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QR-Code-generator/python/qrcodegen.py

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#
# QR Code generator library (Python 2, 3)
#
# Copyright (c) Project Nayuki. (MIT License)
# https://www.nayuki.io/page/qr-code-generator-library
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
# this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
# the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
# use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
# the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
# subject to the following conditions:
# - The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
# - The Software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express or
# implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability,
# fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In no event shall the
# authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other
# liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from,
# out of or in connection with the Software or the use or other dealings in the
# Software.
#
import itertools, re, sys
"""
This module "qrcodegen", public members:
- Class QrCode:
- Function encode_text(str text, QrCode.Ecc ecl) -> QrCode
- Function encode_binary(bytes data, QrCode.Ecc ecl) -> QrCode
- Function encode_segments(list<QrSegment> segs, QrCode.Ecc ecl,
int minversion=1, int maxversion=40, mask=-1, boostecl=true) -> QrCode
- Constants int MIN_VERSION, MAX_VERSION
- Constructor QrCode(int version, QrCode.Ecc ecl, bytes datacodewords, int mask)
- Method get_version() -> int
- Method get_size() -> int
- Method get_error_correction_level() -> QrCode.Ecc
- Method get_mask() -> int
- Method get_module(int x, int y) -> bool
- Method to_svg_str(int border) -> str
- Enum Ecc:
- Constants LOW, MEDIUM, QUARTILE, HIGH
- Field int ordinal
- Class QrSegment:
- Function make_bytes(bytes data) -> QrSegment
- Function make_numeric(str digits) -> QrSegment
- Function make_alphanumeric(str text) -> QrSegment
- Function make_segments(str text) -> list<QrSegment>
- Function make_eci(int assignval) -> QrSegment
- Constructor QrSegment(QrSegment.Mode mode, int numch, list<int> bitdata)
- Method get_mode() -> QrSegment.Mode
- Method get_num_chars() -> int
- Method get_bits() -> list<int>
- Constants regex NUMERIC_REGEX, ALPHANUMERIC_REGEX
- Enum Mode:
- Constants NUMERIC, ALPHANUMERIC, BYTE, KANJI, ECI
"""
# ---- QR Code symbol class ----
class QrCode(object):
"""Represents an immutable square grid of black and white cells for a QR Code symbol, and
provides static functions to create a QR Code from user-supplied textual or binary data.
This class covers the QR Code Model 2 specification, supporting all versions (sizes)
from 1 to 40, all 4 error correction levels, and 4 character encoding modes."""
# ---- Static factory functions (high level) ----
@staticmethod
def encode_text(text, ecl):
"""Returns a QR Code symbol representing the given Unicode text string at the given error correction level.
As a conservative upper bound, this function is guaranteed to succeed for strings that have 738 or fewer
Unicode code points (not UTF-16 code units) if the low error correction level is used. The smallest possible
QR Code version is automatically chosen for the output. The ECC level of the result may be higher than the
ecl argument if it can be done without increasing the version."""
segs = QrSegment.make_segments(text)
return QrCode.encode_segments(segs, ecl)
@staticmethod
def encode_binary(data, ecl):
"""Returns a QR Code symbol representing the given binary data string at the given error correction level.
This function always encodes using the binary segment mode, not any text mode. The maximum number of
bytes allowed is 2953. The smallest possible QR Code version is automatically chosen for the output.
The ECC level of the result may be higher than the ecl argument if it can be done without increasing the version."""
if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray)):
raise TypeError("Byte string/list expected")
return QrCode.encode_segments([QrSegment.make_bytes(data)], ecl)
# ---- Static factory functions (mid level) ----
@staticmethod
def encode_segments(segs, ecl, minversion=1, maxversion=40, mask=-1, boostecl=True):
"""Returns a QR Code symbol representing the given segments with the given encoding parameters.
The smallest possible QR Code version within the given range is automatically chosen for the output.
This function allows the user to create a custom sequence of segments that switches
between modes (such as alphanumeric and binary) to encode text more efficiently.
This function is considered to be lower level than simply encoding text or binary data."""
if not (QrCode.MIN_VERSION <= minversion <= maxversion <= QrCode.MAX_VERSION) or not (-1 <= mask <= 7):
raise ValueError("Invalid value")
# Find the minimal version number to use
for version in range(minversion, maxversion + 1):
datacapacitybits = QrCode._get_num_data_codewords(version, ecl) * 8 # Number of data bits available
datausedbits = QrSegment.get_total_bits(segs, version)
if datausedbits is not None and datausedbits <= datacapacitybits:
break # This version number is found to be suitable
if version >= maxversion: # All versions in the range could not fit the given data
raise ValueError("Data too long")
if datausedbits is None:
raise AssertionError()
# Increase the error correction level while the data still fits in the current version number
for newecl in (QrCode.Ecc.MEDIUM, QrCode.Ecc.QUARTILE, QrCode.Ecc.HIGH): # From low to high
if boostecl and datausedbits <= QrCode._get_num_data_codewords(version, newecl) * 8:
ecl = newecl
# Concatenate all segments to create the data bit string
bb = _BitBuffer()
for seg in segs:
bb.append_bits(seg.get_mode().get_mode_bits(), 4)
bb.append_bits(seg.get_num_chars(), seg.get_mode().num_char_count_bits(version))
bb.extend(seg._bitdata)
assert len(bb) == datausedbits
# Add terminator and pad up to a byte if applicable
datacapacitybits = QrCode._get_num_data_codewords(version, ecl) * 8
assert len(bb) <= datacapacitybits
bb.append_bits(0, min(4, datacapacitybits - len(bb)))
bb.append_bits(0, -len(bb) % 8) # Note: Python's modulo on negative numbers behaves better than C family languages
assert len(bb) % 8 == 0
# Pad with alternating bytes until data capacity is reached
for padbyte in itertools.cycle((0xEC, 0x11)):
if len(bb) >= datacapacitybits:
break
bb.append_bits(padbyte, 8)
# Create the QR Code symbol
return QrCode(version, ecl, bb.get_bytes(), mask)
# ---- Constructor (low level) ----
def __init__(self, version, errcorlvl, datacodewords, mask):
"""Creates a new QR Code symbol with the given version number, error correction level, binary data array,
and mask number. mask = -1 is for automatic choice, or 0 to 7 for fixed choice. This is a cumbersome low-level constructor
that should not be invoked directly by the user. To go one level up, see the QrCode.encode_segments() function."""
# Check scalar arguments and set fields
if not (QrCode.MIN_VERSION <= version <= QrCode.MAX_VERSION):
raise ValueError("Version value out of range")
if not (-1 <= mask <= 7):
raise ValueError("Mask value out of range")
if not isinstance(errcorlvl, QrCode.Ecc):
raise TypeError("QrCode.Ecc expected")
self._version = version
self._size = version * 4 + 17
self._errcorlvl = errcorlvl
# Initialize both grids to be size*size arrays of Boolean false
# The modules of this QR Code symbol (False = white, True = black). Immutable after constructor finishes
self._modules = [[False] * self._size for _ in range(self._size)] # Initially all white
# Indicates function modules that are not subjected to masking. Discarded when constructor finishes
self._isfunction = [[False] * self._size for _ in range(self._size)]
# Compute ECC, draw modules
self._draw_function_patterns()
allcodewords = self._add_ecc_and_interleave(datacodewords)
self._draw_codewords(allcodewords)
# Do masking
if mask == -1: # Automatically choose best mask
minpenalty = 1 << 32
for i in range(8):
self._draw_format_bits(i)
self._apply_mask(i)
penalty = self._get_penalty_score()
if penalty < minpenalty:
mask = i
minpenalty = penalty
self._apply_mask(i) # Undoes the mask due to XOR
assert 0 <= mask <= 7
self._draw_format_bits(mask) # Overwrite old format bits
self._apply_mask(mask) # Apply the final choice of mask
self._mask = mask
del self._isfunction
# ---- Accessor methods ----
def get_version(self):
"""Returns this QR Code symbol's version number, which is always between 1 and 40 (inclusive)."""
return self._version
def get_size(self):
"""Returns the width and height of this QR Code symbol, measured in modules.
Always equal to version * 4 + 17, in the range 21 to 177."""
return self._size
def get_error_correction_level(self):
"""Returns the error correction level used in this QR Code symbol."""
return self._errcorlvl
def get_mask(self):
"""Returns the mask pattern used in this QR Code symbol, in the range 0 to 7 (i.e. unsigned 3-bit integer).
Note that even if a constructor was called with automatic masking requested
(mask = -1), the resulting object will still have a mask value between 0 and 7."""
return self._mask
def get_module(self, x, y):
"""Returns the color of the module (pixel) at the given coordinates, which is either
False for white or True for black. The top left corner has the coordinates (x=0, y=0).
If the given coordinates are out of bounds, then False (white) is returned."""
return (0 <= x < self._size) and (0 <= y < self._size) and self._modules[y][x]
# ---- Public instance methods ----
def to_svg_str(self, border):
"""Returns a string of SVG XML code representing an image of this QR Code symbol with the given
number of border modules. Note that Unix newlines (\n) are always used, regardless of the platform."""
if border < 0:
raise ValueError("Border must be non-negative")
parts = []
for y in range(self._size):
for x in range(self._size):
if self.get_module(x, y):
parts.append("M{},{}h1v1h-1z".format(x + border, y + border))
return """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 {0} {0}" stroke="none">
<rect width="100%" height="100%" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
<path d="{1}" fill="#000000"/>
</svg>
""".format(self._size + border * 2, " ".join(parts))
# ---- Private helper methods for constructor: Drawing function modules ----
def _draw_function_patterns(self):
"""Reads this object's version field, and draws and marks all function modules."""
# Draw horizontal and vertical timing patterns
for i in range(self._size):
self._set_function_module(6, i, i % 2 == 0)
self._set_function_module(i, 6, i % 2 == 0)
# Draw 3 finder patterns (all corners except bottom right; overwrites some timing modules)
self._draw_finder_pattern(3, 3)
self._draw_finder_pattern(self._size - 4, 3)
self._draw_finder_pattern(3, self._size - 4)
# Draw numerous alignment patterns
alignpatpos = self._get_alignment_pattern_positions()
numalign = len(alignpatpos)
skips = ((0, 0), (0, numalign - 1), (numalign - 1, 0))
for i in range(numalign):
for j in range(numalign):
if (i, j) not in skips: # Don't draw on the three finder corners
self._draw_alignment_pattern(alignpatpos[i], alignpatpos[j])
# Draw configuration data
self._draw_format_bits(0) # Dummy mask value; overwritten later in the constructor
self._draw_version()
def _draw_format_bits(self, mask):
"""Draws two copies of the format bits (with its own error correction code)
based on the given mask and this object's error correction level field."""
# Calculate error correction code and pack bits
data = self._errcorlvl.formatbits << 3 | mask # errCorrLvl is uint2, mask is uint3
rem = data
for _ in range(10):
rem = (rem << 1) ^ ((rem >> 9) * 0x537)
bits = (data << 10 | rem) ^ 0x5412 # uint15
assert bits >> 15 == 0
# Draw first copy
for i in range(0, 6):
self._set_function_module(8, i, _get_bit(bits, i))
self._set_function_module(8, 7, _get_bit(bits, 6))
self._set_function_module(8, 8, _get_bit(bits, 7))
self._set_function_module(7, 8, _get_bit(bits, 8))
for i in range(9, 15):
self._set_function_module(14 - i, 8, _get_bit(bits, i))
# Draw second copy
for i in range(0, 8):
self._set_function_module(self._size - 1 - i, 8, _get_bit(bits, i))
for i in range(8, 15):
self._set_function_module(8, self._size - 15 + i, _get_bit(bits, i))
self._set_function_module(8, self._size - 8, True) # Always black
def _draw_version(self):
"""Draws two copies of the version bits (with its own error correction code),
based on this object's version field, iff 7 <= version <= 40."""
if self._version < 7:
return
# Calculate error correction code and pack bits
rem = self._version # version is uint6, in the range [7, 40]
for _ in range(12):
rem = (rem << 1) ^ ((rem >> 11) * 0x1F25)
bits = self._version << 12 | rem # uint18
assert bits >> 18 == 0
# Draw two copies
for i in range(18):
bit = _get_bit(bits, i)
a = self._size - 11 + i % 3
b = i // 3
self._set_function_module(a, b, bit)
self._set_function_module(b, a, bit)
def _draw_finder_pattern(self, x, y):
"""Draws a 9*9 finder pattern including the border separator,
with the center module at (x, y). Modules can be out of bounds."""
for dy in range(-4, 5):
for dx in range(-4, 5):
xx, yy = x + dx, y + dy
if (0 <= xx < self._size) and (0 <= yy < self._size):
# Chebyshev/infinity norm
self._set_function_module(xx, yy, max(abs(dx), abs(dy)) not in (2, 4))
def _draw_alignment_pattern(self, x, y):
"""Draws a 5*5 alignment pattern, with the center module
at (x, y). All modules must be in bounds."""
for dy in range(-2, 3):
for dx in range(-2, 3):
self._set_function_module(x + dx, y + dy, max(abs(dx), abs(dy)) != 1)
def _set_function_module(self, x, y, isblack):
"""Sets the color of a module and marks it as a function module.
Only used by the constructor. Coordinates must be in bounds."""
assert type(isblack) is bool
self._modules[y][x] = isblack
self._isfunction[y][x] = True
# ---- Private helper methods for constructor: Codewords and masking ----
def _add_ecc_and_interleave(self, data):
"""Returns a new byte string representing the given data with the appropriate error correction
codewords appended to it, based on this object's version and error correction level."""
version = self._version
assert len(data) == QrCode._get_num_data_codewords(version, self._errcorlvl)
# Calculate parameter numbers
numblocks = QrCode._NUM_ERROR_CORRECTION_BLOCKS[self._errcorlvl.ordinal][version]
blockecclen = QrCode._ECC_CODEWORDS_PER_BLOCK [self._errcorlvl.ordinal][version]
rawcodewords = QrCode._get_num_raw_data_modules(version) // 8
numshortblocks = numblocks - rawcodewords % numblocks
shortblocklen = rawcodewords // numblocks
# Split data into blocks and append ECC to each block
blocks = []
rs = _ReedSolomonGenerator(blockecclen)
k = 0
for i in range(numblocks):
dat = data[k : k + shortblocklen - blockecclen + (0 if i < numshortblocks else 1)]
k += len(dat)
ecc = rs.get_remainder(dat)
if i < numshortblocks:
dat.append(0)
blocks.append(dat + ecc)
assert k == len(data)
# Interleave (not concatenate) the bytes from every block into a single sequence
result = []
for i in range(len(blocks[0])):
for (j, blk) in enumerate(blocks):
# Skip the padding byte in short blocks
if i != shortblocklen - blockecclen or j >= numshortblocks:
result.append(blk[i])
assert len(result) == rawcodewords
return result
def _draw_codewords(self, data):
"""Draws the given sequence of 8-bit codewords (data and error correction) onto the entire
data area of this QR Code symbol. Function modules need to be marked off before this is called."""
assert len(data) == QrCode._get_num_raw_data_modules(self._version) // 8
i = 0 # Bit index into the data
# Do the funny zigzag scan
for right in range(self._size - 1, 0, -2): # Index of right column in each column pair
if right <= 6:
right -= 1
for vert in range(self._size): # Vertical counter
for j in range(2):
x = right - j # Actual x coordinate
upward = (right + 1) & 2 == 0
y = (self._size - 1 - vert) if upward else vert # Actual y coordinate
if not self._isfunction[y][x] and i < len(data) * 8:
self._modules[y][x] = _get_bit(data[i >> 3], 7 - (i & 7))
i += 1
# If this QR Code has any remainder bits (0 to 7), they were assigned as
# 0/false/white by the constructor and are left unchanged by this method
assert i == len(data) * 8
def _apply_mask(self, mask):
"""XORs the codeword modules in this QR Code with the given mask pattern.
The function modules must be marked and the codeword bits must be drawn
before masking. Due to the arithmetic of XOR, calling applyMask() with
the same mask value a second time will undo the mask. A final well-formed
QR Code symbol needs exactly one (not zero, two, etc.) mask applied."""
if not (0 <= mask <= 7):
raise ValueError("Mask value out of range")
masker = QrCode._MASK_PATTERNS[mask]
for y in range(self._size):
for x in range(self._size):
self._modules[y][x] ^= (masker(x, y) == 0) and (not self._isfunction[y][x])
def _get_penalty_score(self):
"""Calculates and returns the penalty score based on state of this QR Code's current modules.
This is used by the automatic mask choice algorithm to find the mask pattern that yields the lowest score."""
result = 0
size = self._size
modules = self._modules
# Adjacent modules in row having same color
for y in range(size):
for x in range(size):
if x == 0 or modules[y][x] != colorx:
colorx = modules[y][x]
runx = 1
else:
runx += 1
if runx == 5:
result += QrCode._PENALTY_N1
elif runx > 5:
result += 1
# Adjacent modules in column having same color
for x in range(size):
for y in range(size):
if y == 0 or modules[y][x] != colory:
colory = modules[y][x]
runy = 1
else:
runy += 1
if runy == 5:
result += QrCode._PENALTY_N1
elif runy > 5:
result += 1
# 2*2 blocks of modules having same color
for y in range(size - 1):
for x in range(size - 1):
if modules[y][x] == modules[y][x + 1] == modules[y + 1][x] == modules[y + 1][x + 1]:
result += QrCode._PENALTY_N2
# Finder-like pattern in rows
for y in range(size):
bits = 0
for x in range(size):
bits = ((bits << 1) & 0x7FF) | (1 if modules[y][x] else 0)
if x >= 10 and bits in (0x05D, 0x5D0): # Needs 11 bits accumulated
result += QrCode._PENALTY_N3
# Finder-like pattern in columns
for x in range(size):
bits = 0
for y in range(size):
bits = ((bits << 1) & 0x7FF) | (1 if modules[y][x] else 0)
if y >= 10 and bits in (0x05D, 0x5D0): # Needs 11 bits accumulated
result += QrCode._PENALTY_N3
# Balance of black and white modules
black = sum((1 if cell else 0) for row in modules for cell in row)
total = size**2 # Note that size is odd, so black/total != 1/2
# Compute the smallest integer k >= 0 such that (45-5k)% <= black/total <= (55+5k)%
k = (abs(black * 20 - total * 10) + total - 1) // total - 1
result += k * QrCode._PENALTY_N4
return result
# ---- Private helper functions ----
def _get_alignment_pattern_positions(self):
"""Returns an ascending list of positions of alignment patterns for this version number.
Each position is in the range [0,177), and are used on both the x and y axes.
This could be implemented as lookup table of 40 variable-length lists of integers."""
ver = self._version
if ver == 1:
return []
else:
numalign = ver // 7 + 2
step = 26 if (ver == 32) else \
(ver*4 + numalign*2 + 1) // (numalign*2 - 2) * 2
result = [(self._size - 7 - i * step) for i in range(numalign - 1)] + [6]
return list(reversed(result))
@staticmethod
def _get_num_raw_data_modules(ver):
"""Returns the number of data bits that can be stored in a QR Code of the given version number, after
all function modules are excluded. This includes remainder bits, so it might not be a multiple of 8.
The result is in the range [208, 29648]. This could be implemented as a 40-entry lookup table."""
if not (QrCode.MIN_VERSION <= ver <= QrCode.MAX_VERSION):
raise ValueError("Version number out of range")
result = (16 * ver + 128) * ver + 64
if ver >= 2:
numalign = ver // 7 + 2
result -= (25 * numalign - 10) * numalign - 55
if ver >= 7:
result -= 36
return result
@staticmethod
def _get_num_data_codewords(ver, ecl):
"""Returns the number of 8-bit data (i.e. not error correction) codewords contained in any
QR Code of the given version number and error correction level, with remainder bits discarded.
This stateless pure function could be implemented as a (40*4)-cell lookup table."""
return QrCode._get_num_raw_data_modules(ver) // 8 \
- QrCode._ECC_CODEWORDS_PER_BLOCK [ecl.ordinal][ver] \
* QrCode._NUM_ERROR_CORRECTION_BLOCKS[ecl.ordinal][ver]
# ---- Constants and tables ----
MIN_VERSION = 1
MAX_VERSION = 40
# For use in getPenaltyScore(), when evaluating which mask is best.
_PENALTY_N1 = 3
_PENALTY_N2 = 3
_PENALTY_N3 = 40
_PENALTY_N4 = 10
_ECC_CODEWORDS_PER_BLOCK = (
# Version: (note that index 0 is for padding, and is set to an illegal value)
# 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 Error correction level
(None, 7, 10, 15, 20, 26, 18, 20, 24, 30, 18, 20, 24, 26, 30, 22, 24, 28, 30, 28, 28, 28, 28, 30, 30, 26, 28, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30), # Low
(None, 10, 16, 26, 18, 24, 16, 18, 22, 22, 26, 30, 22, 22, 24, 24, 28, 28, 26, 26, 26, 26, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28), # Medium
(None, 13, 22, 18, 26, 18, 24, 18, 22, 20, 24, 28, 26, 24, 20, 30, 24, 28, 28, 26, 30, 28, 30, 30, 30, 30, 28, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30), # Quartile
(None, 17, 28, 22, 16, 22, 28, 26, 26, 24, 28, 24, 28, 22, 24, 24, 30, 28, 28, 26, 28, 30, 24, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30)) # High
_NUM_ERROR_CORRECTION_BLOCKS = (
# Version: (note that index 0 is for padding, and is set to an illegal value)
# 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 Error correction level
(None, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25), # Low
(None, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 49), # Medium
(None, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 10, 12, 16, 12, 17, 16, 18, 21, 20, 23, 23, 25, 27, 29, 34, 34, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 48, 51, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68), # Quartile
(None, 1, 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8, 11, 11, 16, 16, 18, 16, 19, 21, 25, 25, 25, 34, 30, 32, 35, 37, 40, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 70, 74, 77, 81)) # High
_MASK_PATTERNS = (
(lambda x, y: (x + y) % 2 ),
(lambda x, y: y % 2 ),
(lambda x, y: x % 3 ),
(lambda x, y: (x + y) % 3 ),
(lambda x, y: (x // 3 + y // 2) % 2 ),
(lambda x, y: x * y % 2 + x * y % 3 ),
(lambda x, y: (x * y % 2 + x * y % 3) % 2 ),
(lambda x, y: ((x + y) % 2 + x * y % 3) % 2),
)
# ---- Public helper enumeration ----
class Ecc(object):
"""The error correction level in a QR Code symbol. Immutable."""
# Private constructor
def __init__(self, i, fb):
self.ordinal = i # (Public) In the range 0 to 3 (unsigned 2-bit integer)
self.formatbits = fb # (Package-private) In the range 0 to 3 (unsigned 2-bit integer)
# Public constants. Create them outside the class.
Ecc.LOW = Ecc(0, 1) # The QR Code can tolerate about 7% erroneous codewords
Ecc.MEDIUM = Ecc(1, 0) # The QR Code can tolerate about 15% erroneous codewords
Ecc.QUARTILE = Ecc(2, 3) # The QR Code can tolerate about 25% erroneous codewords
Ecc.HIGH = Ecc(3, 2) # The QR Code can tolerate about 30% erroneous codewords
# ---- Data segment class ----
class QrSegment(object):
"""Represents a segment of character data, binary data, or control data
to be put into a QR Code symbol. Instances of this class are immutable.
This segment class imposes no length restrictions, but QR Codes have restrictions.
Even in the most favorable conditions, a QR Code can only hold 7089 characters of data.
Any segment longer than this is meaningless for the purpose of generating QR Codes."""
# ---- Static factory functions (mid level) ----
@staticmethod
def make_bytes(data):
"""Returns a segment representing the given binary data encoded in byte mode."""
py3 = sys.version_info.major >= 3
if (py3 and isinstance(data, str)) or (not py3 and isinstance(data, unicode)):
raise TypeError("Byte string/list expected")
if not py3 and isinstance(data, str):
data = bytearray(data)
bb = _BitBuffer()
for b in data:
bb.append_bits(b, 8)
return QrSegment(QrSegment.Mode.BYTE, len(data), bb)
@staticmethod
def make_numeric(digits):
"""Returns a segment representing the given string of decimal digits encoded in numeric mode."""
if QrSegment.NUMERIC_REGEX.match(digits) is None:
raise ValueError("String contains non-numeric characters")
bb = _BitBuffer()
i = 0
while i < len(digits): # Consume up to 3 digits per iteration
n = min(len(digits) - i, 3)
bb.append_bits(int(digits[i : i + n]), n * 3 + 1)
i += n
return QrSegment(QrSegment.Mode.NUMERIC, len(digits), bb)
@staticmethod
def make_alphanumeric(text):
"""Returns a segment representing the given text string encoded in alphanumeric mode.
The characters allowed are: 0 to 9, A to Z (uppercase only), space,
dollar, percent, asterisk, plus, hyphen, period, slash, colon."""
if QrSegment.ALPHANUMERIC_REGEX.match(text) is None:
raise ValueError("String contains unencodable characters in alphanumeric mode")
bb = _BitBuffer()
for i in range(0, len(text) - 1, 2): # Process groups of 2
temp = QrSegment._ALPHANUMERIC_ENCODING_TABLE[text[i]] * 45
temp += QrSegment._ALPHANUMERIC_ENCODING_TABLE[text[i + 1]]
bb.append_bits(temp, 11)
if len(text) % 2 > 0: # 1 character remaining
bb.append_bits(QrSegment._ALPHANUMERIC_ENCODING_TABLE[text[-1]], 6)
return QrSegment(QrSegment.Mode.ALPHANUMERIC, len(text), bb)
@staticmethod
def make_segments(text):
"""Returns a new mutable list of zero or more segments to represent the given Unicode text string.
The result may use various segment modes and switch modes to optimize the length of the bit stream."""
if not (isinstance(text, str) or (sys.version_info.major < 3 and isinstance(text, unicode))):
raise TypeError("Text string expected")
# Select the most efficient segment encoding automatically
if text == "":
return []
elif QrSegment.NUMERIC_REGEX.match(text) is not None:
return [QrSegment.make_numeric(text)]
elif QrSegment.ALPHANUMERIC_REGEX.match(text) is not None:
return [QrSegment.make_alphanumeric(text)]
else:
return [QrSegment.make_bytes(text.encode("UTF-8"))]
@staticmethod
def make_eci(assignval):
"""Returns a segment representing an Extended Channel Interpretation
(ECI) designator with the given assignment value."""
bb = _BitBuffer()
if assignval < 0:
raise ValueError("ECI assignment value out of range")
elif assignval < (1 << 7):
bb.append_bits(assignval, 8)
elif assignval < (1 << 14):
bb.append_bits(2, 2)
bb.append_bits(assignval, 14)
elif assignval < 1000000:
bb.append_bits(6, 3)
bb.append_bits(assignval, 21)
else:
raise ValueError("ECI assignment value out of range")
return QrSegment(QrSegment.Mode.ECI, 0, bb)
# ---- Constructor (low level) ----
def __init__(self, mode, numch, bitdata):
"""Creates a new QR Code segment with the given parameters and data.
The character count (numch) must agree with the mode and the bit buffer length,
but the constraint isn't checked. The given bit buffer is cloned and stored."""
if not isinstance(mode, QrSegment.Mode):
raise TypeError("QrSegment.Mode expected")
if numch < 0:
raise ValueError()
# The mode indicator for this segment.
self._mode = mode
# The length of this segment's unencoded data, measured in characters for
# numeric/alphanumeric/kanji mode, bytes for byte mode, and 0 for ECI mode.
# Always zero or positive.
self._numchars = numch
# The data bits of this segment. Accessed through get_bits().
self._bitdata = list(bitdata) # Make defensive copy
# ---- Accessor methods ----
def get_mode(self):
return self._mode
def get_num_chars(self):
return self._numchars
def get_bits(self):
return list(self._bitdata) # Make defensive copy
# Package-private function
@staticmethod
def get_total_bits(segs, version):
"""Calculates the number of bits needed to encode the given segments at
the given version. Returns a non-negative number if successful. Otherwise
returns None if a segment has too many characters to fit its length field."""
result = 0
for seg in segs:
ccbits = seg.get_mode().num_char_count_bits(version)
if seg.get_num_chars() >= (1 << ccbits):
return None # The segment's length doesn't fit the field's bit width
result += 4 + ccbits + len(seg._bitdata)
return result
# ---- Constants ----
# (Public) Can test whether a string is encodable in numeric mode (such as by using make_numeric())
NUMERIC_REGEX = re.compile(r"[0-9]*\Z")
# (Public) Can test whether a string is encodable in alphanumeric mode (such as by using make_alphanumeric())
ALPHANUMERIC_REGEX = re.compile(r"[A-Z0-9 $%*+./:-]*\Z")
# (Private) Dictionary of "0"->0, "A"->10, "$"->37, etc.
_ALPHANUMERIC_ENCODING_TABLE = {ch: i for (i, ch) in enumerate("0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ $%*+-./:")}
# ---- Public helper enumeration ----
class Mode(object):
"""Describes how a segment's data bits are interpreted. Immutable."""
# Private constructor
def __init__(self, modebits, charcounts):
self._modebits = modebits # The mode indicator bits, which is a uint4 value (range 0 to 15)
self._charcounts = charcounts # Number of character count bits for three different version ranges
# Package-private method
def get_mode_bits(self):
"""Returns an unsigned 4-bit integer value (range 0 to 15) representing the mode indicator bits for this mode object."""
return self._modebits
# Package-private method
def num_char_count_bits(self, ver):
"""Returns the bit width of the character count field for a segment in this mode
in a QR Code at the given version number. The result is in the range [0, 16]."""
return self._charcounts[(ver + 7) // 17]
# Public constants. Create them outside the class.
Mode.NUMERIC = Mode(0x1, (10, 12, 14))
Mode.ALPHANUMERIC = Mode(0x2, ( 9, 11, 13))
Mode.BYTE = Mode(0x4, ( 8, 16, 16))
Mode.KANJI = Mode(0x8, ( 8, 10, 12))
Mode.ECI = Mode(0x7, ( 0, 0, 0))
# ---- Private helper classes ----
class _ReedSolomonGenerator(object):
"""Computes the Reed-Solomon error correction codewords for a sequence of data codewords
at a given degree. Objects are immutable, and the state only depends on the degree.
This class exists because each data block in a QR Code shares the same the divisor polynomial."""
def __init__(self, degree):
"""Creates a Reed-Solomon ECC generator for the given degree. This could be implemented
as a lookup table over all possible parameter values, instead of as an algorithm."""
if degree < 1 or degree > 255:
raise ValueError("Degree out of range")
# Start with the monomial x^0
self.coefficients = [0] * (degree - 1) + [1]
# Compute the product polynomial (x - r^0) * (x - r^1) * (x - r^2) * ... * (x - r^{degree-1}),
# drop the highest term, and store the rest of the coefficients in order of descending powers.
# Note that r = 0x02, which is a generator element of this field GF(2^8/0x11D).
root = 1
for _ in range(degree): # Unused variable i
# Multiply the current product by (x - r^i)
for j in range(degree):
self.coefficients[j] = _ReedSolomonGenerator._multiply(self.coefficients[j], root)
if j + 1 < degree:
self.coefficients[j] ^= self.coefficients[j + 1]
root = _ReedSolomonGenerator._multiply(root, 0x02)
def get_remainder(self, data):
"""Computes and returns the Reed-Solomon error correction codewords for the given
sequence of data codewords. The returned object is always a new byte list.
This method does not alter this object's state (because it is immutable)."""
# Compute the remainder by performing polynomial division
result = [0] * len(self.coefficients)
for b in data:
factor = b ^ result.pop(0)
result.append(0)
for i in range(len(result)):
result[i] ^= _ReedSolomonGenerator._multiply(self.coefficients[i], factor)
return result
@staticmethod
def _multiply(x, y):
"""Returns the product of the two given field elements modulo GF(2^8/0x11D). The arguments and result
are unsigned 8-bit integers. This could be implemented as a lookup table of 256*256 entries of uint8."""
if x >> 8 != 0 or y >> 8 != 0:
raise ValueError("Byte out of range")
# Russian peasant multiplication
z = 0
for i in reversed(range(8)):
z = (z << 1) ^ ((z >> 7) * 0x11D)
z ^= ((y >> i) & 1) * x
assert z >> 8 == 0
return z
class _BitBuffer(list):
"""An appendable sequence of bits (0s and 1s). Mainly used by QrSegment."""
def get_bytes(self):
"""Returns a new list representing this buffer's bits packed into bytes in big endian. If the
bit length isn't a multiple of 8, then the remaining bits of the final byte are all '0'."""
result = [0] * ((len(self) + 7) // 8)
for (i, bit) in enumerate(self):
result[i >> 3] |= bit << (7 - (i & 7))
return result
def append_bits(self, val, n):
"""Appends the given number of low-order bits of the given
value to this buffer. Requires n >= 0 and 0 <= val < 2^n."""
if n < 0 or val >> n != 0:
raise ValueError("Value out of range")
self.extend(((val >> i) & 1) for i in reversed(range(n)))
def _get_bit(x, i):
"""Returns true iff the i'th bit of x is set to 1."""
return (x >> i) & 1 != 0
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