diff --git a/src/compiler/compile/render_dom/index.ts b/src/compiler/compile/render_dom/index.ts
index e749af6729..d79af2ea75 100644
--- a/src/compiler/compile/render_dom/index.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/compile/render_dom/index.ts
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ export default function dom(
 	const has_create_fragment = component.compile_options.dev || block.has_content();
 	if (has_create_fragment) {
 		body.push(b`
-			function create_fragment(#ctx) {
+			function create_fragment(root, #ctx) {
 				${block.get_contents()}
 			}
 		`);
diff --git a/src/compiler/compile/render_dom/wrappers/InlineComponent/index.ts b/src/compiler/compile/render_dom/wrappers/InlineComponent/index.ts
index 2ea149a848..ad85883d2b 100644
--- a/src/compiler/compile/render_dom/wrappers/InlineComponent/index.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/compile/render_dom/wrappers/InlineComponent/index.ts
@@ -191,6 +191,7 @@ export default class InlineComponentWrapper extends Wrapper {
 			// will complain that options.target is missing. This would
 			// work better if components had separate public and private
 			// APIs
+			component_opts.properties.push(p`root`);
 			component_opts.properties.push(p`$$inline: true`);
 		}
 
diff --git a/src/runtime/internal/Component.ts b/src/runtime/internal/Component.ts
index 0d1d65cbdc..f58d0971d8 100644
--- a/src/runtime/internal/Component.ts
+++ b/src/runtime/internal/Component.ts
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ export function init(component, options, instance, create_fragment, not_equal, p
 	run_all($$.before_update);
 
 	// `false` as a special case of no DOM component
-	$$.fragment = create_fragment ? create_fragment($$.ctx) : false;
+	$$.fragment = create_fragment ? create_fragment(options.target || options.root, $$.ctx) : false;
 
 	if (options.target) {
 		if (options.hydrate) {
diff --git a/src/runtime/internal/dom.ts b/src/runtime/internal/dom.ts
index 31a12adc01..48ab9264b8 100644
--- a/src/runtime/internal/dom.ts
+++ b/src/runtime/internal/dom.ts
@@ -110,17 +110,17 @@ function init_hydrate(target: NodeEx) {
 		const anchor = j < lis.length ? lis[j] : null;
 		target.insertBefore(toMove[i], anchor);
 	}
-let appendStylesTo: Element;
+}
 
 export function append_styles(
-	{ target },
+	{ target, root },
 	styleSheetId: string,
 	styles: string,
 	styleId: string = `svelte-${styleSheetId}-style`
 ) {
-	if (target) appendStylesTo = get_root_for_node(target);
+	const appendStylesTo = get_root_for_node(target || root);
 
-	if (!appendStylesTo.querySelector('#' + styleId)) {
+	if (!appendStylesTo?.querySelector('#' + styleId)) {
 		const style = element('style');
 		style.id = styleId;
 		style.textContent = styles;
@@ -129,12 +129,14 @@ export function append_styles(
 }
 
 function get_root_for_node(node: Node) {
+	if (!node) return document.head;
+
 	const root = (node.getRootNode ? node.getRootNode() : node.ownerDocument); // check for getRootNode because IE is still supported
 	return ((root as ShadowRoot).host ? root : (root as Document).head) as Element;
 }
 
-export function append_empty_stylesheet() {
-	return appendStylesTo.appendChild(element('style') as HTMLStyleElement);
+export function append_empty_stylesheet(node: Node) {
+	return get_root_for_node(node).appendChild(element('style') as HTMLStyleElement);
 }
 
 export function append(target: NodeEx, node: NodeEx) {
diff --git a/src/runtime/internal/style_manager.ts b/src/runtime/internal/style_manager.ts
index 4e16bdb3cf..c088af9dac 100644
--- a/src/runtime/internal/style_manager.ts
+++ b/src/runtime/internal/style_manager.ts
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ export function create_rule(node: Element & ElementCSSInlineStyle, a: number, b:
 	const name = `__svelte_${hash(rule)}_${uid}`;
 	const doc = node.ownerDocument as ExtendedDoc;
 	active_docs.add(doc);
-	const stylesheet = doc.__svelte_stylesheet || (doc.__svelte_stylesheet = append_empty_stylesheet().sheet as CSSStyleSheet);
+	const stylesheet = doc.__svelte_stylesheet || (doc.__svelte_stylesheet = append_empty_stylesheet(node).sheet as CSSStyleSheet);
 	const current_rules = doc.__svelte_rules || (doc.__svelte_rules = {});
 
 	if (!current_rules[name]) {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/action-custom-event-handler/expected.js b/test/js/samples/action-custom-event-handler/expected.js
index 51656290d6..d777cffd00 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/action-custom-event-handler/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/action-custom-event-handler/expected.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let button;
 	let foo_action;
 	let mounted;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ function handleFoo(bar) {
 }
 
 function foo(node, callback) {
-	
+
 } // code goes here
 
 function instance($$self, $$props, $$invalidate) {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/action/expected.js b/test/js/samples/action/expected.js
index d52960bddd..d563784332 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/action/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/action/expected.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let a;
 	let link_action;
 	let mounted;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/bind-online/expected.js b/test/js/samples/bind-online/expected.js
index 887195bce1..0d064399b4 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/bind-online/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/bind-online/expected.js
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let mounted;
 	let dispose;
 	add_render_callback(/*onlinestatuschanged*/ ctx[1]);
diff --git a/test/js/samples/bind-open/expected.js b/test/js/samples/bind-open/expected.js
index 56ff302845..cb7dc2c888 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/bind-open/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/bind-open/expected.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let details;
 	let mounted;
 	let dispose;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/bind-width-height/expected.js b/test/js/samples/bind-width-height/expected.js
index f23c20b683..76a49fb5ce 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/bind-width-height/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/bind-width-height/expected.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div;
 	let div_resize_listener;
 
diff --git a/test/js/samples/bindings-readonly-order/expected.js b/test/js/samples/bindings-readonly-order/expected.js
index 78a71dcd84..630210368b 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/bindings-readonly-order/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/bindings-readonly-order/expected.js
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import {
 	space
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let input0;
 	let t;
 	let input1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/capture-inject-dev-only/expected.js b/test/js/samples/capture-inject-dev-only/expected.js
index a87693dd9e..18e9d97016 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/capture-inject-dev-only/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/capture-inject-dev-only/expected.js
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
 	text
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let p;
 	let t0;
 	let t1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/capture-inject-state/expected.js b/test/js/samples/capture-inject-state/expected.js
index 6485526bd4..0bfa2a4db4 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/capture-inject-state/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/capture-inject-state/expected.js
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import {
 
 const file = undefined;
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let p;
 	let t0;
 	let t1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/collapses-text-around-comments/expected.js b/test/js/samples/collapses-text-around-comments/expected.js
index e3e000094f..e50442771b 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/collapses-text-around-comments/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/collapses-text-around-comments/expected.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ function add_css(options) {
 	append_styles(options, "1a7i8ec", "p.svelte-1a7i8ec{color:red}");
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let p;
 	let t;
 
diff --git a/test/js/samples/component-static-array/expected.js b/test/js/samples/component-static-array/expected.js
index 0ecb0f32ba..dfac6acde3 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/component-static-array/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/component-static-array/expected.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 	transition_out
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let nested;
 	let current;
 	nested = new /*Nested*/ ctx[0]({ props: { foo: [1, 2, 3] } });
diff --git a/test/js/samples/component-static-immutable/expected.js b/test/js/samples/component-static-immutable/expected.js
index b0c4165413..594c063b85 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/component-static-immutable/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/component-static-immutable/expected.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 	transition_out
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let nested;
 	let current;
 	nested = new /*Nested*/ ctx[0]({ props: { foo: "bar" } });
diff --git a/test/js/samples/component-static-immutable2/expected.js b/test/js/samples/component-static-immutable2/expected.js
index b0c4165413..594c063b85 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/component-static-immutable2/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/component-static-immutable2/expected.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 	transition_out
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let nested;
 	let current;
 	nested = new /*Nested*/ ctx[0]({ props: { foo: "bar" } });
diff --git a/test/js/samples/component-static-var/expected.js b/test/js/samples/component-static-var/expected.js
index 2cd5ed386f..9cef35aa3b 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/component-static-var/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/component-static-var/expected.js
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import {
 import Foo from "./Foo.svelte";
 import Bar from "./Bar.svelte";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let foo;
 	let t0;
 	let bar;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/component-static/expected.js b/test/js/samples/component-static/expected.js
index 186f6350e6..2876b5a9d1 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/component-static/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/component-static/expected.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 	transition_out
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let nested;
 	let current;
 	nested = new /*Nested*/ ctx[0]({ props: { foo: "bar" } });
diff --git a/test/js/samples/component-store-access-invalidate/expected.js b/test/js/samples/component-store-access-invalidate/expected.js
index 4c7bfd7009..e9437067f3 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/component-store-access-invalidate/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/component-store-access-invalidate/expected.js
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
 
 import { writable } from "svelte/store";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let h1;
 	let t;
 
diff --git a/test/js/samples/component-store-reassign-invalidate/expected.js b/test/js/samples/component-store-reassign-invalidate/expected.js
index 0cf555bf0d..224ff613ac 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/component-store-reassign-invalidate/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/component-store-reassign-invalidate/expected.js
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import {
 
 import { writable } from "svelte/store";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let h1;
 	let t0;
 	let t1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/css-media-query/expected.js b/test/js/samples/css-media-query/expected.js
index 749c692aa1..d3dfaca9c3 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/css-media-query/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/css-media-query/expected.js
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ function add_css(options) {
 	append_styles(options, "1slhpfn", "@media(min-width: 1px){div.svelte-1slhpfn{color:red}}");
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div;
 
 	return {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/css-shadow-dom-keyframes/expected.js b/test/js/samples/css-shadow-dom-keyframes/expected.js
index 4d188201eb..4db714dedc 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/css-shadow-dom-keyframes/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/css-shadow-dom-keyframes/expected.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div;
 
 	return {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/data-attribute/expected.js b/test/js/samples/data-attribute/expected.js
index 8c30e6f6db..97c4faf65b 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/data-attribute/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/data-attribute/expected.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 	space
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div0;
 	let t;
 	let div1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/debug-empty/expected.js b/test/js/samples/debug-empty/expected.js
index c18eb8699c..2a0445663e 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/debug-empty/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/debug-empty/expected.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import {
 
 const file = undefined;
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let h1;
 	let t0;
 	let t1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/debug-foo-bar-baz-things/expected.js b/test/js/samples/debug-foo-bar-baz-things/expected.js
index 12a04b438b..a5e7af3cea 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/debug-foo-bar-baz-things/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/debug-foo-bar-baz-things/expected.js
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ function create_each_block(ctx) {
 	return block;
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let t0;
 	let p;
 	let t1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/debug-foo/expected.js b/test/js/samples/debug-foo/expected.js
index 029d525883..3e16d354e4 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/debug-foo/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/debug-foo/expected.js
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ function create_each_block(ctx) {
 	return block;
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let t0;
 	let p;
 	let t1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/debug-hoisted/expected.js b/test/js/samples/debug-hoisted/expected.js
index 8dbd718404..984c4e649c 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/debug-hoisted/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/debug-hoisted/expected.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 
 const file = undefined;
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	const block = {
 		c: function create() {
 			{
diff --git a/test/js/samples/debug-no-dependencies/expected.js b/test/js/samples/debug-no-dependencies/expected.js
index 29e518d9b1..8b56922bad 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/debug-no-dependencies/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/debug-no-dependencies/expected.js
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ function create_each_block(ctx) {
 	return block;
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let each_1_anchor;
 	let each_value = things;
 	validate_each_argument(each_value);
diff --git a/test/js/samples/deconflict-builtins/expected.js b/test/js/samples/deconflict-builtins/expected.js
index 6bc60194aa..e4a86534a2 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/deconflict-builtins/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/deconflict-builtins/expected.js
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ function create_each_block(ctx) {
 	};
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let each_1_anchor;
 	let each_value = /*createElement*/ ctx[0];
 	let each_blocks = [];
diff --git a/test/js/samples/dev-warning-missing-data-computed/expected.js b/test/js/samples/dev-warning-missing-data-computed/expected.js
index a981d88dca..6ec3dcb8f5 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/dev-warning-missing-data-computed/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/dev-warning-missing-data-computed/expected.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import {
 
 const file = undefined;
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let p;
 	let t0_value = Math.max(0, /*foo*/ ctx[0]) + "";
 	let t0;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/dont-invalidate-this/expected.js b/test/js/samples/dont-invalidate-this/expected.js
index 0b155373a1..74cc6b4cae 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/dont-invalidate-this/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/dont-invalidate-this/expected.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let input;
 	let mounted;
 	let dispose;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/dynamic-import/expected.js b/test/js/samples/dynamic-import/expected.js
index d1085f431b..e1fef0f7f0 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/dynamic-import/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/dynamic-import/expected.js
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import {
 
 import LazyLoad from "./LazyLoad.svelte";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let lazyload;
 	let current;
 	lazyload = new LazyLoad({ props: { load: func } });
diff --git a/test/js/samples/each-block-array-literal/expected.js b/test/js/samples/each-block-array-literal/expected.js
index fe51ac5bc3..7b5775923d 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/each-block-array-literal/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/each-block-array-literal/expected.js
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ function create_each_block(ctx) {
 	};
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let each_1_anchor;
 	let each_value = [/*a*/ ctx[0], /*b*/ ctx[1], /*c*/ ctx[2], /*d*/ ctx[3], /*e*/ ctx[4]];
 	let each_blocks = [];
diff --git a/test/js/samples/each-block-changed-check/expected.js b/test/js/samples/each-block-changed-check/expected.js
index 0020235d44..e3b689c65e 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/each-block-changed-check/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/each-block-changed-check/expected.js
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ function create_each_block(ctx) {
 	};
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let t0;
 	let p;
 	let t1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/each-block-keyed-animated/expected.js b/test/js/samples/each-block-keyed-animated/expected.js
index b48073f5a7..4b05e81785 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/each-block-keyed-animated/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/each-block-keyed-animated/expected.js
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ function create_each_block(key_1, ctx) {
 	};
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let each_blocks = [];
 	let each_1_lookup = new Map();
 	let each_1_anchor;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/each-block-keyed/expected.js b/test/js/samples/each-block-keyed/expected.js
index 7808ed677f..a064e72a13 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/each-block-keyed/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/each-block-keyed/expected.js
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ function create_each_block(key_1, ctx) {
 	};
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let each_blocks = [];
 	let each_1_lookup = new Map();
 	let each_1_anchor;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/event-handler-dynamic/expected.js b/test/js/samples/event-handler-dynamic/expected.js
index dacdfe15ac..fb4596bf68 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/event-handler-dynamic/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/event-handler-dynamic/expected.js
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
 	text
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let p0;
 	let button0;
 	let t1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/event-handler-no-passive/expected.js b/test/js/samples/event-handler-no-passive/expected.js
index 4d4b910d4e..bddbf312fc 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/event-handler-no-passive/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/event-handler-no-passive/expected.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let a;
 	let mounted;
 	let dispose;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/event-modifiers/expected.js b/test/js/samples/event-modifiers/expected.js
index 3901753661..8b9e173abb 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/event-modifiers/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/event-modifiers/expected.js
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
 	stop_propagation
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div1;
 	let div0;
 	let t1;
@@ -76,11 +76,11 @@ function create_fragment(ctx) {
 }
 
 function handleTouchstart() {
-	
+
 } // ...
 
 function handleClick() {
-	
+
 } // ...
 
 class Component extends SvelteComponent {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/head-no-whitespace/expected.js b/test/js/samples/head-no-whitespace/expected.js
index 444bad3fd4..da4d343594 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/head-no-whitespace/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/head-no-whitespace/expected.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let meta0;
 	let meta1;
 
diff --git a/test/js/samples/hoisted-const/expected.js b/test/js/samples/hoisted-const/expected.js
index 2842b54751..5fe2b917a6 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/hoisted-const/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/hoisted-const/expected.js
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let b;
 
 	return {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/hoisted-let/expected.js b/test/js/samples/hoisted-let/expected.js
index 285b124118..f7532bbb44 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/hoisted-let/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/hoisted-let/expected.js
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let b;
 
 	return {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/hydrated-void-element/expected.js b/test/js/samples/hydrated-void-element/expected.js
index e53d16d925..c219f56328 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/hydrated-void-element/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/hydrated-void-element/expected.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 	space
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let img;
 	let img_src_value;
 	let t;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/if-block-complex/expected.js b/test/js/samples/if-block-complex/expected.js
index a8244de8b0..830d7db616 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/if-block-complex/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/if-block-complex/expected.js
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ function create_if_block(ctx) {
 	};
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let show_if = /*item*/ ctx[0].divider && /*item*/ ctx[0].divider.includes(1);
 	let if_block_anchor;
 	let if_block = show_if && create_if_block(ctx);
diff --git a/test/js/samples/if-block-no-update/expected.js b/test/js/samples/if-block-no-update/expected.js
index c67b33fa85..8908e819c6 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/if-block-no-update/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/if-block-no-update/expected.js
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ function create_if_block(ctx) {
 	};
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let if_block_anchor;
 
 	function select_block_type(ctx, dirty) {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/if-block-simple/expected.js b/test/js/samples/if-block-simple/expected.js
index 4cdd73cddb..d7582367d6 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/if-block-simple/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/if-block-simple/expected.js
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ function create_if_block(ctx) {
 	};
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let if_block_anchor;
 	let if_block = /*foo*/ ctx[0] && create_if_block(ctx);
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ function create_fragment(ctx) {
 		p(ctx, [dirty]) {
 			if (/*foo*/ ctx[0]) {
 				if (if_block) {
-					
+
 				} else {
 					if_block = create_if_block(ctx);
 					if_block.c();
diff --git a/test/js/samples/import-meta/expected.js b/test/js/samples/import-meta/expected.js
index ba77398321..52a40c4014 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/import-meta/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/import-meta/expected.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 	text
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let t0;
 	let t1;
 	let t2_value = import.meta.url + "";
diff --git a/test/js/samples/initial-context/expected.js b/test/js/samples/initial-context/expected.js
index 592e2a709e..98642f86c7 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/initial-context/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/initial-context/expected.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let button;
 	let mounted;
 	let dispose;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/inline-style-optimized-multiple/expected.js b/test/js/samples/inline-style-optimized-multiple/expected.js
index 0a9d0a1e8e..0673c38a81 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/inline-style-optimized-multiple/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/inline-style-optimized-multiple/expected.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 	set_style
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div;
 
 	return {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/inline-style-optimized-url/expected.js b/test/js/samples/inline-style-optimized-url/expected.js
index 0debb03585..d98c5d4734 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/inline-style-optimized-url/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/inline-style-optimized-url/expected.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 	set_style
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div;
 
 	return {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/inline-style-optimized/expected.js b/test/js/samples/inline-style-optimized/expected.js
index b7db0f1cf3..ac725d376e 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/inline-style-optimized/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/inline-style-optimized/expected.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 	set_style
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div;
 
 	return {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/inline-style-unoptimized/expected.js b/test/js/samples/inline-style-unoptimized/expected.js
index 0688f14b9b..8f46142cf1 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/inline-style-unoptimized/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/inline-style-unoptimized/expected.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 	space
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div0;
 	let t;
 	let div1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/inline-style-without-updates/expected.js b/test/js/samples/inline-style-without-updates/expected.js
index 375896f259..ec620c24a6 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/inline-style-without-updates/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/inline-style-without-updates/expected.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 	set_style
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div;
 
 	return {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/input-files/expected.js b/test/js/samples/input-files/expected.js
index 8adc7443f5..64785c2dfe 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/input-files/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/input-files/expected.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let input;
 	let mounted;
 	let dispose;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/input-no-initial-value/expected.js b/test/js/samples/input-no-initial-value/expected.js
index 3354aa3111..15342023ae 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/input-no-initial-value/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/input-no-initial-value/expected.js
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
 	space
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let form;
 	let input;
 	let t0;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/input-range/expected.js b/test/js/samples/input-range/expected.js
index a855ca3653..4935e6cd91 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/input-range/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/input-range/expected.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 	to_number
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let input;
 	let mounted;
 	let dispose;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/input-value/expected.js b/test/js/samples/input-value/expected.js
index 781a2ae603..d036d1edfe 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/input-value/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/input-value/expected.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 	text
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let input;
 	let t0;
 	let h1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/input-without-blowback-guard/expected.js b/test/js/samples/input-without-blowback-guard/expected.js
index 6c5b215623..cb5af32045 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/input-without-blowback-guard/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/input-without-blowback-guard/expected.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let input;
 	let mounted;
 	let dispose;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/instrumentation-script-if-no-block/expected.js b/test/js/samples/instrumentation-script-if-no-block/expected.js
index 7f51c64550..bcd7ecfda1 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/instrumentation-script-if-no-block/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/instrumentation-script-if-no-block/expected.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 	text
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let button;
 	let t1;
 	let p;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/instrumentation-script-main-block/expected.js b/test/js/samples/instrumentation-script-main-block/expected.js
index a471a50b37..b6e2f9f201 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/instrumentation-script-main-block/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/instrumentation-script-main-block/expected.js
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
 	text
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let p;
 	let t0;
 	let t1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/instrumentation-script-x-equals-x/expected.js b/test/js/samples/instrumentation-script-x-equals-x/expected.js
index ea0d65acb9..73afe3d91a 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/instrumentation-script-x-equals-x/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/instrumentation-script-x-equals-x/expected.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 	text
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let button;
 	let t1;
 	let p;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/instrumentation-template-if-no-block/expected.js b/test/js/samples/instrumentation-template-if-no-block/expected.js
index 0c2713a9cc..6fa7239074 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/instrumentation-template-if-no-block/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/instrumentation-template-if-no-block/expected.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 	text
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let button;
 	let t1;
 	let p;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/instrumentation-template-x-equals-x/expected.js b/test/js/samples/instrumentation-template-x-equals-x/expected.js
index 55cd310661..0e65e9290e 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/instrumentation-template-x-equals-x/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/instrumentation-template-x-equals-x/expected.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 	text
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let button;
 	let t1;
 	let p;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/legacy-input-type/expected.js b/test/js/samples/legacy-input-type/expected.js
index 2b76a48522..7098b140e7 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/legacy-input-type/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/legacy-input-type/expected.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 	set_input_type
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let input;
 
 	return {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/loop-protect/expected.js b/test/js/samples/loop-protect/expected.js
index 26721d6be6..0f7a5db8ba 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/loop-protect/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/loop-protect/expected.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import {
 const { console: console_1 } = globals;
 const file = undefined;
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div;
 
 	const block = {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/media-bindings/expected.js b/test/js/samples/media-bindings/expected.js
index 867d4a7dad..780912f25b 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/media-bindings/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/media-bindings/expected.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 	time_ranges_to_array
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let audio;
 	let audio_updating = false;
 	let audio_animationframe;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/non-imported-component/expected.js b/test/js/samples/non-imported-component/expected.js
index 5a6b8e8bb7..cd2574023f 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/non-imported-component/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/non-imported-component/expected.js
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
 
 import Imported from "Imported.svelte";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let imported;
 	let t;
 	let nonimported;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/non-mutable-reference/expected.js b/test/js/samples/non-mutable-reference/expected.js
index 93f2145a2e..1e658158f5 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/non-mutable-reference/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/non-mutable-reference/expected.js
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let h1;
 
 	return {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/optional-chaining/expected.js b/test/js/samples/optional-chaining/expected.js
index 8aa94796c1..670bcbb3f3 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/optional-chaining/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/optional-chaining/expected.js
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import {
 	transition_out
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let t0_value = /*a*/ ctx[0].normal + "";
 	let t0;
 	let t1_value = /*b*/ ctx[1]?.optional + "";
diff --git a/test/js/samples/reactive-class-optimized/expected.js b/test/js/samples/reactive-class-optimized/expected.js
index b7c2c3a60b..5ea2a21c30 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/reactive-class-optimized/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/reactive-class-optimized/expected.js
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
 
 import { reactiveStoreVal, unreactiveExport } from "./store";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div0;
 	let t0;
 	let div1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/select-dynamic-value/expected.js b/test/js/samples/select-dynamic-value/expected.js
index 8777cd2600..971de67044 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/select-dynamic-value/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/select-dynamic-value/expected.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 	select_option
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let select;
 	let option0;
 	let option1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/src-attribute-check/expected.js b/test/js/samples/src-attribute-check/expected.js
index 93638edfb4..a4aa046476 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/src-attribute-check/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/src-attribute-check/expected.js
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import {
 	space
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let img0;
 	let img0_src_value;
 	let t;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/svg-title/expected.js b/test/js/samples/svg-title/expected.js
index cd7ae3b551..d4b9fcec27 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/svg-title/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/svg-title/expected.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 	text
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let svg;
 	let title;
 	let t;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/title/expected.js b/test/js/samples/title/expected.js
index b10f569759..6b967a65d0 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/title/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/title/expected.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* generated by Svelte vX.Y.Z */
 import { SvelteComponent, init, noop, safe_not_equal } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let title_value;
 	document.title = title_value = "a " + /*custom*/ ctx[0] + " title";
 
diff --git a/test/js/samples/transition-local/expected.js b/test/js/samples/transition-local/expected.js
index ea3d9db3d7..ac958fbc5b 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/transition-local/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/transition-local/expected.js
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ function create_if_block_1(ctx) {
 	};
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let if_block_anchor;
 	let if_block = /*x*/ ctx[0] && create_if_block(ctx);
 
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ function create_fragment(ctx) {
 }
 
 function foo() {
-	
+
 }
 
 function instance($$self, $$props, $$invalidate) {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/transition-repeated-outro/expected.js b/test/js/samples/transition-repeated-outro/expected.js
index 12483ab91a..c3d4288438 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/transition-repeated-outro/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/transition-repeated-outro/expected.js
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ function create_if_block(ctx) {
 	};
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let if_block_anchor;
 	let current;
 	let if_block = /*num*/ ctx[0] < 5 && create_if_block(ctx);
diff --git a/test/js/samples/unchanged-expression/expected.js b/test/js/samples/unchanged-expression/expected.js
index 673d5b6abc..5468533717 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/unchanged-expression/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/unchanged-expression/expected.js
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import {
 	text
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div0;
 	let p0;
 	let t1;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/unreferenced-state-not-invalidated/expected.js b/test/js/samples/unreferenced-state-not-invalidated/expected.js
index 53044c7ed6..68b2101c91 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/unreferenced-state-not-invalidated/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/unreferenced-state-not-invalidated/expected.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 
 import { onMount } from "svelte";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let p;
 	let t;
 
diff --git a/test/js/samples/use-elements-as-anchors/expected.js b/test/js/samples/use-elements-as-anchors/expected.js
index d07411518e..3bc90000c3 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/use-elements-as-anchors/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/use-elements-as-anchors/expected.js
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ function create_if_block(ctx) {
 	};
 }
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div;
 	let t0;
 	let p0;
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ function create_fragment(ctx) {
 		p(ctx, [dirty]) {
 			if (/*a*/ ctx[0]) {
 				if (if_block0) {
-					
+
 				} else {
 					if_block0 = create_if_block_4(ctx);
 					if_block0.c();
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ function create_fragment(ctx) {
 
 			if (/*b*/ ctx[1]) {
 				if (if_block1) {
-					
+
 				} else {
 					if_block1 = create_if_block_3(ctx);
 					if_block1.c();
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ function create_fragment(ctx) {
 
 			if (/*c*/ ctx[2]) {
 				if (if_block2) {
-					
+
 				} else {
 					if_block2 = create_if_block_2(ctx);
 					if_block2.c();
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ function create_fragment(ctx) {
 
 			if (/*d*/ ctx[3]) {
 				if (if_block3) {
-					
+
 				} else {
 					if_block3 = create_if_block_1(ctx);
 					if_block3.c();
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ function create_fragment(ctx) {
 
 			if (/*e*/ ctx[4]) {
 				if (if_block4) {
-					
+
 				} else {
 					if_block4 = create_if_block(ctx);
 					if_block4.c();
diff --git a/test/js/samples/valid-inner-html-for-static-element/expected.js b/test/js/samples/valid-inner-html-for-static-element/expected.js
index f1ced27ba4..b7ce927ef1 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/valid-inner-html-for-static-element/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/valid-inner-html-for-static-element/expected.js
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let div;
 
 	return {
diff --git a/test/js/samples/video-bindings/expected.js b/test/js/samples/video-bindings/expected.js
index 8afa670bbb..86fe224402 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/video-bindings/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/video-bindings/expected.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let video;
 	let video_updating = false;
 	let video_animationframe;
diff --git a/test/js/samples/window-binding-online/expected.js b/test/js/samples/window-binding-online/expected.js
index 887195bce1..0d064399b4 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/window-binding-online/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/window-binding-online/expected.js
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 	safe_not_equal
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let mounted;
 	let dispose;
 	add_render_callback(/*onlinestatuschanged*/ ctx[1]);
diff --git a/test/js/samples/window-binding-scroll/expected.js b/test/js/samples/window-binding-scroll/expected.js
index 09a4d3737d..bcc4482cf9 100644
--- a/test/js/samples/window-binding-scroll/expected.js
+++ b/test/js/samples/window-binding-scroll/expected.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 	text
 } from "svelte/internal";
 
-function create_fragment(ctx) {
+function create_fragment(root, ctx) {
 	let scrolling = false;
 
 	let clear_scrolling = () => {