */ (node.lastChild)
+			/** @type {TemplateNode} */ (get_last_child(node))
 		);
 
 		if (svg || mathml) {
 			while (get_first_child(node)) {
-				anchor.before(/** @type {TemplateNode} */ (get_first_child(node)));
+				insert_before(anchor, /** @type {TemplateNode} */ (get_first_child(node)));
 			}
 		} else {
-			anchor.before(node);
+			insert_before(anchor, node);
 		}
 	});
 }
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/snippet.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/snippet.js
index 0c4948aca0..343d510e72 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/snippet.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/snippet.js
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import { assign_nodes } from '../template.js';
 import * as w from '../../warnings.js';
 import * as e from '../../errors.js';
 import { DEV } from 'esm-env';
-import { get_first_child, get_next_sibling } from '../operations.js';
+import { get_first_child, get_next_sibling, insert_before, node_type } from '../operations.js';
 import { prevent_snippet_stringification } from '../../../shared/validate.js';
 import { BranchManager } from './branches.js';
 
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ export function wrap_snippet(component, fn) {
  * @returns {Snippet<Params>}
  */
 export function createRawSnippet(fn) {
+	// TODO RENDERER: throw an error for createRawSnippet in a non-browser environment, as it relies on DOM APIs
 	// @ts-expect-error the types are a lie
 	return (/** @type {TemplateNode} */ anchor, /** @type {Getters<Params>} */ ...params) => {
 		var snippet = fn(...params);
@@ -86,11 +87,11 @@ export function createRawSnippet(fn) {
 			var fragment = create_fragment_from_html(html);
 			element = /** @type {Element} */ (get_first_child(fragment));
 
-			if (DEV && (get_next_sibling(element) !== null || element.nodeType !== ELEMENT_NODE)) {
+			if (DEV && (get_next_sibling(element) !== null || node_type(element) !== ELEMENT_NODE)) {
 				w.invalid_raw_snippet_render();
 			}
 
-			anchor.before(element);
+			insert_before(anchor, element);
 		}
 
 		const result = snippet.setup?.(element);
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/svelte-element.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/svelte-element.js
index 6df020d2d7..d11af3dfa4 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/svelte-element.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/svelte-element.js
@@ -7,7 +7,15 @@ import {
 	set_hydrate_node,
 	set_hydrating
 } from '../hydration.js';
-import { create_element, create_text, get_first_child } from '../operations.js';
+import {
+	create_element,
+	create_text,
+	get_first_child,
+	append_child,
+	create_comment,
+	insert_before,
+	node_type
+} from '../operations.js';
 import { block, teardown } from '../../reactivity/effects.js';
 import { set_should_intro } from '../../render.js';
 import { active_effect } from '../../runtime.js';
@@ -40,7 +48,7 @@ export function element(node, get_tag, is_svg, render_fn, get_namespace, locatio
 	/** @type {null | Element} */
 	var element = null;
 
-	if (hydrating && hydrate_node.nodeType === ELEMENT_NODE) {
+	if (hydrating && node_type(hydrate_node) === ELEMENT_NODE) {
 		element = /** @type {Element} */ (hydrate_node);
 		hydrate_next();
 	}
@@ -90,14 +98,14 @@ export function element(node, get_tag, is_svg, render_fn, get_namespace, locatio
 				if (render_fn) {
 					if (hydrating && is_raw_text_element(next_tag)) {
 						// prevent hydration glitches
-						element.append(document.createComment(''));
+						append_child(element, create_comment(''));
 					}
 
 					// If hydrating, use the existing ssr comment as the anchor so that the
 					// inner open and close methods can pick up the existing nodes correctly
 					var child_anchor = hydrating
 						? get_first_child(element)
-						: element.appendChild(create_text());
+						: /** @type {Text} */ (append_child(element, create_text()));
 
 					if (hydrating) {
 						if (child_anchor === null) {
@@ -121,7 +129,7 @@ export function element(node, get_tag, is_svg, render_fn, get_namespace, locatio
 				// we do this after calling `render_fn` so that child effects don't override `nodes.end`
 				/** @type {Effect & { nodes: EffectNodes }} */ (active_effect).nodes.end = element;
 
-				anchor.before(element);
+				insert_before(anchor, element);
 			}
 
 			if (hydrating) {
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/svelte-head.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/svelte-head.js
index 7cab6c3385..11c949f083 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/svelte-head.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/blocks/svelte-head.js
@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 /** @import { TemplateNode } from '#client' */
 import { hydrate_node, hydrating, set_hydrate_node, set_hydrating } from '../hydration.js';
-import { create_text, get_first_child, get_next_sibling } from '../operations.js';
+import {
+	create_text,
+	get_first_child,
+	get_next_sibling,
+	remove_node,
+	append_child,
+	node_type,
+	get_node_value
+} from '../operations.js';
 import { block } from '../../reactivity/effects.js';
 import { COMMENT_NODE, EFFECT_PRESERVED, HEAD_EFFECT } from '#client/constants';
 
@@ -10,6 +18,7 @@ import { COMMENT_NODE, EFFECT_PRESERVED, HEAD_EFFECT } from '#client/constants';
  * @returns {void}
  */
 export function head(hash, render_fn) {
+	// TODO RENDERER: throw in case we are using custom renderers as this rely on the head element
 	// The head function may be called after the first hydration pass and ssr comment nodes may still be present,
 	// therefore we need to skip that when we detect that we're not in hydration mode.
 	let previous_hydrate_node = null;
@@ -27,7 +36,7 @@ export function head(hash, render_fn) {
 		// rendered in an arbitrary order — find one corresponding to this component
 		while (
 			head_anchor !== null &&
-			(head_anchor.nodeType !== COMMENT_NODE || /** @type {Comment} */ (head_anchor).data !== hash)
+			(node_type(head_anchor) !== COMMENT_NODE || get_node_value(head_anchor) !== hash)
 		) {
 			head_anchor = get_next_sibling(head_anchor);
 		}
@@ -38,14 +47,14 @@ export function head(hash, render_fn) {
 			set_hydrating(false);
 		} else {
 			var start = /** @type {TemplateNode} */ (get_next_sibling(head_anchor));
-			head_anchor.remove(); // in case this component is repeated
+			remove_node(/** @type {ChildNode} */ (head_anchor)); // in case this component is repeated
 
 			set_hydrate_node(start);
 		}
 	}
 
 	if (!hydrating) {
-		anchor = document.head.appendChild(create_text());
+		anchor = /** @type {Comment | Text} */ (append_child(document.head, create_text()));
 	}
 
 	try {
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/css.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/css.js
index 74bf2d49f9..81256f504d 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/css.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/css.js
@@ -1,29 +1,39 @@
 import { DEV } from 'esm-env';
 import { register_style } from '../dev/css.js';
 import { effect } from '../reactivity/effects.js';
-import { create_element } from './operations.js';
+import {
+	create_element,
+	get_root_node,
+	query_selector,
+	append_child,
+	set_text_content
+} from './operations.js';
 
 /**
  * @param {Node} anchor
  * @param {{ hash: string, code: string }} css
  */
 export function append_styles(anchor, css) {
+	// TODO RENDERER: disallow css inject with custom renderer?
 	// Use `queue_micro_task` to ensure `anchor` is in the DOM, otherwise getRootNode() will yield wrong results
 	effect(() => {
-		var root = anchor.getRootNode();
+		var root = get_root_node(anchor);
 
+		// TODO: DOM access
 		var target = /** @type {ShadowRoot} */ (root).host
 			? /** @type {ShadowRoot} */ (root)
-			: /** @type {Document} */ (root).head ?? /** @type {Document} */ (root.ownerDocument).head;
+			: // TODO: DOM access
+				/** @type {Document} */ (root).head ?? /** @type {Document} */ (root.ownerDocument).head;
 
 		// Always querying the DOM is roughly the same perf as additionally checking for presence in a map first assuming
 		// that you'll get cache hits half of the time, so we just always query the dom for simplicity and code savings.
-		if (!target.querySelector('#' + css.hash)) {
+		if (!query_selector(/** @type {Element} */ (target), '#' + css.hash)) {
 			const style = create_element('style');
+			// TODO: DOM access
 			style.id = css.hash;
-			style.textContent = css.code;
+			set_text_content(style, css.code);
 
-			target.appendChild(style);
+			append_child(target, style);
 
 			if (DEV) {
 				register_style(css.hash, style);
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/elements/misc.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/elements/misc.js
index f350d1df8c..eec86f0fa0 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/elements/misc.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/elements/misc.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { hydrating } from '../hydration.js';
-import { clear_text_content, get_first_child } from '../operations.js';
+import { clear_text_content, get_first_child, focus, add_event_listener } from '../operations.js';
 import { queue_micro_task } from '../task.js';
 
 /**
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export function autofocus(dom, value) {
 
 		queue_micro_task(() => {
 			if (document.activeElement === body) {
-				dom.focus();
+				focus(dom);
 			}
 		});
 	}
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ export function autofocus(dom, value) {
  * @returns {void}
  */
 export function remove_textarea_child(dom) {
+	// TODO RENDERER: never output in custom render mode
 	if (hydrating && get_first_child(dom) !== null) {
 		clear_text_content(dom);
 	}
@@ -35,15 +36,19 @@ export function remove_textarea_child(dom) {
 let listening_to_form_reset = false;
 
 export function add_form_reset_listener() {
+	// TODO RENDERER: never output in custom render mode
 	if (!listening_to_form_reset) {
 		listening_to_form_reset = true;
-		document.addEventListener(
+		// TODO: DOM access
+		add_event_listener(
+			document,
 			'reset',
 			(evt) => {
 				// Needs to happen one tick later or else the dom properties of the form
 				// elements have not updated to their reset values yet
 				Promise.resolve().then(() => {
 					if (!evt.defaultPrevented) {
+						// TODO: DOM access
 						for (const e of /**@type {HTMLFormElement} */ (evt.target).elements) {
 							// @ts-expect-error
 							e.__on_r?.();
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/hydration.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/hydration.js
index 83833f493d..63dea7da5b 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/hydration.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/hydration.js
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
 	HYDRATION_START_ELSE
 } from '../../../constants.js';
 import * as w from '../warnings.js';
-import { get_next_sibling } from './operations.js';
+import { get_next_sibling, get_node_value, node_type, remove_node } from './operations.js';
 
 /**
  * Use this variable to guard everything related to hydration code so it can be treeshaken out
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ export function skip_nodes(remove = true) {
 	var node = hydrate_node;
 
 	while (true) {
-		if (node.nodeType === COMMENT_NODE) {
-			var data = /** @type {Comment} */ (node).data;
+		if (node_type(node) === COMMENT_NODE) {
+			var data = get_node_value(node) ?? '';
 
 			if (data === HYDRATION_END) {
 				if (depth === 0) return node;
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ export function skip_nodes(remove = true) {
 		}
 
 		var next = /** @type {TemplateNode} */ (get_next_sibling(node));
-		if (remove) node.remove();
+		if (remove) remove_node(node);
 		node = next;
 	}
 }
@@ -116,10 +116,10 @@ export function skip_nodes(remove = true) {
  * @param {TemplateNode} node
  */
 export function read_hydration_instruction(node) {
-	if (!node || node.nodeType !== COMMENT_NODE) {
+	if (!node || node_type(node) !== COMMENT_NODE) {
 		w.hydration_mismatch();
 		throw HYDRATION_ERROR;
 	}
 
-	return /** @type {Comment} */ (node).data;
+	return get_node_value(node) ?? '';
 }
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/reconciler.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/reconciler.js
index 294cd9c35d..d0001e1ed2 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/reconciler.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/reconciler.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { create_element } from './operations.js';
+import { create_element, set_inner_html } from './operations.js';
 
 const policy =
 	// We gotta write it like this because after downleveling the pure comment may end up in the wrong location
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ export function create_trusted_html(html) {
  */
 export function create_fragment_from_html(html) {
 	var elem = create_element('template');
-	elem.innerHTML = create_trusted_html(html.replaceAll('<!>', '<!---->')); // XHTML compliance
+	set_inner_html(elem, create_trusted_html(html.replaceAll('<!>', '<!---->'))); // XHTML compliance
 	return elem.content;
 }
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/template.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/template.js
index d7c57765a4..3fa5612a30 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/template.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/dom/template.js
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ function fragment_from_tree(structure, ns) {
 		if (children.length > 0) {
 			var target =
 				node_name(element) === TEMPLATE_TAG
-					? // TODO: DOM access
+					? // this is safe for custom renderers because the name will never be `template` due to how `node_name` works
 						/** @type {HTMLTemplateElement} */ (element).content
 					: element;
 
@@ -283,6 +283,7 @@ export function from_tree(structure, flags) {
  * @param {() => Element | DocumentFragment} fn
  */
 export function with_script(fn) {
+	// TODO RENDERER: never emit this for custom renderers
 	return () => run_scripts(fn());
 }
 
@@ -293,6 +294,7 @@ export function with_script(fn) {
  * @returns {Node | Node[]}
  */
 function run_scripts(node) {
+	// this should be custom renderer safe since we never emit `with_script` in that case
 	// scripts were SSR'd, in which case they will run
 	if (hydrating) return node;
 
@@ -307,12 +309,11 @@ function run_scripts(node) {
 
 	for (const script of scripts) {
 		const clone = create_element('script');
-		// TODO: DOM access
+
 		for (var attribute of script.attributes) {
 			set_attribute(clone, attribute.name, attribute.value);
 		}
 
-		// TODO: DOM access
 		set_text_content(clone, script.textContent ?? '');
 
 		// The script has changed - if it's at the edges, the effect now points at dead nodes
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/render.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/render.js
index cb152ed9c1..37d6c401fb 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/render.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/client/render.js
@@ -6,7 +6,15 @@ import {
 	create_text,
 	get_first_child,
 	get_next_sibling,
-	init_operations
+	init_operations,
+	append_child,
+	add_event_listener,
+	remove_event_listener,
+	get_parent_node,
+	remove_child,
+	set_node_value,
+	get_node_value,
+	node_type
 } from './dom/operations.js';
 import { HYDRATION_END, HYDRATION_ERROR, HYDRATION_START } from '../../constants.js';
 import { active_effect } from './runtime.js';
@@ -47,10 +55,10 @@ export function set_text(text, value) {
 	// For objects, we apply string coercion (which might make things like $state array references in the template reactive) before diffing
 	var str = value == null ? '' : typeof value === 'object' ? `${value}` : value;
 	// @ts-expect-error
-	if (str !== (text.__t ??= text.nodeValue)) {
+	if (str !== (text.__t ??= get_node_value(text))) {
 		// @ts-expect-error
 		text.__t = str;
-		text.nodeValue = `${str}`;
+		set_node_value(text, `${str}`);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -105,7 +113,7 @@ export function hydrate(component, options) {
 
 		while (
 			anchor &&
-			(anchor.nodeType !== COMMENT_NODE || /** @type {Comment} */ (anchor).data !== HYDRATION_START)
+			(node_type(anchor) !== COMMENT_NODE || get_node_value(anchor) !== HYDRATION_START)
 		) {
 			anchor = get_next_sibling(anchor);
 		}
@@ -171,7 +179,7 @@ function _mount(
 	var component = undefined;
 
 	var unmount = component_root(() => {
-		var anchor_node = anchor ?? target.appendChild(create_text());
+		var anchor_node = anchor ?? /** @type {Text} */ (append_child(target, create_text()));
 
 		boundary(
 			/** @type {TemplateNode} */ (anchor_node),
@@ -202,8 +210,8 @@ function _mount(
 
 					if (
 						hydrate_node === null ||
-						hydrate_node.nodeType !== COMMENT_NODE ||
-						/** @type {Comment} */ (hydrate_node).data !== HYDRATION_END
+						node_type(hydrate_node) !== COMMENT_NODE ||
+						get_node_value(hydrate_node) !== HYDRATION_END
 					) {
 						w.hydration_mismatch();
 						throw HYDRATION_ERROR;
@@ -246,7 +254,7 @@ function _mount(
 					var count = counts.get(event_name);
 
 					if (count === undefined) {
-						node.addEventListener(event_name, handle_event_propagation, { passive });
+						add_event_listener(node, event_name, handle_event_propagation, { passive });
 						counts.set(event_name, 1);
 					} else {
 						counts.set(event_name, count + 1);
@@ -265,7 +273,7 @@ function _mount(
 					var count = /** @type {number} */ (counts.get(event_name));
 
 					if (--count == 0) {
-						node.removeEventListener(event_name, handle_event_propagation);
+						remove_event_listener(node, event_name, handle_event_propagation);
 						counts.delete(event_name);
 
 						if (counts.size === 0) {
@@ -280,7 +288,8 @@ function _mount(
 			root_event_handles.delete(event_handle);
 
 			if (anchor_node !== anchor) {
-				anchor_node.parentNode?.removeChild(anchor_node);
+				var parent = get_parent_node(anchor_node);
+				if (parent) remove_child(parent, /** @type {ChildNode} */ (anchor_node));
 			}
 		};
 	});