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14 - 字符串
|
|
|
|
|
========================
|
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|
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上一节:[第十篇 if else 语句](/docs/golang_tutorial_10.md)
|
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下一节:[第十二篇 包](/docs/golang_tutorial_12.md)
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|
|
这是本Golang系列教程的第14篇。
|
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|
|
`string` 类型单独提取为一篇教程是因为在 Go 中,`string` 的实现方式同其他语言的不同。
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
## 访问字符串中的字节
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因为字符串是字节数组,因此可以访问一个字符串中的字节。
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
package main
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import (
|
|
|
|
|
"fmt"
|
|
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 打印字符串中的字节
|
|
|
|
|
func printBytes(s string) {
|
|
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < len(s); i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("%x ", s[i])
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|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func main() {
|
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|
|
|
name := "Hello World"
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|
|
|
printBytes(name)
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|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
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|
|
在上面的程序中,`len(s)` 返回字符串中的字节数,我们用一个 `for` 循环以 16 进制打印这些字节。`%x` 格式化指示符用来以 16 进制打印参数。上面的程序打印:`48 65 6c 6c 6f 20 57 6f 72 6c 64`。它们是 `"Hello World"` 以`UTF-8`方式编码的`Unicode`值。对 `Unicode` 字符集和 `UTF-8` 编码有一个基本的了解会更好的理解 `string` 类型。我(原文作者)建议大家阅读:https://naveenr.net/unicode-character-set-and-utf-8-utf-16-utf-32-encoding/ 来学习什么是 `Unicode` 和 `UTF-8`。
|
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|
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|
|
让我们修改上面的程序以打印字符串中的字符:
|
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|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
package main
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import (
|
|
|
|
|
"fmt"
|
|
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func printBytes(s string) {
|
|
|
|
|
for i:= 0; i < len(s); i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("%x ", s[i])
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|
|
}
|
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|
|
|
}
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func printChars(s string) {
|
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|
|
for i:= 0; i < len(s); i++ {
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|
|
fmt.Printf("%c ",s[i])
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|
|
}
|
|
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|
|
}
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func main() {
|
|
|
|
|
name := "Hello World"
|
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|
|
|
printBytes(name)
|
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|
|
|
fmt.Printf("\n")
|
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|
|
printChars(name)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
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|
|
在第 16 行的 `printChars` 函数中,`%c` 格式化指示符用来打印字符串中的字符。上面的程序输出为:
|
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|
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|
|
```golang
|
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|
|
48 65 6c 6c 6f 20 57 6f 72 6c 64
|
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|
|
Hello World
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
虽然上面的程序看起来是一种合法的打印字符串中各个字符的方法,但是这里有一个严重的错误。让我们深入这段代码看看究竟是哪里不对。
|
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|
|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
package main
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import (
|
|
|
|
|
"fmt"
|
|
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func printBytes(s string) {
|
|
|
|
|
for i:= 0; i < len(s); i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("%x ", s[i])
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func printChars(s string) {
|
|
|
|
|
for i:= 0; i < len(s); i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("%c ",s[i])
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func main() {
|
|
|
|
|
name := "Hello World"
|
|
|
|
|
printBytes(name)
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("\n")
|
|
|
|
|
printChars(name)
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("\n")
|
|
|
|
|
name = "Señor"
|
|
|
|
|
printBytes(name)
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("\n")
|
|
|
|
|
printChars(name)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
上面程序的输出为:
|
|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
48 65 6c 6c 6f 20 57 6f 72 6c 64
|
|
|
|
|
Hello World
|
|
|
|
|
53 65 c3 b1 6f 72
|
|
|
|
|
Señor
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## rune
|
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|
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|
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|
|
`rune` 是 Go 中的内置类型,它是 `int32` 的别名。在 Go 中,`rune` 表示一个 `Unicode` 码点。无论一个码点会被编码为多少个字节,它都可以表示为一个 `rune`。让我们修改上面的程序,使用 `rune` 来打印字符串中的字符。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
package main
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import (
|
|
|
|
|
"fmt"
|
|
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func printBytes(s string) {
|
|
|
|
|
for i:= 0; i < len(s); i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("%x ", s[i])
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func printChars(s string) {
|
|
|
|
|
runes := []rune(s)
|
|
|
|
|
for i:= 0; i < len(runes); i++ {
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("%c ",runes[i])
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func main() {
|
|
|
|
|
name := "Hello World"
|
|
|
|
|
printBytes(name)
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("\n")
|
|
|
|
|
printChars(name)
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("\n\n")
|
|
|
|
|
name = "Señor"
|
|
|
|
|
printBytes(name)
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("\n")
|
|
|
|
|
printChars(name)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在上面的程序中,第 14 行,字符串被转换为 `tune` 切片。然后我们遍历该切片并打印其中的字符。程序的输出如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
48 65 6c 6c 6f 20 57 6f 72 6c 64
|
|
|
|
|
Hello World
|
|
|
|
|
53 65 c3 b1 6f 72
|
|
|
|
|
Señor
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
上面的输出是正确的。这正是我们想要的结果。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 使用 range for 遍历字符串
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
上面的程序是遍历字符串中字符的一个正确方式。但是 Go 提供了一种更简单的方式来做到这一点:使用 `range` `for`。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
package main
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import (
|
|
|
|
|
"fmt"
|
|
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func printCharsAndBytes(s string) {
|
|
|
|
|
for index, rune := range s {
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("%c starts at byte %d\n", rune, index)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func main() {
|
|
|
|
|
name := "Señor"
|
|
|
|
|
printCharsAndBytes(name)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在上面的程序中,第 8 行通过使用 `range for` 遍历字符串。`range` 返回一个 `rune` (在 `byte` 数组中)的位置,以及 `rune` 本身。上面的程序输出为:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
S starts at byte 0
|
|
|
|
|
e starts at byte 1
|
|
|
|
|
ñ starts at byte 2
|
|
|
|
|
o starts at byte 4
|
|
|
|
|
r starts at byte 5
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
从上面的输出可以看到,ñ 占两个字节:)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 通过 `byte` 切片创建字符串
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
package main
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import (
|
|
|
|
|
"fmt"
|
|
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func main() {
|
|
|
|
|
byteSlice := []byte{0x43, 0x61, 0x66, 0xC3, 0xA9}
|
|
|
|
|
str := string(byteSlice)
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Println(str)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
在上面的程序中,`byteSlice` 是 `"Café"` 经过 `UTF-8` 编码后得到的切片(用 16 进制表示) 。上面的程序输出为:`Café`。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
如果我们换成对应的十进制数程序会正常工作吗?答案是:`Yes`。让我们测试一下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
package main
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import (
|
|
|
|
|
"fmt"
|
|
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func main() {
|
|
|
|
|
byteSlice := []byte{67, 97, 102, 195, 169} //decimal equivalent of {'\x43', '\x61', '\x66', '\xC3', '\xA9'}
|
|
|
|
|
str := string(byteSlice)
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Println(str)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
上面的程序同样输出:`Café`。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 通过 rune 切片创建字符串
|
|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
package main
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import (
|
|
|
|
|
"fmt"
|
|
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func main() {
|
|
|
|
|
runeSlice := []rune{0x0053, 0x0065, 0x00f1, 0x006f, 0x0072}
|
|
|
|
|
str := string(runeSlice)
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Println(str)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
在上面的程序中,`runeSlice` 包含了字符串 `"Señor"` 的 `Unicode` 码点(以 16 进制表示)。程序的输出为:`Señor`。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 字符串的长度
|
|
|
|
|
utf8 包 提供了 `func RuneCountInString(s string) (n int)` 来获取字符串的长度,该方法接受一个字符串作为参数,并返回该字符串中 `rune` 的数量。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(译者注: `RuneCountInString` 返回字符串中 `Unicode` 字符的个数,而 `len` 返回字符串中 `byte` 的个数,注意两者的区别。 )
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
package main
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import (
|
|
|
|
|
"fmt"
|
|
|
|
|
"unicode/utf8"
|
|
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func length(s string) {
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("length of %s is %d\n", s, utf8.RuneCountInString(s))
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
func main() {
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
word1 := "Señor"
|
|
|
|
|
length(word1)
|
|
|
|
|
word2 := "Pets"
|
|
|
|
|
length(word2)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
上面程序的输出为:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
length of Señor is 5
|
|
|
|
|
length of Pets is 4
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 字符串是不可变的
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在 Go 中字符串是不可变的。字符串一旦被创建就无法改变。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
package main
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import (
|
|
|
|
|
"fmt"
|
|
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func mutate(s string)string {
|
|
|
|
|
s[0] = 'a'//any valid unicode character within single quote is a rune
|
|
|
|
|
return s
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
func main() {
|
|
|
|
|
h := "hello"
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Println(mutate(h))
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
上面的程序中,第 8 行我们试图改变字符串的第一个字符为 `a`。因为字符串是不可变的,因此这是非法的,将会报错:`main.go:8: cannot assign to s[0]`。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**为了改变一个字符串中的字符,我们需要先把字符串转换为 `rune` 切片,然后修改切片中的内容,最后将这个切片转换回字符串**。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```golang
|
|
|
|
|
package main
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
import (
|
|
|
|
|
"fmt"
|
|
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
func mutate(s []rune) string {
|
|
|
|
|
s[0] = 'a'
|
|
|
|
|
return string(s)
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
func main() {
|
|
|
|
|
h := "hello"
|
|
|
|
|
fmt.Println(mutate([]rune(h)))
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在上面的程序中,第 7 行 `mutate` 函数接受一个 `rune` 切片作为参数。然后将该切片的第一个元素改为 `a`,最后再转换回字符串并返回。该函数在程序中的第 13 行被调用。`h` 被转换为一个 `rune` 切片传递给 `mutate`。程序的输出为:`aello`。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
字符串的介绍到此为止。感谢阅读。
|