PaddleSpeech/deepspeech/models/u2.py

# Copyright (c) 2021 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
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"""U2 ASR Model
Unified Streaming and Non-streaming Two-pass End-to-end Model for Speech Recognition 
(https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.05481.pdf)
"""
import sys
import time
from collections import defaultdict
from typing import Dict
from typing import List
from typing import Optional
from typing import Tuple

import paddle
from paddle import jit
from paddle import nn
from yacs.config import CfgNode

from deepspeech.frontend.utility import IGNORE_ID
from deepspeech.frontend.utility import load_cmvn
from deepspeech.modules.cmvn import GlobalCMVN
from deepspeech.modules.ctc import CTCDecoder
from deepspeech.modules.decoder import TransformerDecoder
from deepspeech.modules.encoder import ConformerEncoder
from deepspeech.modules.encoder import TransformerEncoder
from deepspeech.modules.loss import LabelSmoothingLoss
from deepspeech.modules.mask import make_pad_mask
from deepspeech.modules.mask import mask_finished_preds
from deepspeech.modules.mask import mask_finished_scores
from deepspeech.modules.mask import subsequent_mask
from deepspeech.utils import checkpoint
from deepspeech.utils import layer_tools
from deepspeech.utils.ctc_utils import remove_duplicates_and_blank
from deepspeech.utils.log import Log
from deepspeech.utils.tensor_utils import add_sos_eos
from deepspeech.utils.tensor_utils import pad_sequence
from deepspeech.utils.tensor_utils import th_accuracy
from deepspeech.utils.utility import log_add

__all__ = ["U2Model", "U2InferModel"]

logger = Log(__name__).getlog()


class U2BaseModel(nn.Module):
    """CTC-Attention hybrid Encoder-Decoder model"""

    @classmethod
    def params(cls, config: Optional[CfgNode]=None) -> CfgNode:
        # network architecture
        default = CfgNode()
        # allow add new item when merge_with_file
        default.cmvn_file = ""
        default.cmvn_file_type = "json"
        default.input_dim = 0
        default.output_dim = 0
        # encoder related
        default.encoder = 'transformer'
        default.encoder_conf = CfgNode(
            dict(
                output_size=256,  # dimension of attention
                attention_heads=4,
                linear_units=2048,  # the number of units of position-wise feed forward
                num_blocks=12,  # the number of encoder blocks
                dropout_rate=0.1,
                positional_dropout_rate=0.1,
                attention_dropout_rate=0.0,
                input_layer='conv2d',  # encoder input type, you can chose conv2d, conv2d6 and conv2d8
                normalize_before=True,
                # use_cnn_module=True,
                # cnn_module_kernel=15,
                # activation_type='swish',
                # pos_enc_layer_type='rel_pos',
                # selfattention_layer_type='rel_selfattn', 
            ))
        # decoder related
        default.decoder = 'transformer'
        default.decoder_conf = CfgNode(
            dict(
                attention_heads=4,
                linear_units=2048,
                num_blocks=6,
                dropout_rate=0.1,
                positional_dropout_rate=0.1,
                self_attention_dropout_rate=0.0,
                src_attention_dropout_rate=0.0, ))
        # hybrid CTC/attention
        default.model_conf = CfgNode(
            dict(
                ctc_weight=0.3,
                lsm_weight=0.1,  # label smoothing option
                length_normalized_loss=False, ))

        if config is not None:
            config.merge_from_other_cfg(default)
        return default

    def __init__(self,
                 vocab_size: int,
                 encoder: TransformerEncoder,
                 decoder: TransformerDecoder,
                 ctc: CTCDecoder,
                 ctc_weight: float=0.5,
                 ignore_id: int=IGNORE_ID,
                 lsm_weight: float=0.0,
                 length_normalized_loss: bool=False):
        assert 0.0 <= ctc_weight <= 1.0, ctc_weight

        super().__init__()
        # note that eos is the same as sos (equivalent ID)
        self.sos = vocab_size - 1
        self.eos = vocab_size - 1
        self.vocab_size = vocab_size
        self.ignore_id = ignore_id
        self.ctc_weight = ctc_weight

        self.encoder = encoder
        self.decoder = decoder
        self.ctc = ctc
        self.criterion_att = LabelSmoothingLoss(
            size=vocab_size,
            padding_idx=ignore_id,
            smoothing=lsm_weight,
            normalize_length=length_normalized_loss, )

    def forward(
            self,
            speech: paddle.Tensor,
            speech_lengths: paddle.Tensor,
            text: paddle.Tensor,
            text_lengths: paddle.Tensor,
    ) -> Tuple[Optional[paddle.Tensor], Optional[paddle.Tensor], Optional[
            paddle.Tensor]]:
        """Frontend + Encoder + Decoder + Calc loss
        Args:
            speech: (Batch, Length, ...)
            speech_lengths: (Batch, )
            text: (Batch, Length)
            text_lengths: (Batch,)
        Returns:
            total_loss, attention_loss, ctc_loss
        """
        assert text_lengths.dim() == 1, text_lengths.shape
        # Check that batch_size is unified
        assert (speech.shape[0] == speech_lengths.shape[0] == text.shape[0] ==
                text_lengths.shape[0]), (speech.shape, speech_lengths.shape,
                                         text.shape, text_lengths.shape)
        # 1. Encoder
        start = time.time()
        encoder_out, encoder_mask = self.encoder(speech, speech_lengths)
        encoder_time = time.time() - start
        #logger.debug(f"encoder time: {encoder_time}")
        #TODO(Hui Zhang): sum not support bool type
        #encoder_out_lens = encoder_mask.squeeze(1).sum(1)  #[B, 1, T] -> [B]
        encoder_out_lens = encoder_mask.squeeze(1).cast(paddle.int64).sum(
            1)  #[B, 1, T] -> [B]

        # 2a. Attention-decoder branch
        loss_att = None
        if self.ctc_weight != 1.0:
            start = time.time()
            loss_att, acc_att = self._calc_att_loss(encoder_out, encoder_mask,
                                                    text, text_lengths)
            decoder_time = time.time() - start
            #logger.debug(f"decoder time: {decoder_time}")

        # 2b. CTC branch
        loss_ctc = None
        if self.ctc_weight != 0.0:
            start = time.time()
            loss_ctc = self.ctc(encoder_out, encoder_out_lens, text,
                                text_lengths)
            ctc_time = time.time() - start
            #logger.debug(f"ctc time: {ctc_time}")

        if loss_ctc is None:
            loss = loss_att
        elif loss_att is None:
            loss = loss_ctc
        else:
            loss = self.ctc_weight * loss_ctc + (1 - self.ctc_weight) * loss_att
        return loss, loss_att, loss_ctc

    def _calc_att_loss(
            self,
            encoder_out: paddle.Tensor,
            encoder_mask: paddle.Tensor,
            ys_pad: paddle.Tensor,
            ys_pad_lens: paddle.Tensor, ) -> Tuple[paddle.Tensor, float]:
        """Calc attention loss.

        Args:
            encoder_out (paddle.Tensor): [B, Tmax, D]
            encoder_mask (paddle.Tensor): [B, 1, Tmax]
            ys_pad (paddle.Tensor): [B, Umax]
            ys_pad_lens (paddle.Tensor): [B]

        Returns:
            Tuple[paddle.Tensor, float]: attention_loss, accuracy rate
        """
        ys_in_pad, ys_out_pad = add_sos_eos(ys_pad, self.sos, self.eos,
                                            self.ignore_id)
        ys_in_lens = ys_pad_lens + 1

        # 1. Forward decoder
        decoder_out, _ = self.decoder(encoder_out, encoder_mask, ys_in_pad,
                                      ys_in_lens)

        # 2. Compute attention loss
        loss_att = self.criterion_att(decoder_out, ys_out_pad)
        acc_att = th_accuracy(
            decoder_out.view(-1, self.vocab_size),
            ys_out_pad,
            ignore_label=self.ignore_id, )
        return loss_att, acc_att

    def _forward_encoder(
            self,
            speech: paddle.Tensor,
            speech_lengths: paddle.Tensor,
            decoding_chunk_size: int=-1,
            num_decoding_left_chunks: int=-1,
            simulate_streaming: bool=False,
    ) -> Tuple[paddle.Tensor, paddle.Tensor]:
        """Encoder pass.

        Args:
            speech (paddle.Tensor): [B, Tmax, D]
            speech_lengths (paddle.Tensor): [B]
            decoding_chunk_size (int, optional): chuck size. Defaults to -1.
            num_decoding_left_chunks (int, optional): nums chunks. Defaults to -1.
            simulate_streaming (bool, optional): streaming or not. Defaults to False.

        Returns:
            Tuple[paddle.Tensor, paddle.Tensor]: 
                encoder hiddens (B, Tmax, D), 
                encoder hiddens mask (B, 1, Tmax).
        """
        # Let's assume B = batch_size
        # 1. Encoder
        if simulate_streaming and decoding_chunk_size > 0:
            encoder_out, encoder_mask = self.encoder.forward_chunk_by_chunk(
                speech,
                decoding_chunk_size=decoding_chunk_size,
                num_decoding_left_chunks=num_decoding_left_chunks
            )  # (B, maxlen, encoder_dim)
        else:
            encoder_out, encoder_mask = self.encoder(
                speech,
                speech_lengths,
                decoding_chunk_size=decoding_chunk_size,
                num_decoding_left_chunks=num_decoding_left_chunks
            )  # (B, maxlen, encoder_dim)
        return encoder_out, encoder_mask

    def recognize(
            self,
            speech: paddle.Tensor,
            speech_lengths: paddle.Tensor,
            beam_size: int=10,
            decoding_chunk_size: int=-1,
            num_decoding_left_chunks: int=-1,
            simulate_streaming: bool=False, ) -> paddle.Tensor:
        """ Apply beam search on attention decoder
        Args:
            speech (paddle.Tensor): (batch, max_len, feat_dim)
            speech_length (paddle.Tensor): (batch, )
            beam_size (int): beam size for beam search
            decoding_chunk_size (int): decoding chunk for dynamic chunk
                trained model.
                <0: for decoding, use full chunk.
                >0: for decoding, use fixed chunk size as set.
                0: used for training, it's prohibited here
            simulate_streaming (bool): whether do encoder forward in a
                streaming fashion
        Returns:
            paddle.Tensor: decoding result, (batch, max_result_len)
        """
        assert speech.shape[0] == speech_lengths.shape[0]
        assert decoding_chunk_size != 0
        device = speech.place
        batch_size = speech.shape[0]

        # Let's assume B = batch_size and N = beam_size
        # 1. Encoder
        encoder_out, encoder_mask = self._forward_encoder(
            speech, speech_lengths, decoding_chunk_size,
            num_decoding_left_chunks,
            simulate_streaming)  # (B, maxlen, encoder_dim)
        maxlen = encoder_out.size(1)
        encoder_dim = encoder_out.size(2)
        running_size = batch_size * beam_size
        encoder_out = encoder_out.unsqueeze(1).repeat(1, beam_size, 1, 1).view(
            running_size, maxlen, encoder_dim)  # (B*N, maxlen, encoder_dim)
        encoder_mask = encoder_mask.unsqueeze(1).repeat(
            1, beam_size, 1, 1).view(running_size, 1,
                                     maxlen)  # (B*N, 1, max_len)

        hyps = paddle.ones(
            [running_size, 1], dtype=paddle.long).fill_(self.sos)  # (B*N, 1)
        # log scale score
        scores = paddle.to_tensor(
            [0.0] + [-float('inf')] * (beam_size - 1), dtype=paddle.float)
        scores = scores.to(device).repeat(batch_size).unsqueeze(1).to(
            device)  # (B*N, 1)
        end_flag = paddle.zeros_like(scores, dtype=paddle.bool)  # (B*N, 1)
        cache: Optional[List[paddle.Tensor]] = None
        # 2. Decoder forward step by step
        for i in range(1, maxlen + 1):
            # Stop if all batch and all beam produce eos
            # TODO(Hui Zhang): if end_flag.sum() == running_size:
            if end_flag.cast(paddle.int64).sum() == running_size:
                break

            # 2.1 Forward decoder step
            hyps_mask = subsequent_mask(i).unsqueeze(0).repeat(
                running_size, 1, 1).to(device)  # (B*N, i, i)
            # logp: (B*N, vocab)
            logp, cache = self.decoder.forward_one_step(
                encoder_out, encoder_mask, hyps, hyps_mask, cache)

            # 2.2 First beam prune: select topk best prob at current time
            top_k_logp, top_k_index = logp.topk(beam_size)  # (B*N, N)
            top_k_logp = mask_finished_scores(top_k_logp, end_flag)
            top_k_index = mask_finished_preds(top_k_index, end_flag, self.eos)

            # 2.3 Seconde beam prune: select topk score with history
            scores = scores + top_k_logp  # (B*N, N), broadcast add
            scores = scores.view(batch_size, beam_size * beam_size)  # (B, N*N)
            scores, offset_k_index = scores.topk(k=beam_size)  # (B, N)
            scores = scores.view(-1, 1)  # (B*N, 1)

            # 2.4. Compute base index in top_k_index,
            # regard top_k_index as (B*N*N),regard offset_k_index as (B*N),
            # then find offset_k_index in top_k_index
            base_k_index = paddle.arange(batch_size).view(-1, 1).repeat(
                1, beam_size)  # (B, N)
            base_k_index = base_k_index * beam_size * beam_size
            best_k_index = base_k_index.view(-1) + offset_k_index.view(
                -1)  # (B*N)

            # 2.5 Update best hyps
            best_k_pred = paddle.index_select(
                top_k_index.view(-1), index=best_k_index, axis=0)  # (B*N)
            best_hyps_index = best_k_index // beam_size
            last_best_k_hyps = paddle.index_select(
                hyps, index=best_hyps_index, axis=0)  # (B*N, i)
            hyps = paddle.cat(
                (last_best_k_hyps, best_k_pred.view(-1, 1)),
                dim=1)  # (B*N, i+1)

            # 2.6 Update end flag
            end_flag = paddle.eq(hyps[:, -1], self.eos).view(-1, 1)

        # 3. Select best of best
        scores = scores.view(batch_size, beam_size)
        # TODO: length normalization
        best_index = paddle.argmax(scores, axis=-1).long()  # (B)
        best_hyps_index = best_index + paddle.arange(
            batch_size, dtype=paddle.long) * beam_size
        best_hyps = paddle.index_select(hyps, index=best_hyps_index, axis=0)
        best_hyps = best_hyps[:, 1:]
        return best_hyps

    def ctc_greedy_search(
            self,
            speech: paddle.Tensor,
            speech_lengths: paddle.Tensor,
            decoding_chunk_size: int=-1,
            num_decoding_left_chunks: int=-1,
            simulate_streaming: bool=False, ) -> List[List[int]]:
        """ Apply CTC greedy search
        Args:
            speech (paddle.Tensor): (batch, max_len, feat_dim)
            speech_length (paddle.Tensor): (batch, )
            beam_size (int): beam size for beam search
            decoding_chunk_size (int): decoding chunk for dynamic chunk
                trained model.
                <0: for decoding, use full chunk.
                >0: for decoding, use fixed chunk size as set.
                0: used for training, it's prohibited here
            simulate_streaming (bool): whether do encoder forward in a
                streaming fashion
        Returns:
            List[List[int]]: best path result
        """
        assert speech.shape[0] == speech_lengths.shape[0]
        assert decoding_chunk_size != 0
        batch_size = speech.shape[0]
        # Let's assume B = batch_size
        # encoder_out: (B, maxlen, encoder_dim)
        # encoder_mask: (B, 1, Tmax)
        encoder_out, encoder_mask = self._forward_encoder(
            speech, speech_lengths, decoding_chunk_size,
            num_decoding_left_chunks, simulate_streaming)
        maxlen = encoder_out.size(1)
        # (TODO Hui Zhang): bool no support reduce_sum
        # encoder_out_lens = encoder_mask.squeeze(1).sum(1)
        encoder_out_lens = encoder_mask.squeeze(1).astype(paddle.int).sum(1)
        ctc_probs = self.ctc.log_softmax(encoder_out)  # (B, maxlen, vocab_size)
        topk_prob, topk_index = ctc_probs.topk(1, axis=2)  # (B, maxlen, 1)
        topk_index = topk_index.view(batch_size, maxlen)  # (B, maxlen)
        pad_mask = make_pad_mask(encoder_out_lens)  # (B, maxlen)
        topk_index = topk_index.masked_fill_(pad_mask, self.eos)  # (B, maxlen)
        hyps = [hyp.tolist() for hyp in topk_index]
        hyps = [remove_duplicates_and_blank(hyp) for hyp in hyps]
        return hyps

    def _ctc_prefix_beam_search(
            self,
            speech: paddle.Tensor,
            speech_lengths: paddle.Tensor,
            beam_size: int,
            decoding_chunk_size: int=-1,
            num_decoding_left_chunks: int=-1,
            simulate_streaming: bool=False,
            blank_id: int=0, ) -> Tuple[List[Tuple[int, float]], paddle.Tensor]:
        """ CTC prefix beam search inner implementation
        Args:
            speech (paddle.Tensor): (batch, max_len, feat_dim)
            speech_length (paddle.Tensor): (batch, )
            beam_size (int): beam size for beam search
            decoding_chunk_size (int): decoding chunk for dynamic chunk
                trained model.
                <0: for decoding, use full chunk.
                >0: for decoding, use fixed chunk size as set.
                0: used for training, it's prohibited here
            simulate_streaming (bool): whether do encoder forward in a
                streaming fashion
        Returns:
            List[Tuple[int, float]]: nbest results, (N,1), (text, likelihood)
            paddle.Tensor: encoder output, (1, max_len, encoder_dim),
                it will be used for rescoring in attention rescoring mode
        """
        assert speech.shape[0] == speech_lengths.shape[0]
        assert decoding_chunk_size != 0
        batch_size = speech.shape[0]
        # For CTC prefix beam search, we only support batch_size=1
        assert batch_size == 1
        # Let's assume B = batch_size and N = beam_size
        # 1. Encoder forward and get CTC score
        encoder_out, encoder_mask = self._forward_encoder(
            speech, speech_lengths, decoding_chunk_size,
            num_decoding_left_chunks,
            simulate_streaming)  # (B, maxlen, encoder_dim)
        maxlen = encoder_out.size(1)
        ctc_probs = self.ctc.log_softmax(encoder_out)  # (1, maxlen, vocab_size)
        ctc_probs = ctc_probs.squeeze(0)
        # cur_hyps: (prefix, (blank_ending_score, none_blank_ending_score))
        cur_hyps = [(tuple(), (0.0, -float('inf')))]
        # 2. CTC beam search step by step
        for t in range(0, maxlen):
            logp = ctc_probs[t]  # (vocab_size,)
            # key: prefix, value (pb, pnb), default value(-inf, -inf)
            next_hyps = defaultdict(lambda: (-float('inf'), -float('inf')))
            # 2.1 First beam prune: select topk best
            top_k_logp, top_k_index = logp.topk(beam_size)  # (beam_size,)
            for s in top_k_index:
                s = s.item()
                ps = logp[s].item()
                for prefix, (pb, pnb) in cur_hyps:
                    last = prefix[-1] if len(prefix) > 0 else None
                    if s == blank_id:  # blank
                        n_pb, n_pnb = next_hyps[prefix]
                        n_pb = log_add([n_pb, pb + ps, pnb + ps])
                        next_hyps[prefix] = (n_pb, n_pnb)
                    elif s == last:
                        #  Update *ss -> *s;
                        n_pb, n_pnb = next_hyps[prefix]
                        n_pnb = log_add([n_pnb, pnb + ps])
                        next_hyps[prefix] = (n_pb, n_pnb)
                        # Update *s-s -> *ss, - is for blank
                        n_prefix = prefix + (s, )
                        n_pb, n_pnb = next_hyps[n_prefix]
                        n_pnb = log_add([n_pnb, pb + ps])
                        next_hyps[n_prefix] = (n_pb, n_pnb)
                    else:
                        n_prefix = prefix + (s, )
                        n_pb, n_pnb = next_hyps[n_prefix]
                        n_pnb = log_add([n_pnb, pb + ps, pnb + ps])
                        next_hyps[n_prefix] = (n_pb, n_pnb)

            # 2.2 Second beam prune
            next_hyps = sorted(
                next_hyps.items(),
                key=lambda x: log_add(list(x[1])),
                reverse=True)
            cur_hyps = next_hyps[:beam_size]
        hyps = [(y[0], log_add([y[1][0], y[1][1]])) for y in cur_hyps]
        return hyps, encoder_out

    def ctc_prefix_beam_search(
            self,
            speech: paddle.Tensor,
            speech_lengths: paddle.Tensor,
            beam_size: int,
            decoding_chunk_size: int=-1,
            num_decoding_left_chunks: int=-1,
            simulate_streaming: bool=False, ) -> List[int]:
        """ Apply CTC prefix beam search
        Args:
            speech (paddle.Tensor): (batch, max_len, feat_dim)
            speech_length (paddle.Tensor): (batch, )
            beam_size (int): beam size for beam search
            decoding_chunk_size (int): decoding chunk for dynamic chunk
                trained model.
                <0: for decoding, use full chunk.
                >0: for decoding, use fixed chunk size as set.
                0: used for training, it's prohibited here
            simulate_streaming (bool): whether do encoder forward in a
                streaming fashion
        Returns:
            List[int]: CTC prefix beam search nbest results
        """
        hyps, _ = self._ctc_prefix_beam_search(
            speech, speech_lengths, beam_size, decoding_chunk_size,
            num_decoding_left_chunks, simulate_streaming)
        return hyps[0][0]

    def attention_rescoring(
            self,
            speech: paddle.Tensor,
            speech_lengths: paddle.Tensor,
            beam_size: int,
            decoding_chunk_size: int=-1,
            num_decoding_left_chunks: int=-1,
            ctc_weight: float=0.0,
            simulate_streaming: bool=False, ) -> List[int]:
        """ Apply attention rescoring decoding, CTC prefix beam search
            is applied first to get nbest, then we resoring the nbest on
            attention decoder with corresponding encoder out
        Args:
            speech (paddle.Tensor): (batch, max_len, feat_dim)
            speech_length (paddle.Tensor): (batch, )
            beam_size (int): beam size for beam search
            decoding_chunk_size (int): decoding chunk for dynamic chunk
                trained model.
                <0: for decoding, use full chunk.
                >0: for decoding, use fixed chunk size as set.
                0: used for training, it's prohibited here
            simulate_streaming (bool): whether do encoder forward in a
                streaming fashion
        Returns:
            List[int]: Attention rescoring result
        """
        assert speech.shape[0] == speech_lengths.shape[0]
        assert decoding_chunk_size != 0
        device = speech.place
        batch_size = speech.shape[0]
        # For attention rescoring we only support batch_size=1
        assert batch_size == 1
        # encoder_out: (1, maxlen, encoder_dim), len(hyps) = beam_size
        hyps, encoder_out = self._ctc_prefix_beam_search(
            speech, speech_lengths, beam_size, decoding_chunk_size,
            num_decoding_left_chunks, simulate_streaming)

        assert len(hyps) == beam_size
        hyps_pad = pad_sequence([
            paddle.to_tensor(hyp[0], place=device, dtype=paddle.long)
            for hyp in hyps
        ], True, self.ignore_id)  # (beam_size, max_hyps_len)
        hyps_lens = paddle.to_tensor(
            [len(hyp[0]) for hyp in hyps], place=device,
            dtype=paddle.long)  # (beam_size,)
        hyps_pad, _ = add_sos_eos(hyps_pad, self.sos, self.eos, self.ignore_id)
        hyps_lens = hyps_lens + 1  # Add <sos> at begining
        encoder_out = encoder_out.repeat(beam_size, 1, 1)
        encoder_mask = paddle.ones(
            (beam_size, 1, encoder_out.size(1)), dtype=paddle.bool)
        decoder_out, _ = self.decoder(
            encoder_out, encoder_mask, hyps_pad,
            hyps_lens)  # (beam_size, max_hyps_len, vocab_size)
        decoder_out = paddle.nn.functional.log_softmax(decoder_out, axis=-1)
        decoder_out = decoder_out.numpy()
        # Only use decoder score for rescoring
        best_score = -float('inf')
        best_index = 0
        for i, hyp in enumerate(hyps):
            score = 0.0
            for j, w in enumerate(hyp[0]):
                score += decoder_out[i][j][w]
            score += decoder_out[i][len(hyp[0])][self.eos]
            # add ctc score
            score += hyp[1] * ctc_weight
            if score > best_score:
                best_score = score
                best_index = i
        return hyps[best_index][0]

    @jit.export
    def subsampling_rate(self) -> int:
        """ Export interface for c++ call, return subsampling_rate of the
            model
        """
        return self.encoder.embed.subsampling_rate

    @jit.export
    def right_context(self) -> int:
        """ Export interface for c++ call, return right_context of the model
        """
        return self.encoder.embed.right_context

    @jit.export
    def sos_symbol(self) -> int:
        """ Export interface for c++ call, return sos symbol id of the model
        """
        return self.sos

    @jit.export
    def eos_symbol(self) -> int:
        """ Export interface for c++ call, return eos symbol id of the model
        """
        return self.eos

    @jit.export
    def forward_encoder_chunk(
            self,
            xs: paddle.Tensor,
            offset: int,
            required_cache_size: int,
            subsampling_cache: Optional[paddle.Tensor]=None,
            elayers_output_cache: Optional[List[paddle.Tensor]]=None,
            conformer_cnn_cache: Optional[List[paddle.Tensor]]=None,
    ) -> Tuple[paddle.Tensor, paddle.Tensor, List[paddle.Tensor], List[
            paddle.Tensor]]:
        """ Export interface for c++ call, give input chunk xs, and return
            output from time 0 to current chunk.
        Args:
            xs (paddle.Tensor): chunk input
            subsampling_cache (Optional[paddle.Tensor]): subsampling cache
            elayers_output_cache (Optional[List[paddle.Tensor]]):
                transformer/conformer encoder layers output cache
            conformer_cnn_cache (Optional[List[paddle.Tensor]]): conformer
                cnn cache
        Returns:
            paddle.Tensor: output, it ranges from time 0 to current chunk.
            paddle.Tensor: subsampling cache
            List[paddle.Tensor]: attention cache
            List[paddle.Tensor]: conformer cnn cache
        """
        return self.encoder.forward_chunk(
            xs, offset, required_cache_size, subsampling_cache,
            elayers_output_cache, conformer_cnn_cache)

    @jit.export
    def ctc_activation(self, xs: paddle.Tensor) -> paddle.Tensor:
        """ Export interface for c++ call, apply linear transform and log
            softmax before ctc
        Args:
            xs (paddle.Tensor): encoder output
        Returns:
            paddle.Tensor: activation before ctc
        """
        return self.ctc.log_softmax(xs)

    @jit.export
    def forward_attention_decoder(
            self,
            hyps: paddle.Tensor,
            hyps_lens: paddle.Tensor,
            encoder_out: paddle.Tensor, ) -> paddle.Tensor:
        """ Export interface for c++ call, forward decoder with multiple
            hypothesis from ctc prefix beam search and one encoder output
        Args:
            hyps (paddle.Tensor): hyps from ctc prefix beam search, already
                pad sos at the begining, (B, T)
            hyps_lens (paddle.Tensor): length of each hyp in hyps, (B)
            encoder_out (paddle.Tensor): corresponding encoder output, (B=1, T, D)
        Returns:
            paddle.Tensor: decoder output, (B, L)
        """
        assert encoder_out.size(0) == 1
        num_hyps = hyps.size(0)
        assert hyps_lens.size(0) == num_hyps
        encoder_out = encoder_out.repeat(num_hyps, 1, 1)
        # (B, 1, T)
        encoder_mask = paddle.ones(
            [num_hyps, 1, encoder_out.size(1)], dtype=paddle.bool)
        # (num_hyps, max_hyps_len, vocab_size)
        decoder_out, _ = self.decoder(encoder_out, encoder_mask, hyps,
                                      hyps_lens)
        decoder_out = paddle.nn.functional.log_softmax(decoder_out, dim=-1)
        return decoder_out

    @paddle.no_grad()
    def decode(self,
               feats: paddle.Tensor,
               feats_lengths: paddle.Tensor,
               text_feature: Dict[str, int],
               decoding_method: str,
               lang_model_path: str,
               beam_alpha: float,
               beam_beta: float,
               beam_size: int,
               cutoff_prob: float,
               cutoff_top_n: int,
               num_processes: int,
               ctc_weight: float=0.0,
               decoding_chunk_size: int=-1,
               num_decoding_left_chunks: int=-1,
               simulate_streaming: bool=False):
        """u2 decoding.

        Args:
            feats (Tenosr): audio features, (B, T, D)
            feats_lengths (Tenosr): (B)
            text_feature (TextFeaturizer): text feature object.
            decoding_method (str): decoding mode, e.g. 
                    'attention', 'ctc_greedy_search', 
                    'ctc_prefix_beam_search', 'attention_rescoring'
            lang_model_path (str): lm path.
            beam_alpha (float): lm weight.
            beam_beta (float): length penalty.
            beam_size (int): beam size for search
            cutoff_prob (float): for prune.
            cutoff_top_n (int): for prune.
            num_processes (int): 
            ctc_weight (float, optional): ctc weight for attention rescoring decode mode. Defaults to 0.0.
            decoding_chunk_size (int, optional): decoding chunk size. Defaults to -1.
                    <0: for decoding, use full chunk.
                    >0: for decoding, use fixed chunk size as set.
                    0: used for training, it's prohibited here. 
            num_decoding_left_chunks (int, optional): 
                    number of left chunks for decoding. Defaults to -1.
            simulate_streaming (bool, optional): simulate streaming inference. Defaults to False.

        Raises:
            ValueError: when not support decoding_method.
        
        Returns:
            List[List[int]]: transcripts.
        """
        batch_size = feats.size(0)
        if decoding_method in ['ctc_prefix_beam_search',
                               'attention_rescoring'] and batch_size > 1:
            logger.fatal(
                f'decoding mode {decoding_method} must be running with batch_size == 1'
            )
            sys.exit(1)

        if decoding_method == 'attention':
            hyps = self.recognize(
                feats,
                feats_lengths,
                beam_size=beam_size,
                decoding_chunk_size=decoding_chunk_size,
                num_decoding_left_chunks=num_decoding_left_chunks,
                simulate_streaming=simulate_streaming)
            hyps = [hyp.tolist() for hyp in hyps]
        elif decoding_method == 'ctc_greedy_search':
            hyps = self.ctc_greedy_search(
                feats,
                feats_lengths,
                decoding_chunk_size=decoding_chunk_size,
                num_decoding_left_chunks=num_decoding_left_chunks,
                simulate_streaming=simulate_streaming)
        # ctc_prefix_beam_search and attention_rescoring only return one
        # result in List[int], change it to List[List[int]] for compatible
        # with other batch decoding mode
        elif decoding_method == 'ctc_prefix_beam_search':
            assert feats.size(0) == 1
            hyp = self.ctc_prefix_beam_search(
                feats,
                feats_lengths,
                beam_size,
                decoding_chunk_size=decoding_chunk_size,
                num_decoding_left_chunks=num_decoding_left_chunks,
                simulate_streaming=simulate_streaming)
            hyps = [hyp]
        elif decoding_method == 'attention_rescoring':
            assert feats.size(0) == 1
            hyp = self.attention_rescoring(
                feats,
                feats_lengths,
                beam_size,
                decoding_chunk_size=decoding_chunk_size,
                num_decoding_left_chunks=num_decoding_left_chunks,
                ctc_weight=ctc_weight,
                simulate_streaming=simulate_streaming)
            hyps = [hyp]
        else:
            raise ValueError(f"Not support decoding method: {decoding_method}")

        res = [text_feature.defeaturize(hyp) for hyp in hyps]
        return res


class U2Model(U2BaseModel):
    def __init__(self, configs: dict):
        vocab_size, encoder, decoder, ctc = U2Model._init_from_config(configs)

        super().__init__(
            vocab_size=vocab_size,
            encoder=encoder,
            decoder=decoder,
            ctc=ctc,
            **configs['model_conf'])

    @classmethod
    def _init_from_config(cls, configs: dict):
        """init sub module for model.

        Args:
            configs (dict): config dict.

        Raises:
            ValueError: raise when using not support encoder type.

        Returns:
            int, nn.Layer, nn.Layer, nn.Layer: vocab size, encoder, decoder, ctc 
        """
        if configs['cmvn_file'] is not None:
            mean, istd = load_cmvn(configs['cmvn_file'],
                                   configs['cmvn_file_type'])
            global_cmvn = GlobalCMVN(
                paddle.to_tensor(mean, dtype=paddle.float),
                paddle.to_tensor(istd, dtype=paddle.float))
        else:
            global_cmvn = None

        input_dim = configs['input_dim']
        vocab_size = configs['output_dim']
        assert input_dim != 0, input_dim
        assert vocab_size != 0, vocab_size

        encoder_type = configs.get('encoder', 'transformer')
        logger.info(f"U2 Encoder type: {encoder_type}")
        if encoder_type == 'transformer':
            encoder = TransformerEncoder(
                input_dim, global_cmvn=global_cmvn, **configs['encoder_conf'])
        elif encoder_type == 'conformer':
            encoder = ConformerEncoder(
                input_dim, global_cmvn=global_cmvn, **configs['encoder_conf'])
        else:
            raise ValueError(f"not support encoder type:{encoder_type}")

        decoder = TransformerDecoder(vocab_size,
                                     encoder.output_size(),
                                     **configs['decoder_conf'])
        ctc = CTCDecoder(
            odim=vocab_size,
            enc_n_units=encoder.output_size(),
            blank_id=0,
            dropout_rate=0.0,
            reduction=True,  # sum
            batch_average=True)  # sum / batch_size

        return vocab_size, encoder, decoder, ctc

    @classmethod
    def from_config(cls, configs: dict):
        """init model.

        Args:
            configs (dict): config dict.

        Raises:
            ValueError: raise when using not support encoder type.

        Returns:
            nn.Layer: U2Model
        """
        model = cls(configs)
        return model

    @classmethod
    def from_pretrained(cls, dataset, config, checkpoint_path):
        """Build a DeepSpeech2Model model from a pretrained model.

        Args:
            dataset (paddle.io.Dataset): not used.
            config (yacs.config.CfgNode):  model configs
            checkpoint_path (Path or str): the path of pretrained model checkpoint, without extension name

        Returns:
            DeepSpeech2Model: The model built from pretrained result.
        """
        config.defrost()
        config.input_dim = dataset.feature_size
        config.output_dim = dataset.vocab_size
        config.freeze()
        model = cls.from_config(config)

        if checkpoint_path:
            infos = checkpoint.load_parameters(
                model, checkpoint_path=checkpoint_path)
            logger.info(f"checkpoint info: {infos}")
        layer_tools.summary(model)
        return model


class U2InferModel(U2Model):
    def __init__(self, configs: dict):
        super().__init__(configs)

    def forward(self,
                feats,
                feats_lengths,
                decoding_chunk_size=-1,
                num_decoding_left_chunks=-1,
                simulate_streaming=False):
        """export model function

        Args:
            feats (Tensor): [B, T, D]
            feats_lengths (Tensor): [B]

        Returns:
            List[List[int]]: best path result
        """
        return self.ctc_greedy_search(
            feats,
            feats_lengths,
            decoding_chunk_size=decoding_chunk_size,
            num_decoding_left_chunks=num_decoding_left_chunks,
            simulate_streaming=simulate_streaming)