ML-For-Beginners/4-Classification/4-Applied/README.md

# Build a Cuisine Recommender Web App

In this lesson, you will build a classification model using some of the techniques you have learned in previous lessons and with the delicious cuisine dataset used throughout this series. In addition, you will build a small web app to use a saved model, leveraging Onnx's web runtime.

One of the most useful practical uses of machine learning is building recommendation systems, and you can take the first step in that direction today!

[![Recommendation Systems Introduction](https://img.youtube.com/vi/giIXNoiqO_U/0.jpg)](https://youtu.be/giIXNoiqO_U "Recommendation Systems Introduction")

> 🎥 Click the image above for a video: Andrew Ng introduces recommendation system design

## [Pre-lecture quiz](https://jolly-sea-0a877260f.azurestaticapps.net/quiz/25/)

In this lesson you will learn:

- How to build a model and save it as an Onnx model
- How to use Netron to inspect the model
- How to use your model in a web app for inference

## Build your model

Building applied ML systems is an important part of leveraging these technologies for your business systems. You can use models within your web applications (and thus use them in an offline context if needed) by using Onnx.

In a [previous lesson](../../3-Web-App/1-Web-App/README.md), you built a Regression model about UFO sightings, "pickled" it, and used it in a Flask app. While this architecture is very useful to know, it is a full-stack Python app, and your requirements may include the use of a JavaScript application. 

In this lesson, you can build a basic JavaScript-based system for inference. First, however, you need to train a model and convert it for use with Onnx.

## Exercise - train classification model

First, train a classification model using the cleaned cuisines dataset we used. 

1. Start by importing useful libraries:

    ```python
    !pip install skl2onnx
    import pandas as pd 
    ```

    You need '[skl2onnx](https://onnx.ai/sklearn-onnx/)' to help convert your Scikit-learn model to Onnx format.

1. Then, work with your data in the same way you did in previous lessons, by reading a CSV file using `read_csv()`:

    ```python
    data = pd.read_csv('../data/cleaned_cuisines.csv')
    data.head()
    ```

1. Remove the first two unnecessary columns and save the remaining data as 'X':

    ```python
    X = data.iloc[:,2:]
    X.head()
    ```

1. Save the labels as 'y':

    ```python
    y = data[['cuisine']]
    y.head()
    
    ```

### Commence the training routine

We will use the 'SVC' library which has good accuracy.

1. Import the appropriate libraries from Scikit-learn:

    ```python
    from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
    from sklearn.svm import SVC
    from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
    from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score,precision_score,confusion_matrix,classification_report
    ```

1. Separate training and test sets:

    ```python
    X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X,y,test_size=0.3)
    ```

1. Build an SVC Classification model as you did in the previous lesson:

    ```python
    model = SVC(kernel='linear', C=10, probability=True,random_state=0)
    model.fit(X_train,y_train.values.ravel())
    ```

1. Now, test your model, calling `predict()`:

    ```python
    y_pred = model.predict(X_test)
    ```

1. Print out a classification report to check the model's quality:

    ```python
    print(classification_report(y_test,y_pred))
    ```

    As we saw before, the accuracy is good:

    ```output
                    precision    recall  f1-score   support
    
         chinese       0.72      0.69      0.70       257
          indian       0.91      0.87      0.89       243
        japanese       0.79      0.77      0.78       239
          korean       0.83      0.79      0.81       236
            thai       0.72      0.84      0.78       224
    
        accuracy                           0.79      1199
       macro avg       0.79      0.79      0.79      1199
    weighted avg       0.79      0.79      0.79      1199
    ```

### Convert your model to Onnx

Make sure to do the conversion with the proper Tensor number. This dataset has 380 ingredients listed, so you need to notate that number in `FloatTensorType`:

1. Convert using a tensor number of 380.

    ```python
    from skl2onnx import convert_sklearn
    from skl2onnx.common.data_types import FloatTensorType
    
    initial_type = [('float_input', FloatTensorType([None, 380]))]
    options = {id(model): {'nocl': True, 'zipmap': False}}
    ```

1. Create the onx and store as a file **model.onnx**:

    ```python
    onx = convert_sklearn(model, initial_types=initial_type, options=options)
    with open("./model.onnx", "wb") as f:
        f.write(onx.SerializeToString())
    ```

    > Note, you can pass in [options](https://onnx.ai/sklearn-onnx/parameterized.html) in your conversion script. In this case, we passed in 'nocl' to be True and 'zipmap' to be False. Since this is a classification model, you have the option to remove ZipMap which produces a list of dictionaries (not necessary). `nocl` refers to class information being included in the model. Reduce your model's size by setting `nocl` to 'True'. 

Running the entire notebook will now build an Onnx model and save it to this folder.

## View your model

Onnx models are not very visible in Visual Studio code, but there's a very good free software that many researchers use to visualize the model to ensure that it is properly built. Download [Netron](https://github.com/lutzroeder/Netron) and  open your model.onnx file. You can see your simple model visualized, with its 380 inputs and classifier listed:

![Netron visual](images/netron.png)

Netron is a helpful tool to view your models.

Now you are ready to use this neat model in a web app. Let's build an app that will come in handy when you look in your refrigerator and try to figure out which combination of your leftover ingredients you can use to cook a given cuisine, as determined by your model.

## Build a recommender web application

You can use your model directly in a web app. This architecture also allows you to run it locally and even offline if needed. Start by creating an `index.html` file in the same folder where you stored your `model.onnx` file.

1. In this file _index.html_, add the following markup:

    ```html
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
        <header>
            <title>Cuisine Matcher</title>
        </header>
        <body>
            ...
        </body>
    </html>
    ```

1. Now, working within the `body` tags, add a little markup to show a list of checkboxes reflecting some ingredients:

    ```html
    <h1>Check your refrigerator. What can you create?</h1>
            <div id="wrapper">
                <div class="boxCont">
                    <input type="checkbox" value="4" class="checkbox">
                    <label>apple</label>
                </div>
            
                <div class="boxCont">
                    <input type="checkbox" value="247" class="checkbox">
                    <label>pear</label>
                </div>
            
                <div class="boxCont">
                    <input type="checkbox" value="77" class="checkbox">
                    <label>cherry</label>
                </div>
    
                <div class="boxCont">
                    <input type="checkbox" value="126" class="checkbox">
                    <label>fenugreek</label>
                </div>
    
                <div class="boxCont">
                    <input type="checkbox" value="302" class="checkbox">
                    <label>sake</label>
                </div>
    
                <div class="boxCont">
                    <input type="checkbox" value="327" class="checkbox">
                    <label>soy sauce</label>
                </div>
    
                <div class="boxCont">
                    <input type="checkbox" value="112" class="checkbox">
                    <label>cumin</label>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div style="padding-top:10px">
                <button onClick="startInference()">What kind of cuisine can you make?</button>
            </div> 
    ```

    Notice that each checkbox is given a value.  This reflects the index where the ingredient is found according to the dataset. Apple, for example, in this alphabetic list, occupies the fifth column, so its value is '4' since we start counting at 0. You can consult the [ingredients spreadsheet](../data/ingredient_indexes.csv) to discover a given ingredient's index.

    Continuing your work in the index.html file, add a script block where the model is called after the final closing `</div>`. 

1. First, import the [Onnx Runtime](https://www.onnxruntime.ai/):

    ```html
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/onnxruntime-web@1.8.0-dev.20210608.0/dist/ort.min.js"></script> 
    ```

    > Onnx Runtime is used to enable running your Onnx models across a wide range of hardware platforms, including optimizations and an API to use.

1. Once the Runtime is in place, you can call it:

    ```javascript
    <script>
                const ingredients = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
                
                const checks = [].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('.checkbox'));
    
                // use an async context to call onnxruntime functions.
                function init() {
                    
                    checks.forEach(function (checkbox, index) {
                        checkbox.onchange = function () {
                            if (this.checked) {
                                var index = checkbox.value;
    
                                if (index !== -1) {
                                    ingredients[index] = 1;
                                }
                                console.log(ingredients)
                            }
                            else {
                                var index = checkbox.value;
    
                                if (index !== -1) {
                                    ingredients[index] = 0;
                                }
                                console.log(ingredients)
                            }
                        }
                    })
                }
    
                function testCheckboxes() {
                        for (var i = 0; i < checks.length; i++)
                            if (checks[i].type == "checkbox")
                                if (checks[i].checked)
                                    return true;
                        return false;
                }
    
                async function startInference() {
    
                    let checked = testCheckboxes()
    
                    if (checked) {
    
                    try {
                        // create a new session and load the model.
                        
                        const session = await ort.InferenceSession.create('./model.onnx');
    
                        const input = new ort.Tensor(new Float32Array(ingredients), [1, 380]);
                        const feeds = { float_input: input };
    
                        // feed inputs and run
    
                        const results = await session.run(feeds);
    
                        // read from results
                        alert('You can enjoy ' + results.label.data[0] + ' cuisine today!')
    
                    } catch (e) {
                        console.log(`failed to inference ONNX model: ${e}.`);
                    }
                }
                else alert("Please check an ingredient")
                    
                }
        init();
               
            </script>
    ```

In this code, there are several things happening:

1. You created an array of 380 possible values (1 or 0)  to be  set and sent to the model for inference, depending on whether an ingredient checkbox is checked.
2. You created an array of checkboxes and a way to determine whether they were checked in an `init` function that is called when the application starts. When a checkbox is checked, the `ingredients` array is altered to reflect the chosen ingredient.
3. You created a `testCheckboxes` function that checks whether any checkbox was checked.
4. You use that function when the button is pressed and, if any checkbox is checked, you start inference.
5. The inference routine includes:
   1. Setting up an asynchronous load of the model
   2. Creating a Tensor structure to send to the model
   3. Creating 'feeds' that reflects the `float_input` input that you created when training your model (you can use Netron to verify that name)
   4. Sending these 'feeds' to the model and waiting for a response

## Test your application

Open a terminal session in Visual Studio Code in the folder where your index.html file resides. Ensure that you have [http-server](https://www.npmjs.com/package/http-server) installed globally, and type `http-server` at the prompt. A localhost should open and you can view your web app. Check what cuisine is recommended based on various ingredients:

![ingredient web app](images/web-app.png)

Congratulations, you have created a 'recommendation' web app  with a few fields. Take some time to build out this system!
## 🚀Challenge

Your web app is very minimal, so continue to build it out using ingredients and their indexes from the [ingredient_indexes](../data/ingredient_indexes.csv) data. What flavor combinations work to create a given national dish?

## [Post-lecture quiz](https://jolly-sea-0a877260f.azurestaticapps.net/quiz/26/)

## Review & Self Study

While this lesson just touched on the utility of creating a recommendation system for food ingredients, this area of ML applications is very rich in examples. Read some more about how these systems are built:

- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/recommendation-engine
- https://www.technologyreview.com/2014/08/25/171547/the-ultimate-challenge-for-recommendation-engines/
- https://www.technologyreview.com/2015/03/23/168831/everything-is-a-recommendation/

## Assignment 

[Build a new recommender](assignment.md)