# Copyright (c) 2021 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved. # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. from typing import List from typing import Tuple import jieba from pypinyin import lazy_pinyin from pypinyin import Style class ToneSandhi(): def __init__(self): self.must_neural_tone_words = { '麻烦', '麻利', '鸳鸯', '高粱', '骨头', '骆驼', '马虎', '首饰', '馒头', '馄饨', '风筝', '难为', '队伍', '阔气', '闺女', '门道', '锄头', '铺盖', '铃铛', '铁匠', '钥匙', '里脊', '里头', '部分', '那么', '道士', '造化', '迷糊', '连累', '这么', '这个', '运气', '过去', '软和', '转悠', '踏实', '跳蚤', '跟头', '趔趄', '财主', '豆腐', '讲究', '记性', '记号', '认识', '规矩', '见识', '裁缝', '补丁', '衣裳', '衣服', '衙门', '街坊', '行李', '行当', '蛤蟆', '蘑菇', '薄荷', '葫芦', '葡萄', '萝卜', '荸荠', '苗条', '苗头', '苍蝇', '芝麻', '舒服', '舒坦', '舌头', '自在', '膏药', '脾气', '脑袋', '脊梁', '能耐', '胳膊', '胭脂', '胡萝', '胡琴', '胡同', '聪明', '耽误', '耽搁', '耷拉', '耳朵', '老爷', '老实', '老婆', '老头', '老太', '翻腾', '罗嗦', '罐头', '编辑', '结实', '红火', '累赘', '糨糊', '糊涂', '精神', '粮食', '簸箕', '篱笆', '算计', '算盘', '答应', '笤帚', '笑语', '笑话', '窟窿', '窝囊', '窗户', '稳当', '稀罕', '称呼', '秧歌', '秀气', '秀才', '福气', '祖宗', '砚台', '码头', '石榴', '石头', '石匠', '知识', '眼睛', '眯缝', '眨巴', '眉毛', '相声', '盘算', '白净', '痢疾', '痛快', '疟疾', '疙瘩', '疏忽', '畜生', '生意', '甘蔗', '琵琶', '琢磨', '琉璃', '玻璃', '玫瑰', '玄乎', '狐狸', '状元', '特务', '牲口', '牙碜', '牌楼', '爽快', '爱人', '热闹', '烧饼', '烟筒', '烂糊', '点心', '炊帚', '灯笼', '火候', '漂亮', '滑溜', '溜达', '温和', '清楚', '消息', '浪头', '活泼', '比方', '正经', '欺负', '模糊', '槟榔', '棺材', '棒槌', '棉花', '核桃', '栅栏', '柴火', '架势', '枕头', '枇杷', '机灵', '本事', '木头', '木匠', '朋友', '月饼', '月亮', '暖和', '明白', '时候', '新鲜', '故事', '收拾', '收成', '提防', '挖苦', '挑剔', '指甲', '指头', '拾掇', '拳头', '拨弄', '招牌', '招呼', '抬举', '护士', '折腾', '扫帚', '打量', '打算', '打扮', '打听', '打发', '扎实', '扁担', '戒指', '懒得', '意识', '意思', '情形', '悟性', '怪物', '思量', '怎么', '念头', '念叨', '快活', '忙活', '志气', '心思', '得罪', '张罗', '弟兄', '开通', '应酬', '庄稼', '干事', '帮手', '帐篷', '希罕', '师父', '师傅', '巴结', '巴掌', '差事', '工夫', '岁数', '屁股', '尾巴', '少爷', '小气', '小伙', '将就', '对头', '对付', '寡妇', '家伙', '客气', '实在', '官司', '学问', '字号', '嫁妆', '媳妇', '媒人', '婆家', '娘家', '委屈', '姑娘', '姐夫', '妯娌', '妥当', '妖精', '奴才', '女婿', '头发', '太阳', '大爷', '大方', '大意', '大夫', '多少', '多么', '外甥', '壮实', '地道', '地方', '在乎', '困难', '嘴巴', '嘱咐', '嘟囔', '嘀咕', '喜欢', '喇嘛', '喇叭', '商量', '唾沫', '哑巴', '哈欠', '哆嗦', '咳嗽', '和尚', '告诉', '告示', '含糊', '吓唬', '后头', '名字', '名堂', '合同', '吆喝', '叫唤', '口袋', '厚道', '厉害', '千斤', '包袱', '包涵', '匀称', '勤快', '动静', '动弹', '功夫', '力气', '前头', '刺猬', '刺激', '别扭', '利落', '利索', '利害', '分析', '出息', '凑合', '凉快', '冷战', '冤枉', '冒失', '养活', '关系', '先生', '兄弟', '便宜', '使唤', '佩服', '作坊', '体面', '位置', '似的', '伙计', '休息', '什么', '人家', '亲戚', '亲家', '交情', '云彩', '事情', '买卖', '主意', '丫头', '丧气', '两口', '东西', '东家', '世故', '不由', '下水', '下巴', '上头', '上司', '丈夫', '丈人', '一辈', '那个', '菩萨', '父亲', '母亲', '咕噜', '邋遢', '费用', '冤家', '甜头', '介绍', '荒唐', '大人', '泥鳅', '幸福', '熟悉', '计划', '扑腾', '蜡烛', '姥爷', '照顾', '喉咙', '吉他', '弄堂', '蚂蚱', '凤凰', '拖沓', '寒碜', '糟蹋', '倒腾', '报复', '逻辑', '盘缠', '喽啰', '牢骚', '咖喱', '扫把', '惦记', '戏弄', '将军', '别人' } self.must_not_neural_tone_words = { '男子', '女子', '分子', '原子', '量子', '莲子', '石子', '瓜子', '电子', '人人', '虎虎', '幺幺', '干嘛', '学子', '哈哈', '数数', '袅袅', '局地', '以下', '娃哈哈', '花花草草', '留得', '耕地', '想想', '熙熙', '攘攘', '卵子', '死死', '冉冉', '恳恳', '佼佼', '吵吵', '打打', '考考', '整整', '莘莘' } self.punc = "：，；。？！“”‘’':,;.?!" # the meaning of jieba pos tag: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44174352/article/details/113731041 # e.g. # word: "家里" # pos: "s" # finals: ['ia1', 'i3'] def _neural_sandhi(self, word: str, pos: str, finals: List[str]) -> List[str]: if word in self.must_not_neural_tone_words: return finals # reduplication words for n. and v. e.g. 奶奶, 试试, 旺旺 for j, item in enumerate(word): if j - 1 >= 0 and item == word[j - 1] and pos[0] in {"n", "v", "a"}: finals[j] = finals[j][:-1] + "5" ge_idx = word.find("个") if len(word) >= 1 and word[-1] in "吧呢啊呐噻嘛吖嗨呐哦哒额滴哩哟喽啰耶喔诶": finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5" elif len(word) >= 1 and word[-1] in "的地得": finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5" # e.g. 走了, 看着, 去过 elif len(word) == 1 and word in "了着过" and pos in {"ul", "uz", "ug"}: finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5" elif len(word) > 1 and word[-1] in "们子" and pos in {"r", "n"}: finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5" # e.g. 桌上, 地下 elif len(word) > 1 and word[-1] in "上下" and pos in {"s", "l", "f"}: finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5" # e.g. 上来, 下去 elif len(word) > 1 and word[-1] in "来去" and word[-2] in "上下进出回过起开": finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5" # 个做量词 elif (ge_idx >= 1 and (word[ge_idx - 1].isnumeric() or word[ge_idx - 1] in "几有两半多各整每做是")) or word == '个': finals[ge_idx] = finals[ge_idx][:-1] + "5" else: if word in self.must_neural_tone_words or word[ -2:] in self.must_neural_tone_words: finals[-1] = finals[-1][:-1] + "5" word_list = self._split_word(word) finals_list = [finals[:len(word_list[0])], finals[len(word_list[0]):]] for i, word in enumerate(word_list): # conventional neural in Chinese if word in self.must_neural_tone_words or word[ -2:] in self.must_neural_tone_words: finals_list[i][-1] = finals_list[i][-1][:-1] + "5" finals = sum(finals_list, []) return finals def _bu_sandhi(self, word: str, finals: List[str]) -> List[str]: # e.g. 看不懂 if len(word) == 3 and word[1] == "不": finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "5" else: for i, char in enumerate(word): # "不" before tone4 should be bu2, e.g. 不怕 if char == "不" and i + 1 < len(word) and finals[i + 1][-1] == "4": finals[i] = finals[i][:-1] + "2" return finals def _yi_sandhi(self, word: str, finals: List[str]) -> List[str]: # "一" in number sequences, e.g. 一零零, 二一零 if word.find("一") != -1 and all( [item.isnumeric() for item in word if item != "一"]): return finals # "一" between reduplication words shold be yi5, e.g. 看一看 elif len(word) == 3 and word[1] == "一" and word[0] == word[-1]: finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "5" # when "一" is ordinal word, it should be yi1 elif word.startswith("第一"): finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "1" else: for i, char in enumerate(word): if char == "一" and i + 1 < len(word): # "一" before tone4 should be yi2, e.g. 一段 if finals[i + 1][-1] in {'4', '5'}: finals[i] = finals[i][:-1] + "2" # "一" before non-tone4 should be yi4, e.g. 一天 else: # "一" 后面如果是标点，还读一声 if word[i + 1] not in self.punc: finals[i] = finals[i][:-1] + "4" return finals def _split_word(self, word: str) -> List[str]: word_list = jieba.cut_for_search(word) word_list = sorted(word_list, key=lambda i: len(i), reverse=False) first_subword = word_list[0] first_begin_idx = word.find(first_subword) if first_begin_idx == 0: second_subword = word[len(first_subword):] new_word_list = [first_subword, second_subword] else: second_subword = word[:-len(first_subword)] new_word_list = [second_subword, first_subword] return new_word_list def _three_sandhi(self, word: str, finals: List[str]) -> List[str]: if len(word) == 2 and self._all_tone_three(finals): finals[0] = finals[0][:-1] + "2" elif len(word) == 3: word_list = self._split_word(word) if self._all_tone_three(finals): # disyllabic + monosyllabic, e.g. 蒙古/包 if len(word_list[0]) == 2: finals[0] = finals[0][:-1] + "2" finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "2" # monosyllabic + disyllabic, e.g. 纸/老虎 elif len(word_list[0]) == 1: finals[1] = finals[1][:-1] + "2" else: finals_list = [ finals[:len(word_list[0])], finals[len(word_list[0]):] ] if len(finals_list) == 2: for i, sub in enumerate(finals_list): # e.g. 所有/人 if self._all_tone_three(sub) and len(sub) == 2: finals_list[i][0] = finals_list[i][0][:-1] + "2" # e.g. 好/喜欢 elif i == 1 and not self._all_tone_three(sub) and finals_list[i][0][-1] == "3" and \ finals_list[0][-1][-1] == "3": finals_list[0][-1] = finals_list[0][-1][:-1] + "2" finals = sum(finals_list, []) # split idiom into two words who's length is 2 elif len(word) == 4: finals_list = [finals[:2], finals[2:]] finals = [] for sub in finals_list: if self._all_tone_three(sub): sub[0] = sub[0][:-1] + "2" finals += sub return finals def _all_tone_three(self, finals: List[str]) -> bool: return all(x[-1] == "3" for x in finals) # merge "不" and the word behind it # if don't merge, "不" sometimes appears alone according to jieba, which may occur sandhi error def _merge_bu(self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]: new_seg = [] last_word = "" for word, pos in seg: if last_word == "不": word = last_word + word if word != "不": new_seg.append((word, pos)) last_word = word[:] if last_word == "不": new_seg.append((last_word, 'd')) last_word = "" return new_seg # function 1: merge "一" and reduplication words in it's left and right, e.g. "听","一","听" ->"听一听" # function 2: merge single "一" and the word behind it # if don't merge, "一" sometimes appears alone according to jieba, which may occur sandhi error # e.g. # input seg: [('听', 'v'), ('一', 'm'), ('听', 'v')] # output seg: [['听一听', 'v']] def _merge_yi(self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]: new_seg = [] # function 1 for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg): if i - 1 >= 0 and word == "一" and i + 1 < len(seg) and seg[i - 1][ 0] == seg[i + 1][0] and seg[i - 1][1] == "v": if i - 1 < len(new_seg): new_seg[i - 1][0] = new_seg[i - 1][0] + "一" + new_seg[i - 1][0] else: new_seg.append([word, pos]) new_seg.append([seg[i + 1][0], pos]) else: if i - 2 >= 0 and seg[i - 1][0] == "一" and seg[i - 2][ 0] == word and pos == "v": continue else: new_seg.append([word, pos]) seg = new_seg new_seg = [] # function 2 for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg): if new_seg and new_seg[-1][0] == "一": new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + word else: new_seg.append([word, pos]) return new_seg # the first and the second words are all_tone_three def _merge_continuous_three_tones( self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]: new_seg = [] sub_finals_list = [ lazy_pinyin( word, neutral_tone_with_five=True, style=Style.FINALS_TONE3) for (word, pos) in seg ] assert len(sub_finals_list) == len(seg) merge_last = [False] * len(seg) for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg): if i - 1 >= 0 and self._all_tone_three( sub_finals_list[i - 1]) and self._all_tone_three( sub_finals_list[i]) and not merge_last[i - 1]: # if the last word is reduplication, not merge, because reduplication need to be _neural_sandhi if not self._is_reduplication(seg[i - 1][0]) and len( seg[i - 1][0]) + len(seg[i][0]) <= 3: new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + seg[i][0] merge_last[i] = True else: new_seg.append([word, pos]) else: new_seg.append([word, pos]) return new_seg def _is_reduplication(self, word: str) -> bool: return len(word) == 2 and word[0] == word[1] # the last char of first word and the first char of second word is tone_three def _merge_continuous_three_tones_2( self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]: new_seg = [] sub_finals_list = [ lazy_pinyin( word, neutral_tone_with_five=True, style=Style.FINALS_TONE3) for (word, pos) in seg ] assert len(sub_finals_list) == len(seg) merge_last = [False] * len(seg) for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg): if i - 1 >= 0 and sub_finals_list[i - 1][-1][-1] == "3" and sub_finals_list[i][0][-1] == "3" and not \ merge_last[i - 1]: # if the last word is reduplication, not merge, because reduplication need to be _neural_sandhi if not self._is_reduplication(seg[i - 1][0]) and len( seg[i - 1][0]) + len(seg[i][0]) <= 3: new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + seg[i][0] merge_last[i] = True else: new_seg.append([word, pos]) else: new_seg.append([word, pos]) return new_seg def _merge_er(self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]: new_seg = [] for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg): if i - 1 >= 0 and word == "儿": new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + seg[i][0] else: new_seg.append([word, pos]) return new_seg def _merge_reduplication( self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]: new_seg = [] for i, (word, pos) in enumerate(seg): if new_seg and word == new_seg[-1][0]: new_seg[-1][0] = new_seg[-1][0] + seg[i][0] else: new_seg.append([word, pos]) return new_seg def pre_merge_for_modify( self, seg: List[Tuple[str, str]]) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]: seg = self._merge_bu(seg) seg = self._merge_yi(seg) seg = self._merge_reduplication(seg) seg = self._merge_continuous_three_tones(seg) seg = self._merge_continuous_three_tones_2(seg) seg = self._merge_er(seg) return seg def modified_tone(self, word: str, pos: str, finals: List[str]) -> List[str]: finals = self._bu_sandhi(word, finals) finals = self._yi_sandhi(word, finals) finals = self._neural_sandhi(word, pos, finals) finals = self._three_sandhi(word, finals) return finals