diff --git a/.changeset/calm-heads-glow.md b/.changeset/calm-heads-glow.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ee21d566bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/calm-heads-glow.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'svelte': patch
+---
+
+fix: preserve global CSS in components without scopable elements
diff --git a/.changeset/calm-render-results.md b/.changeset/calm-render-results.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3073ec4b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/calm-render-results.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'svelte': patch
+---
+
+fix: reduce SSR render result garbage collection
diff --git a/.changeset/each-fallback-scope.md b/.changeset/each-fallback-scope.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5134fc462b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/each-fallback-scope.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'svelte': patch
+---
+
+fix: resolve the fallback of an each block in the enclosing scope
diff --git a/benchmarking/benchmarks/ssr/wrapper/wrapper_bench.js b/benchmarking/benchmarks/ssr/wrapper/wrapper_bench.js
index 9a8dda617d..50634ff4e6 100644
--- a/benchmarking/benchmarks/ssr/wrapper/wrapper_bench.js
+++ b/benchmarking/benchmarks/ssr/wrapper/wrapper_bench.js
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ export const wrapper_bench = {
 
 		// Do 3 loops to warm up JIT
 		for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
-			render(App);
+			render(App).body;
 		}
 
 		return await fastest_test(10, () => {
 			for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
-				render(App);
+				render(App).body;
 			}
 		});
 	}
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/index.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/index.js
index 8edd403487..64a03630ab 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/index.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/index.js
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@
 import { isIdentifierStart, isIdentifierChar } from 'acorn';
 import fragment from './state/fragment.js';
 import * as e from '../../errors.js';
-import { create_fragment } from './utils/create.js';
+import { create_fragment, disallow_children } from '../nodes.js';
 import read_options from './read/options.js';
 import { is_reserved } from '../../../utils.js';
-import { disallow_children } from '../2-analyze/visitors/shared/special-element.js';
 import * as state from '../../state.js';
 import { is_whitespace } from './utils/whitespace.js';
 
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/state/element.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/state/element.js
index 220fe24b9d..d6871bc01e 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/state/element.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/state/element.js
@@ -9,8 +9,12 @@ import read_style from '../read/style.js';
 import { decode_character_references } from '../utils/html.js';
 import * as e from '../../../errors.js';
 import * as w from '../../../warnings.js';
-import { create_fragment } from '../utils/create.js';
-import { create_attribute, ExpressionMetadata, is_element_node } from '../../nodes.js';
+import {
+	create_attribute,
+	create_fragment,
+	ExpressionMetadata,
+	is_element_node
+} from '../../nodes.js';
 import { get_attribute_expression, is_expression_attribute } from '../../../utils/ast.js';
 import { closing_tag_omitted } from '../../../../html-tree-validation.js';
 import { list } from '../../../utils/string.js';
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/state/tag.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/state/tag.js
index 9cc0a41375..97095e993a 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/state/tag.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/state/tag.js
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@
 /** @import { Parser } from '../index.js' */
 import { walk } from 'zimmerframe';
 import * as e from '../../../errors.js';
-import { ExpressionMetadata } from '../../nodes.js';
+import { create_fragment, ExpressionMetadata } from '../../nodes.js';
 import { parse_expression_at, parse_statement_at } from '../acorn.js';
 import read_pattern from '../read/context.js';
 import read_expression, { get_loose_identifier } from '../read/expression.js';
-import { create_fragment } from '../utils/create.js';
 import { find_matching_bracket, match_bracket } from '../utils/bracket.js';
 
 const regex_whitespace_with_closing_curly_brace = /\s*}/y;
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/utils/create.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/utils/create.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 6030f1bd7b..0000000000
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/utils/create.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-/** @import { AST } from '#compiler' */
-
-/**
- * @param {any} transparent
- * @returns {AST.Fragment}
- */
-export function create_fragment(transparent = false) {
-	return {
-		type: 'Fragment',
-		nodes: [],
-		metadata: {
-			transparent,
-			dynamic: false
-		}
-	};
-}
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/css/css-prune.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/css/css-prune.js
index dff6bb9b5a..125f096783 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/css/css-prune.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/css/css-prune.js
@@ -145,6 +145,19 @@ export function prune(stylesheet, elements) {
 		},
 		ComplexSelector(node) {
 			const selectors = get_relative_selectors(node);
+			const rule = /** @type {Compiler.AST.CSS.Rule} */ (node.metadata.rule);
+			const first = selectors[0]?.selectors[0];
+			const is_icss_export =
+				selectors.length === 1 &&
+				selectors[0].selectors.length === 1 &&
+				first?.type === 'PseudoClassSelector' &&
+				first.name === 'export' &&
+				first.args === null;
+
+			// Global and ICSS export rules do not depend on an element in this component
+			if (every_is_global(selectors, 0, selectors.length, rule) || is_icss_export) {
+				node.metadata.used = true;
+			}
 
 			for (const element of elements) {
 				seen.clear();
@@ -153,12 +166,7 @@ export function prune(stylesheet, elements) {
 					// Elements rendered through <svelte:head> are not style-scopable.
 					// Prevent css hash injection (class="s-...") on tags like <meta>, <link>, <script>.
 					!is_inside_svelte_head(element) &&
-					apply_selector(
-						selectors,
-						/** @type {Compiler.AST.CSS.Rule} */ (node.metadata.rule),
-						element,
-						BACKWARD
-					)
+					apply_selector(selectors, rule, element, BACKWARD)
 				) {
 					node.metadata.used = true;
 				}
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/index.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/index.js
index 3ceecc1bec..fcad97773d 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/index.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/index.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 } from '../../utils/ast.js';
 import * as b from '#compiler/builders';
 import { Scope, ScopeRoot, create_scopes, get_rune, set_scope } from '../scope.js';
-import check_graph_for_cycles from './utils/check_graph_for_cycles.js';
+import check_graph_for_cycles from '../../utils/check_graph_for_cycles.js';
 import { create_attribute, is_custom_element_node } from '../nodes.js';
 import { analyze_css } from './css/css-analyze.js';
 import { prune } from './css/css-prune.js';
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/BindDirective.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/BindDirective.js
index 2fe202b302..a5cc56841b 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/BindDirective.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/BindDirective.js
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import { validate_assignment } from './shared/utils.js';
 import * as e from '../../../errors.js';
 import * as w from '../../../warnings.js';
 import { binding_properties } from '../../bindings.js';
-import fuzzymatch from '../../1-parse/utils/fuzzymatch.js';
+import fuzzymatch from '../../../utils/fuzzymatch.js';
 import { is_content_editable_binding, is_svg } from '../../../../utils.js';
 import { mark_subtree_dynamic } from './shared/fragment.js';
 import { custom_renderer } from '../../../state.js';
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/ClassDeclaration.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/ClassDeclaration.js
index 20925a65b7..b67dec561d 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/ClassDeclaration.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/ClassDeclaration.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /** @import { ClassDeclaration } from 'estree' */
 /** @import { Context } from '../types' */
 import * as w from '../../../warnings.js';
-import { validate_identifier_name } from './shared/utils.js';
+import { validate_identifier_name } from '../../scope.js';
 
 /**
  * @param {ClassDeclaration} node
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/FunctionDeclaration.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/FunctionDeclaration.js
index 83e3167be9..e59f944707 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/FunctionDeclaration.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/FunctionDeclaration.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /** @import { FunctionDeclaration } from 'estree' */
 /** @import { Context } from '../types' */
 import { visit_function } from './shared/function.js';
-import { validate_identifier_name } from './shared/utils.js';
+import { validate_identifier_name } from '../../scope.js';
 
 /**
  * @param {FunctionDeclaration} node
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/Identifier.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/Identifier.js
index ebb2fc2b67..15cc7ed343 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/Identifier.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/Identifier.js
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 /** @import { Expression, Identifier } from 'estree' */
 /** @import { Context } from '../types' */
 import is_reference from 'is-reference';
-import { should_proxy } from '../../3-transform/client/utils.js';
+import { should_proxy, get_rune } from '../../scope.js';
 import * as e from '../../../errors.js';
 import * as w from '../../../warnings.js';
 import { is_rune } from '../../../../utils.js';
 import { mark_subtree_dynamic } from './shared/fragment.js';
-import { get_rune } from '../../scope.js';
 import { is_component_node } from '../../nodes.js';
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/SvelteBody.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/SvelteBody.js
index afb34cfeb1..495f88eeb7 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/SvelteBody.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/SvelteBody.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 import * as e from '../../../errors.js';
 import { custom_renderer } from '../../../state.js';
 import { is_event_attribute } from '../../../utils/ast.js';
-import { disallow_children } from './shared/special-element.js';
+import { disallow_children } from '../../nodes.js';
 import { check_global_event_reference } from './shared/utils.js';
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/SvelteDocument.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/SvelteDocument.js
index 2343cf2c5d..8a44d3516c 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/SvelteDocument.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/SvelteDocument.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /** @import { AST } from '#compiler' */
 /** @import { Context } from '../types' */
-import { disallow_children } from './shared/special-element.js';
+import { disallow_children } from '../../nodes.js';
 import * as e from '../../../errors.js';
 import { custom_renderer } from '../../../state.js';
 import { is_event_attribute } from '../../../utils/ast.js';
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/SvelteWindow.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/SvelteWindow.js
index e1afcbfb65..3e8945219b 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/SvelteWindow.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/SvelteWindow.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /** @import { AST } from '#compiler' */
 /** @import { Context } from '../types' */
-import { disallow_children } from './shared/special-element.js';
+import { disallow_children } from '../../nodes.js';
 import * as e from '../../../errors.js';
 import { custom_renderer } from '../../../state.js';
 import { is_event_attribute } from '../../../utils/ast.js';
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/VariableDeclarator.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/VariableDeclarator.js
index 5cf231ad01..7aef063f52 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/VariableDeclarator.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/VariableDeclarator.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 /** @import { Expression, Identifier, Literal, VariableDeclarator } from 'estree' */
 /** @import { Binding } from '#compiler' */
 /** @import { Context } from '../types' */
-import { get_rune } from '../../scope.js';
-import { ensure_no_module_import_conflict, validate_identifier_name } from './shared/utils.js';
+import { get_rune, validate_identifier_name } from '../../scope.js';
+import { ensure_no_module_import_conflict } from './shared/utils.js';
 import * as e from '../../../errors.js';
 import * as w from '../../../warnings.js';
 import { extract_paths } from '../../../utils/ast.js';
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/shared/a11y/index.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/shared/a11y/index.js
index e09ab018a8..f06a41d088 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/shared/a11y/index.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/shared/a11y/index.js
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ import {
 import { is_event_attribute, is_text_attribute } from '../../../../../utils/ast.js';
 import { list } from '../../../../../utils/string.js';
 import { walk } from 'zimmerframe';
-import fuzzymatch from '../../../../1-parse/utils/fuzzymatch.js';
+import fuzzymatch from '../../../../../utils/fuzzymatch.js';
 import { is_content_editable_binding } from '../../../../../../utils.js';
 import * as w from '../../../../../warnings.js';
 
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/shared/special-element.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/shared/special-element.js
deleted file mode 100644
index e72b3c6b2a..0000000000
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/shared/special-element.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-/** @import { AST } from '#compiler' */
-import * as e from '../../../../errors.js';
-
-/**
- * @param {AST.SvelteBody | AST.SvelteDocument | AST.SvelteOptionsRaw | AST.SvelteWindow} node
- */
-export function disallow_children(node) {
-	const { nodes } = node.fragment;
-
-	if (nodes.length > 0) {
-		const first = nodes[0];
-		const last = nodes[nodes.length - 1];
-
-		e.svelte_meta_invalid_content({ start: first.start, end: last.end }, node.name);
-	}
-}
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/shared/utils.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/shared/utils.js
index a32355abf5..63866a6041 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/shared/utils.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/visitors/shared/utils.js
@@ -246,44 +246,6 @@ export function is_pure(node, context) {
 	return false;
 }
 
-/**
- * Checks if the name is valid, which it is when it's not starting with (or is) a dollar sign or if it's a function parameter.
- * The second argument is the depth of the scope, which is there for backwards compatibility reasons: In Svelte 4, you
- * were allowed to define `$`-prefixed variables anywhere below the top level of components. Once legacy mode is gone, this
- * argument can be removed / the call sites adjusted accordingly.
- * @param {Binding | null} binding
- * @param {number | undefined} [function_depth]
- */
-export function validate_identifier_name(binding, function_depth) {
-	if (!binding) return;
-
-	const declaration_kind = binding.declaration_kind;
-
-	if (
-		declaration_kind !== 'synthetic' &&
-		declaration_kind !== 'param' &&
-		declaration_kind !== 'rest_param' &&
-		(!function_depth || function_depth <= 1)
-	) {
-		const node = binding.node;
-
-		if (node.name === '$') {
-			e.dollar_binding_invalid(node);
-		} else if (
-			node.name.startsWith('$') &&
-			// import type { $Type } from "" - these are normally already filtered out,
-			// but for the migration they aren't, and throwing here is preventing the migration to complete
-			// TODO -> once migration script is gone we can remove this check
-			!(
-				binding.initial?.type === 'ImportDeclaration' &&
-				/** @type {any} */ (binding.initial).importKind === 'type'
-			)
-		) {
-			e.dollar_prefix_invalid(node);
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 /**
  * Checks that the exported name is not a derived or reassigned state variable.
  * @param {Node} node
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/utils.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/utils.js
index 9cdfa5cae1..8d1eae94d3 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/utils.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/utils.js
@@ -127,44 +127,6 @@ export function is_prop_source(binding, state) {
 	);
 }
 
-/**
- * @param {Expression} node
- * @param {Scope | null} scope
- */
-export function should_proxy(node, scope) {
-	if (
-		!node ||
-		node.type === 'Literal' ||
-		node.type === 'TemplateLiteral' ||
-		node.type === 'ArrowFunctionExpression' ||
-		node.type === 'FunctionExpression' ||
-		node.type === 'UnaryExpression' ||
-		node.type === 'BinaryExpression' ||
-		(node.type === 'Identifier' && node.name === 'undefined')
-	) {
-		return false;
-	}
-
-	if (node.type === 'Identifier' && scope !== null) {
-		const binding = scope.get(node.name);
-		// Let's see if the reference is something that can be proxied
-		if (
-			binding !== null &&
-			!binding.reassigned &&
-			binding.initial !== null &&
-			binding.initial.type !== 'FunctionDeclaration' &&
-			binding.initial.type !== 'ClassDeclaration' &&
-			binding.initial.type !== 'ImportDeclaration' &&
-			binding.initial.type !== 'EachBlock' &&
-			binding.initial.type !== 'SnippetBlock'
-		) {
-			return should_proxy(binding.initial, null);
-		}
-	}
-
-	return true;
-}
-
 /**
  * An async thunk. If an `await` inside restores the reaction context via `$.save`,
  * the body exits through `$.unsave` so the context cannot leak into foreign microtasks
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/visitors/AssignmentExpression.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/visitors/AssignmentExpression.js
index 7ab148f0a3..630c89da00 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/visitors/AssignmentExpression.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/visitors/AssignmentExpression.js
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ import {
 	is_expression_async
 } from '../../../../utils/ast.js';
 import { dev, locate_node } from '../../../../state.js';
-import { build_getter, should_proxy } from '../utils.js';
+import { build_getter } from '../utils.js';
+import { should_proxy, get_rune } from '../../../scope.js';
 import { visit_assignment_expression } from '../../shared/assignments.js';
 import { validate_mutation } from './shared/utils.js';
-import { get_rune } from '../../../scope.js';
 import { get_name } from '../../../nodes.js';
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/visitors/CallExpression.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/visitors/CallExpression.js
index f69bc5fe6e..cd1235d089 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/visitors/CallExpression.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/visitors/CallExpression.js
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 /** @import { Context } from '../types' */
 import { dev, is_ignored } from '../../../../state.js';
 import * as b from '#compiler/builders';
-import { get_rune } from '../../../scope.js';
-import { should_proxy } from '../utils.js';
+import { get_rune, should_proxy } from '../../../scope.js';
 import { get_inspect_args } from '../../utils.js';
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/visitors/VariableDeclaration.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/visitors/VariableDeclaration.js
index 0ad52dc457..f603a3d539 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/visitors/VariableDeclaration.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/client/visitors/VariableDeclaration.js
@@ -5,14 +5,8 @@ import { dev, is_ignored, locate_node } from '../../../../state.js';
 import { extract_paths, save } from '../../../../utils/ast.js';
 import * as b from '#compiler/builders';
 import * as assert from '../../../../utils/assert.js';
-import { get_rune } from '../../../scope.js';
-import {
-	async_thunk,
-	get_prop_source,
-	is_prop_source,
-	is_state_source,
-	should_proxy
-} from '../utils.js';
+import { get_rune, should_proxy } from '../../../scope.js';
+import { async_thunk, get_prop_source, is_prop_source, is_state_source } from '../utils.js';
 import { get_value } from './shared/declarations.js';
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/utils.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/utils.js
index c7fce61ff9..a57fa85ec2 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/utils.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/3-transform/utils.js
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 import * as e from '../../errors.js';
 import { walk } from 'zimmerframe';
 import { extract_identifiers } from '../../utils/ast.js';
-import check_graph_for_cycles from '../2-analyze/utils/check_graph_for_cycles.js';
+import check_graph_for_cycles from '../../utils/check_graph_for_cycles.js';
 import is_reference from 'is-reference';
 import { set_scope } from '../scope.js';
 
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/nodes.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/nodes.js
index fea447a7c5..eda31b3e50 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/nodes.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/nodes.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /** @import { Expression, PrivateIdentifier, SourceLocation } from 'estree' */
 /** @import { AST, Binding } from '#compiler' */
 import * as b from '#compiler/builders';
+import * as e from '../errors.js';
 
 /**
  * All nodes that can appear elsewhere than the top level, have attributes and can contain children
@@ -45,6 +46,35 @@ export function is_custom_element_node(node) {
 	);
 }
 
+/**
+ * @param {boolean} transparent
+ * @returns {AST.Fragment}
+ */
+export function create_fragment(transparent = false) {
+	return {
+		type: 'Fragment',
+		nodes: [],
+		metadata: {
+			transparent,
+			dynamic: false
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {AST.SvelteBody | AST.SvelteDocument | AST.SvelteOptionsRaw | AST.SvelteWindow} node
+ */
+export function disallow_children(node) {
+	const { nodes } = node.fragment;
+
+	if (nodes.length > 0) {
+		const first = nodes[0];
+		const last = nodes[nodes.length - 1];
+
+		e.svelte_meta_invalid_content({ start: first.start, end: last.end }, node.name);
+	}
+}
+
 /**
  * @param {string} name
  * @param {SourceLocation | null} name_loc
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/scope.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/scope.js
index e3560753b4..77c9119364 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/scope.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/scope.js
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import {
 } from '../utils/ast.js';
 import { is_reserved, is_rune } from '../../utils.js';
 import { determine_slot } from '../utils/slot.js';
-import { validate_identifier_name } from './2-analyze/visitors/shared/utils.js';
 
 const UNKNOWN = Symbol('unknown');
 /** Includes `BigInt` */
@@ -1233,6 +1232,7 @@ export function create_scopes(ast, root, allow_reactive_declarations, parent) {
 
 		EachBlock(node, { state, visit }) {
 			visit(node.expression);
+			if (node.fallback) visit(node.fallback);
 
 			// context and children are a new scope
 			const scope = state.scope.child();
@@ -1278,7 +1278,6 @@ export function create_scopes(ast, root, allow_reactive_declarations, parent) {
 			for (const child of node.body.nodes) {
 				visit(child, { scope });
 			}
-			if (node.fallback) visit(node.fallback, { scope });
 
 			node.metadata = {
 				expression: new ExpressionMetadata(),
@@ -1469,3 +1468,79 @@ function get_global_keypath(node, scope) {
 
 	return n.name + joined;
 }
+
+/**
+ * @param {Expression} node
+ * @param {Scope | null} scope
+ */
+export function should_proxy(node, scope) {
+	if (
+		!node ||
+		node.type === 'Literal' ||
+		node.type === 'TemplateLiteral' ||
+		node.type === 'ArrowFunctionExpression' ||
+		node.type === 'FunctionExpression' ||
+		node.type === 'UnaryExpression' ||
+		node.type === 'BinaryExpression' ||
+		(node.type === 'Identifier' && node.name === 'undefined')
+	) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (node.type === 'Identifier' && scope !== null) {
+		const binding = scope.get(node.name);
+		// Let's see if the reference is something that can be proxied
+		if (
+			binding !== null &&
+			!binding.reassigned &&
+			binding.initial !== null &&
+			binding.initial.type !== 'FunctionDeclaration' &&
+			binding.initial.type !== 'ClassDeclaration' &&
+			binding.initial.type !== 'ImportDeclaration' &&
+			binding.initial.type !== 'EachBlock' &&
+			binding.initial.type !== 'SnippetBlock'
+		) {
+			return should_proxy(binding.initial, null);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks if the name is valid, which it is when it's not starting with (or is) a dollar sign or if it's a function parameter.
+ * The second argument is the depth of the scope, which is there for backwards compatibility reasons: In Svelte 4, you
+ * were allowed to define `$`-prefixed variables anywhere below the top level of components. Once legacy mode is gone, this
+ * argument can be removed / the call sites adjusted accordingly.
+ * @param {Binding | null} binding
+ * @param {number | undefined} [function_depth]
+ */
+export function validate_identifier_name(binding, function_depth) {
+	if (!binding) return;
+
+	const declaration_kind = binding.declaration_kind;
+
+	if (
+		declaration_kind !== 'synthetic' &&
+		declaration_kind !== 'param' &&
+		declaration_kind !== 'rest_param' &&
+		(!function_depth || function_depth <= 1)
+	) {
+		const node = binding.node;
+
+		if (node.name === '$') {
+			e.dollar_binding_invalid(node);
+		} else if (
+			node.name.startsWith('$') &&
+			// import type { $Type } from "" - these are normally already filtered out,
+			// but for the migration they aren't, and throwing here is preventing the migration to complete
+			// TODO -> once migration script is gone we can remove this check
+			!(
+				binding.initial?.type === 'ImportDeclaration' &&
+				/** @type {any} */ (binding.initial).importKind === 'type'
+			)
+		) {
+			e.dollar_prefix_invalid(node);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/utils/check_graph_for_cycles.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/check_graph_for_cycles.js
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/2-analyze/utils/check_graph_for_cycles.js
rename to packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/check_graph_for_cycles.js
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/extract_svelte_ignore.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/extract_svelte_ignore.js
index 2f0d387307..587f919f91 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/extract_svelte_ignore.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/extract_svelte_ignore.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { IGNORABLE_RUNTIME_WARNINGS } from '../../constants.js';
-import fuzzymatch from '../phases/1-parse/utils/fuzzymatch.js';
+import fuzzymatch from './fuzzymatch.js';
 import * as w from '../warnings.js';
 
 const regex_svelte_ignore = /^\s*svelte-ignore\s/;
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/utils/fuzzymatch.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/fuzzymatch.js
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/svelte/src/compiler/phases/1-parse/utils/fuzzymatch.js
rename to packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/fuzzymatch.js
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/mapped_code.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/mapped_code.js
index 635743c0c4..201ee8e6e9 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/mapped_code.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/mapped_code.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 /** @import { ValidatedCompileOptions } from '#compiler' */
+
 /** @import { Processed } from '../preprocess/public.js' */
 /** @import { SourceMap } from 'magic-string' */
 /** @import { Source } from '../preprocess/private.js' */
 /** @import { DecodedSourceMap, SourceMapSegment, RawSourceMap } from '@jridgewell/remapping' */
 import remapping from '@jridgewell/remapping';
-import { push_array } from './push_array.js';
 
 /**
  * @param {string} s
@@ -12,6 +12,18 @@ import { push_array } from './push_array.js';
 function last_line_length(s) {
 	return s.length - s.lastIndexOf('\n') - 1;
 }
+
+/**
+ * `array.push(...items)` overflows the stack for large `items`.
+ * @template T
+ * @param {T[]} array
+ * @param {T[]} items
+ */
+function push_array(array, items) {
+	for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
+		array.push(items[i]);
+	}
+}
 // mutate map in-place
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/push_array.js b/packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/push_array.js
deleted file mode 100644
index ee6a9f7c26..0000000000
--- a/packages/svelte/src/compiler/utils/push_array.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Pushes all `items` into `array` using `push`, therefore mutating the array.
- * We do this for memory and perf reasons, and because `array.push(...items)` would
- * run into a "max call stack size exceeded" error with too many items (~65k).
- * @template T
- * @param {T[]} array
- * @param {T[]} items
- */
-export function push_array(array, items) {
-	for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
-		array.push(items[i]);
-	}
-}
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/server/renderer.js b/packages/svelte/src/internal/server/renderer.js
index 6b3c1b28dd..49061c0b0f 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/server/renderer.js
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/server/renderer.js
@@ -23,6 +23,87 @@ import { escape_html } from '../../escaping.js';
  * @typedef {string | Renderer} RendererItem
  */
 
+class RenderResult {
+	/** @type {() => AccumulatedContent} */
+	#render;
+
+	/** @type {() => Promise<AccumulatedContent & { hashes: { script: Sha256Source[] } }>} */
+	#render_async;
+
+	/** @type {AccumulatedContent | undefined} */
+	#sync;
+
+	/** @type {{ script: '' }} */
+	#hashes = { script: '' };
+
+	/** @type {Promise<AccumulatedContent & { hashes: { script: Sha256Source[] } }> | undefined} */
+	#promise;
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {() => AccumulatedContent} render
+	 * @param {() => Promise<AccumulatedContent & { hashes: { script: Sha256Source[] } }>} render_async
+	 */
+	constructor(render, render_async) {
+		this.#render = render;
+		this.#render_async = render_async;
+	}
+
+	#get() {
+		return (this.#sync ??= this.#render());
+	}
+
+	get html() {
+		return this.#get().body;
+	}
+
+	get head() {
+		return this.#get().head;
+	}
+
+	get body() {
+		return this.#get().body;
+	}
+
+	get hashes() {
+		return this.#hashes;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This is not type-safe, but honestly it's the best I can do right now, and it's a straightforward function.
+	 *
+	 * @template TResult1
+	 * @template [TResult2=never]
+	 * @param {(value: SyncRenderOutput) => TResult1} onfulfilled
+	 * @param {(reason: unknown) => TResult2} onrejected
+	 */
+	then(onfulfilled, onrejected) {
+		if (!async_mode_flag) {
+			const result = this.#get();
+			const user_result = onfulfilled({
+				head: result.head,
+				body: result.body,
+				html: result.body,
+				hashes: { script: [] }
+			});
+			return Promise.resolve(user_result);
+		}
+
+		this.#promise ??= this.#render_async().then((result) => {
+			Object.defineProperty(result, 'html', {
+				// eslint-disable-next-line getter-return
+				get: () => {
+					e.html_deprecated();
+				}
+			});
+			return result;
+		});
+		return this.#promise.then(
+			(result) => onfulfilled(/** @type {SyncRenderOutput} */ (result)),
+			onrejected
+		);
+	}
+}
+
 /**
  * Renderers are basically a tree of `string | Renderer`s, where each `Renderer` in the tree represents
  * work that may or may not have completed. A renderer can be {@link collect}ed to aggregate the
@@ -534,73 +615,17 @@ export class Renderer {
 	 * @returns {RenderOutput}
 	 */
 	static render(component, options = {}) {
-		/** @type {AccumulatedContent | undefined} */
-		let sync;
-		/** @type {Promise<AccumulatedContent & { hashes: { script: Sha256Source[] } }> | undefined} */
-		let async;
-
-		const result = /** @type {RenderOutput} */ ({});
-		// making these properties non-enumerable so that console.logging
-		// doesn't trigger a sync render
-		Object.defineProperties(result, {
-			html: {
-				get: () => {
-					return (sync ??= Renderer.#render(component, options)).body;
-				}
-			},
-			head: {
-				get: () => {
-					return (sync ??= Renderer.#render(component, options)).head;
-				}
-			},
-			body: {
-				get: () => {
-					return (sync ??= Renderer.#render(component, options)).body;
-				}
-			},
-			hashes: {
-				value: {
-					script: ''
-				}
-			},
-			then: {
-				value:
-					/**
-					 * this is not type-safe, but honestly it's the best I can do right now, and it's a straightforward function.
-					 *
-					 * @template TResult1
-					 * @template [TResult2=never]
-					 * @param { (value: SyncRenderOutput) => TResult1 } onfulfilled
-					 * @param { (reason: unknown) => TResult2 } onrejected
-					 */
-					(onfulfilled, onrejected) => {
-						if (!async_mode_flag) {
-							const result = (sync ??= Renderer.#render(component, options));
-							const user_result = onfulfilled({
-								head: result.head,
-								body: result.body,
-								html: result.body,
-								hashes: { script: [] }
-							});
-							return Promise.resolve(user_result);
-						}
-						async ??= init_render_context().then(() =>
+		return /** @type {RenderOutput} */ (
+			/** @type {unknown} */ (
+				new RenderResult(
+					() => Renderer.#render(component, options),
+					() =>
+						init_render_context().then(() =>
 							with_render_context(() => Renderer.#render_async(component, options))
-						);
-						return async.then((result) => {
-							Object.defineProperty(result, 'html', {
-								// eslint-disable-next-line getter-return
-								get: () => {
-									e.html_deprecated();
-								}
-							});
-							return onfulfilled(/** @type {SyncRenderOutput} */ (result));
-						}, onrejected);
-					}
-			}
-		});
-
-		return result;
+						)
+				)
+			)
+		);
 	}
 
 	/**
diff --git a/packages/svelte/src/internal/server/renderer.test.ts b/packages/svelte/src/internal/server/renderer.test.ts
index 1adfdda64c..f35df5d571 100644
--- a/packages/svelte/src/internal/server/renderer.test.ts
+++ b/packages/svelte/src/internal/server/renderer.test.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,16 @@ import type { Component } from 'svelte';
 import { disable_async_mode_flag, enable_async_mode_flag } from '../flags/index.js';
 import { getAbortSignal } from './abort-signal.js';
 
+test('render result properties are inherited', () => {
+	const result = Renderer.render((() => {}) as unknown as Component);
+
+	expect(Object.hasOwn(result, 'head')).toBe(false);
+	expect(Object.hasOwn(result, 'body')).toBe(false);
+	expect(Object.hasOwn(result, 'html')).toBe(false);
+	expect(Object.hasOwn(result, 'hashes')).toBe(false);
+	expect(Object.hasOwn(result, 'then')).toBe(false);
+});
+
 test('collects synchronous body content by default', () => {
 	const component = (renderer: Renderer) => {
 		renderer.push('a');
diff --git a/packages/svelte/tests/css/samples/global-head-only/_config.js b/packages/svelte/tests/css/samples/global-head-only/_config.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..292c6c49ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/svelte/tests/css/samples/global-head-only/_config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import { test } from '../../test';
+
+export default test({
+	warnings: []
+});
diff --git a/packages/svelte/tests/css/samples/global-head-only/expected.css b/packages/svelte/tests/css/samples/global-head-only/expected.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0496468076
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/svelte/tests/css/samples/global-head-only/expected.css
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+:export { foo: red; }
+	:is(td, th) { color: red; }
diff --git a/packages/svelte/tests/css/samples/global-head-only/input.svelte b/packages/svelte/tests/css/samples/global-head-only/input.svelte
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b0e647728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/svelte/tests/css/samples/global-head-only/input.svelte
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<svelte:head><meta name="x" content="y" /></svelte:head>
+
+<style>
+	:export { foo: red; }
+	:is(:global(td), :global(th)) { color: red; }
+</style>
diff --git a/packages/svelte/tests/runtime-runes/samples/each-fallback-outer-scope/_config.js b/packages/svelte/tests/runtime-runes/samples/each-fallback-outer-scope/_config.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8761693873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/svelte/tests/runtime-runes/samples/each-fallback-outer-scope/_config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { flushSync } from 'svelte';
+import { test } from '../../test';
+
+export default test({
+	html: '<button>outer</button>',
+
+	test({ assert, target }) {
+		const button = target.querySelector('button');
+		flushSync(() => {
+			button?.click();
+		});
+		assert.htmlEqual(target.innerHTML, '<button>changed</button>');
+	}
+});
diff --git a/packages/svelte/tests/runtime-runes/samples/each-fallback-outer-scope/main.svelte b/packages/svelte/tests/runtime-runes/samples/each-fallback-outer-scope/main.svelte
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ebb37e2f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/svelte/tests/runtime-runes/samples/each-fallback-outer-scope/main.svelte
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<script>
+	let items = $state([]);
+	let item = $state('outer');
+</script>
+
+{#each items as item}
+	<p>{item}</p>
+{:else}
+	<button onclick={() => (item = 'changed')}>{item}</button>
+{/each}