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IoT-For-Beginners
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Moving attributions to a separate file (#152)

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* Moving attributions to a separate file
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@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
"mosquitto",
"photodiode",
"photodiodes",
"quickstart",
"sketchnote"
]
}

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1-getting-started/lessons/1-introduction-to-iot/README.md
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@ -78,8 +78,6 @@ A single-board computer is a small computing device that has all the elements of
![A Raspberry Pi 4](../../../images/raspberry-pi-4.jpg)
***Raspberry Pi 4. Michael Henzler / [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) / [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)***
The Raspberry Pi is one of the most popular single-board computers.
Like a microcontroller, single-board computers have a CPU, memory and input/output pins, but they have additional features such as a graphics chip to allow you to connect monitors, audio outputs, and USB ports to connect keyboards mice and other standard USB devices like webcams or external storage. Programs are stored on SD cards or hard drives along with an operating system, instead of a memory chip built into the board.

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@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ The [Raspberry Pi](https://raspberrypi.org) is a single-board computer. You can
![A Raspberry Pi 4](../../../images/raspberry-pi-4.jpg)
***Raspberry Pi 4. Michael Henzler / [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) / [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)***
## Setup
If you are using a Raspberry Pi as your IoT hardware, you have two choices - you can work through all these lessons and code directly on the Pi, or you can connect remotely to a 'headless' Pi and code from your computer.

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1-getting-started/lessons/1-introduction-to-iot/translations/README.ar.md
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@ -94,10 +94,6 @@
![A Raspberry Pi 4](../../../../images/raspberry-pi-4.jpg)
***Raspberry Pi 4. Michael Henzler / [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) / [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)***
<div dir="rtl">
يعد Raspberry Pi أحد أشهر أجهزة الكمبيوتر أحادية اللوحة.

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1-getting-started/lessons/1-introduction-to-iot/translations/README.bn.md
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@ -79,8 +79,6 @@ IoT শব্দে **T** হলো **Things** - ‘থিংস’ বা জ
![A Raspberry Pi 4](../../../../images/raspberry-pi-4.jpg)
***Raspberry Pi 4. Michael Henzler / [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) / [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)***
বিখ্যাত সিংগেল-বোর্ড কম্পিউটারগুলোর মধ্যে রাস্পবেরি পাই অন্যতম ।
মাইক্রোকন্ট্রোলারের মতো সিংগেল-বোর্ড কম্পিউটার এরও রয়েছে সিপিইউ, মেমরি, ইনপুট/আউটপুট পিন । তবে তাদের অতিরিক্ত বৈশিষ্ট্য রয়েছে যেমন গ্রাফিক্স চিপ দ্বারা আমরা মনিটর, অডিও আউটপুট এবং ইউএসবি পোর্টগুলিকে সংযুক্ত করতে পারি কী-বোর্ড , মাউস এর সাথে বা অন্যান্য স্ট্যান্ডার্ড ইউএসবি ডিভাইসগুলি যেমনঃ ওয়েবক্যাম বা বাহ্যিক স্টোরেজ এর সাথে সংযোগ করতে দেয় । প্রোগ্রামগুলি বোর্ডে তৈরি মেমরি চিপে নয়, বরং হার্ড ড্রাইভে বা এসডি কার্ড এ সংরক্ষণ করা হয়, যার সাথে থাকে অপারেটিং সিস্টেম ।

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1-getting-started/lessons/1-introduction-to-iot/translations/README.hi.md
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@ -81,10 +81,6 @@ IoT में **T** का अर्थ है **चीजें** - ऐसे
![एक रास्पबेरी पाई 4](../../../../images/raspberry-pi-4.jpg)
***रास्पबेरी पाई 4. माइकल हेन्ज़लर /
[विकिमीडिया कॉमन्स](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) /
[CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)***
रास्पबेरी पाई सबसे लोकप्रिय सिंगल-बोर्ड कंप्यूटरों में से एक है।
एक माइक्रोकंट्रोलर की तरह, सिंगल-बोर्ड कंप्यूटर में एक सीपीयू, मेमोरी और इनपुट/आउटपुट पिन होते हैं, लेकिन उनमें ग्राफिक्स चिप जैसी अतिरिक्त सुविधाएं होती हैं, जिससे आप मॉनिटर, ऑडियो आउटपुट और यूएसबी पोर्ट को कीबोर्ड, चूहों और अन्य मानक यूएसबी से कनेक्ट कर सकते हैं। वेबकैम या बाहरी भंडारण जैसे उपकरण। बोर्ड में निर्मित मेमोरी चिप के बजाय प्रोग्राम को ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम के साथ एसडी कार्ड या हार्ड ड्राइव पर संग्रहीत किया जाता है।

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@ -78,8 +78,6 @@ Komputer papan tunggal adalah perangkat komputasi kecil yang memiliki semua elem
![Raspberry Pi 4](../../../images/raspberry-pi-4.jpg)
***Raspberry Pi 4. Michael Henzler / [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) / [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)***
Raspberry Pi adalah salah satu komputer papan tunggal yang paling populer.
Seperti mikrokontroler, komputer papan tunggal memiliki CPU, memori dan pin input/output, tetapi mereka memiliki fitur tambahan seperti chip grafis untuk memungkinkan Anda menghubungkan monitor, output audio, dan port USB untuk menghubungkan mouse keyboard dan USB standar lainnya. perangkat seperti webcam atau penyimpanan eksternal. Program disimpan di kartu SD atau hard drive bersama dengan sistem operasi, bukan chip memori yang terpasang di papan.

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@ -78,8 +78,6 @@ IoT 的 **T** 代表 **Things**（物）—— 可以跟物质世界交互的设
![一个 Raspberry Pi 4](../../../images/raspberry-pi-4.jpg)
***Raspberry Pi 4. Michael Henzler / [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) / [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)***
Raspberry Pi 是其中最流行的单板机。
就像一个微控制器，单板机有个中央处理器、内存和输入输出引脚，但它们也有额外的特点如一个让你链接显示器的图形芯片、音频输出与 USB 端口让你链接键盘、鼠标和其它普通 USB 设备如网络摄像头和外置储存。程序将在 SD 卡或硬盘以及一个操作系统被储存，而不是通过一个内置的存储芯片。

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![A Raspberry Pi 4](../../../images/raspberry-pi-4.jpg)
***রাস্পবেরি পাই - ৪ Michael Henzler / [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) / [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)***
## সেটাপ
যদি আমরা আমাদের আইওটি হার্ডওয়্যার হিসাবে রাস্পবেরি পাই ব্যবহার করি, তবে দুটি অপশন আছে - সবগুলো লেসন পড়ে সরাসরি রাসপবেরি পাই তে কোডের মাধ্যমে কাজ করা অথবা কম্পিউটার থেকে 'হেডলেস' পাই এবং কোডের সাথে দূরবর্তীভাবে সংযোগ করতে পারেন।

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1-getting-started/lessons/2-deeper-dive/README.md
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@ -26,16 +26,12 @@ The two components of an IoT application are the *Internet* and the *thing*. Let
![A Raspberry Pi 4](../../../images/raspberry-pi-4.jpg)
***Raspberry Pi 4. Michael Henzler / [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) / [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)***
The **Thing** part of IoT refers to a device that can interact with the physical world. These devices are usually small, low-priced computers, running at low speeds and using low power - for example, simple microcontrollers with kilobytes of RAM (as opposed to gigabytes in a PC) running at only a few hundred megahertz (as opposed to gigahertz in a PC), but consuming sometimes so little power they can run for weeks, months or even years on batteries.
These devices interact with the physical world, either by using sensors to gather data from their surroundings or by controlling outputs or actuators to make physical changes. The typical example of this is a smart thermostat - a device that has a temperature sensor, a means to set a desired temperature such as a dial or touchscreen, and a connection to a heating or cooling system that can be turned on when the temperature detected is outside the desired range. The temperature sensor detects that the room is too cold and an actuator turns the heating on.
![A diagram showing temperature and a dial as inputs to an IoT device, and control of a heater as an output](../../../images/basic-thermostat.png)
***A simple thermostat. Temperature by Vectors Market / Microcontroller by Template / dial by Jamie Dickinson / heater by Pascal Heß - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
There are a huge range of different things that can act as IoT devices, from dedicated hardware that senses one thing, to general purpose devices, even your smartphone! A smartphone can use sensors to detect the world around it, and actuators to interact with the world - for example using a GPS sensor to detect your location and a speaker to give you navigation instructions to a destination.
✅ Think of other systems you have around you that read data from a sensor and use that to make decisions. One example would be the thermostat on an oven. Can you find more?
@ -52,14 +48,10 @@ With the example of a smart thermostat, the thermostat would connect using home
![A diagram showing temperature and a dial as inputs to an IoT device, the IoT device with 2 way communication to the cloud, which in turn has 2 way communication to a phone, and control of a heater as an output from the IoT device](../../../images/mobile-controlled-thermostat.png)
***An Internet connected thermostat with mobile app control. Temperature by Vectors Market / Microcontroller by Template / dial by Jamie Dickinson / heater by Pascal Heß / mobile phone by Alice-vector / Cloud by Debi Alpa Nugraha - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
An even smarter version could use AI in the cloud with data from other sensors connected to other IoT devices such as occupancy sensors that detect what rooms are in use, as well as data such as weather and even your calendar, to make decisions on how to set the temperature in a smart fashion. For example, it could turn your heating off if it reads from your calendar you are on vacation, or turn off the heating on a room by room basis depending on what rooms you use, learning from the data to be more and more accurate over time.
![A diagram showing multiple temperature sensors and a dial as inputs to an IoT device, the IoT device with 2 way communication to the cloud, which in turn has 2 way communication to a phone, a calendar and a weather service, and control of a heater as an output from the IoT device](../../../images/smarter-thermostat.png)
***An Internet connected thermostat using multiple room sensors, with mobile app control, as well as intelligence from weather and calendar data. Temperature by Vectors Market / Microcontroller by Template / dial by Jamie Dickinson / heater by Pascal Heß / mobile phone and Calendar by Alice-vector / Cloud by Debi Alpa Nugraha / smart sensor by Andrei Yushchenko / weather by Adrien Coquet - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
✅ What other data could help make an Internet connected thermostat smarter?
### IoT on the Edge
@ -96,8 +88,6 @@ The faster the clock cycle, the more instructions that can be processed each sec
![The fetch decode execute cycles showing the fetch taking an instruction from the program stored in RAM, then decoding and executing it on a CPU](../../../images/fetch-decode-execute.png)
***CPU by Icon Lauk / ram by Atif Arshad - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
Microcontrollers have much lower clock speeds than desktop or laptop computers, or even most smartphones. The Wio Terminal for example has a CPU that runs at 120MHz or 120,000,000 cycles per second.
✅ An average PC or Mac has a CPU with multiple cores running at multiple GigaHertz, meaning the clock ticks billions of times a second. Research the clock speed of your computer and compare how many times faster it is than the Wio terminal.
@ -212,8 +202,6 @@ The [Raspberry Pi Foundation](https://www.raspberrypi.org) is a charity from the
![A Raspberry Pi 4](../../../images/raspberry-pi-4.jpg)
***Raspberry Pi 4. Michael Henzler / [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) / [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)***
The latest iteration of the full size Raspberry Pi is the Raspberry Pi 4B. This has a quad-core (4 core) CPU running at 1.5GHz, 2, 4, or 8GB of RAM, gigabit ethernet, WiFi, 2 HDMI ports supporting 4k screens, an audio and composite video output port, USB ports (2 USB 2.0, 2 USB 3.0), 40 GPIO pins, a camera connector for a Raspberry Pi camera module, and an SD card slot. All this on a board that is 88mm x 58mm x 19.5mm and is powered by a 3A USB-C power supply. These start at US$35, much cheaper than a PC or Mac.
> 💁 There is also a Pi400 all in one computer with a Pi4 built into a keyboard.

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@ -32,16 +32,12 @@
![A Raspberry Pi 4](../../../../images/raspberry-pi-4.jpg)
***Raspberry Pi 4. Michael Henzler / [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) / [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)***
يشير الشيء من إنترنت الأشياء إلى جهاز يمكنه التفاعل مع العالم المادي. عادةً ما تكون هذه الأجهزة أجهزة كمبيوتر صغيرة ومنخفضة السعر ، وتعمل بسرعات منخفضة وتستخدم طاقة منخفضة - على سبيل المثال ، وحدات تحكم دقيقة بسيطة بها كيلوبايت من ذاكرة الوصول العشوائي (على عكس الجيجابايت في جهاز الكمبيوتر) تعمل ببضع مئات من الميجاهرتز فقط (على عكس الجيجاهيرتز) في جهاز كمبيوتر) ، ولكن في بعض الأحيان يستهلك القليل من الطاقة بحيث يمكن تشغيلها لأسابيع أو شهور أو حتى سنوات على البطاريات.
تتفاعل هذه الأجهزة مع العالم المادي ، إما باستخدام أجهزة استشعار لجمع البيانات من محيطها أو عن طريق التحكم في المخرجات أو المحركات لإجراء تغييرات فيزيائية. المثال النموذجي لذلك هو منظم الحرارة الذكي - جهاز يحتوي على مستشعر درجة الحرارة ، ووسيلة لتعيين درجة الحرارة المرغوبة مثل قرص أو شاشة تعمل باللمس ، ووصلة بنظام تدفئة أو تبريد يمكن تشغيله عند اكتشاف درجة الحرارة خارج النطاق المطلوب. يكتشف مستشعر درجة الحرارة أن الغرفة شديدة البرودة ويقوم المشغل بتشغيل التدفئة.
![A diagram showing temperature and a dial as inputs to an IoT device, and control of a heater as an output](../../../../images/basic-thermostat.png)
***A simple thermostat. Temperature by Vectors Market / Microcontroller by Template / dial by Jamie Dickinson / heater by Pascal Heß - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
هناك مجموعة كبيرة من الأشياء المختلفة التي يمكن أن تعمل كأجهزة إنترنت الأشياء ، من الأجهزة المخصصة التي تستشعر شيئًا واحدًا ، إلى الأجهزة ذات الأغراض العامة ، حتى هاتفك الذكي! يمكن للهاتف الذكي استخدام المستشعرات لاكتشاف العالم من حوله والمحركات للتفاعل مع العالم - على سبيل المثال ، باستخدام مستشعر GPS لاكتشاف موقعك ومكبر صوت لإعطائك إرشادات التنقل إلى وجهة.
✅ فكر في الأنظمة الأخرى الموجودة حولك والتي تقرأ البيانات من جهاز استشعار وتستخدمها لاتخاذ القرارات. أحد الأمثلة على ذلك هو منظم الحرارة الموجود في الفرن. هل يمكنك إيجاد المزيد؟
@ -59,15 +55,11 @@
![A diagram showing temperature and a dial as inputs to an IoT device, the IoT device with 2 way communication to the cloud, which in turn has 2 way communication to a phone, and control of a heater as an output from the IoT device](../../../../images/mobile-controlled-thermostat.png)
***An Internet connected thermostat with mobile app control. Temperature by Vectors Market / Microcontroller by Template / dial by Jamie Dickinson / heater by Pascal Heß / mobile phone by Alice-vector / Cloud by Debi Alpa Nugraha - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
يمكن لنسخة أكثر ذكاءً استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في السحابة مع بيانات من مستشعرات أخرى متصلة بأجهزة إنترنت الأشياء الأخرى مثل مستشعرات الإشغال التي تكتشف الغرف المستخدمة ، بالاضافة الى البيانات مثل الطقس وحتى التقويم الخاص بك ، لاتخاذ قرارات بشأن كيفية ضبط درجة الحرارة بطريقة ذكية. على سبيل المثال ، يمكن أن يوقف التدفئة إذا كان يقرأ من التقويم الخاص بك أنك في إجازة ، أو أيقاف التدفئة على أساس كل غرفة على حدة اعتمادًا على الغرف التي تستخدمها ، والتعلم من البيانات لتكون أكثر دقة بمرور الوقت .
![A diagram showing multiple temperature sensors and a dial as inputs to an IoT device, the IoT device with 2 way communication to the cloud, which in turn has 2 way communication to a phone, a calendar and a weather service, and control of a heater as an output from the IoT device](../../../../images/smarter-thermostat.png)
***An Internet connected thermostat using multiple room sensors, with mobile app control, as well as intelligence from weather and calendar data. Temperature by Vectors Market / Microcontroller by Template / dial by Jamie Dickinson / heater by Pascal Heß / mobile phone and Calendar by Alice-vector / Cloud by Debi Alpa Nugraha / smart sensor by Andrei Yushchenko / weather by Adrien Coquet - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
✅ ما هي البيانات الأخرى التي يمكن أن تساعد في جعل منظم الحرارة المتصل بالإنترنت أكثر ذكاءً؟
@ -114,8 +106,6 @@
![The fetch decode execute cycles showing the fetch taking an instruction from the program stored in RAM, then decoding and executing it on a CPU](../../../../images/fetch-decode-execute.png)
***CPU by Icon Lauk / ram by Atif Arshad - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
تتميز المتحكمات الدقيقة بسرعات ساعة أقل بكثير من أجهزة الكمبيوتر المكتبية أو المحمولة ، أو حتى معظم الهواتف الذكية. تحتوي Wio Terminal على سبيل المثال على وحدة معالجة مركزية تعمل بسرعة 120 ميجاهرتز أو 120.000.000 دورة في الثانية.
✅ يحتوي الكمبيوتر الشخصي العادي أو جهاز Mac على وحدة معالجة مركزية متعددة النوى تعمل بسرعة جيجاهرتز متعددة ، مما يعني أن الساعة تدق مليارات المرات في الثانية. ابحث في سرعة الساعة لجهاز الكمبيوتر الخاص بك وقارن عدد المرات التي تكون فيها أسرع من محطة Wio.
@ -237,8 +227,6 @@
![A Raspberry Pi 4](../../../../images/raspberry-pi-4.jpg)
***Raspberry Pi 4. Michael Henzler / [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) / [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)***
أحدث نسخة من Raspberry Pi بالحجم الكامل هي Raspberry Pi 4B. يحتوي هذا على وحدة معالجة مركزية رباعية النواة (4 نواة) تعمل بسرعة 1.5 جيجاهرتز أو 2 أو 4 أو 8 جيجابايت من ذاكرة الوصول العشوائي و Gigabit ethernet و WiFi ومنفذين HDMI يدعمان شاشات 4K ومنفذ إخراج الصوت والفيديو المركب ومنافذ USB (2 USB 2.0 ، 2 USB 3.0) ، 40 GPIO ، موصل كاميرا لوحدة كاميرا Raspberry Pi ، وفتحة بطاقة SD. كل هذا على لوحة مقاس 88 مم × 58 مم × 19.5 مم ويتم تشغيلها بواسطة مصدر طاقة 3 أمبير USB-C. يبدأ سعرها من 35 دولارًا أمريكيًا ، وهو أرخص بكثير من جهاز الكمبيوتر الشخصي أو جهاز Mac.
> 💁 يوجد أيضًا جهاز كمبيوتر Pi400 الكل في واحد مع Pi4 المدمج في لوحة المفاتيح.

12
1-getting-started/lessons/2-deeper-dive/translations/README.bn.md
Unescape View File

@ -24,16 +24,12 @@
![A Raspberry Pi 4](../../../images/raspberry-pi-4.jpg)
***Raspberry Pi 4. Michael Henzler / [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) / [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)***
**থিংস** বলতে আইওটির এই অংশটি এমন একটি ডিভাইসকে বোঝায় যা চারপাশের জগতের সাথে যোগাযোগ করতে পারে। এই ডিভাইসগুলি সাধারণত ছোট, কম দামের কম্পিউটার, কম গতিতে চলমান এবং কম শক্তি ব্যবহার করে। উদাহরণস্বরূপ সাধারণ মাইক্রোকন্ট্রোলারগুলি কিলোবাইট র‍্যামের (অথচ একটি পিসিতে তা গিগাবাইটের) চালিত হয় মাত্র কয়েক শতাধিক মেগাহার্টজ (অথচ একটি পিসিতে তা গিগাহার্টজের)। তবে কখনও কখনও এত অল্প শক্তি ব্যবহার করে তারা ব্যাটারিতে সপ্তাহ, মাস বা কয়েক বছর ধরে চলতে পারে।
এই যন্ত্রগুলো আমাদের চারপাশের পৃথিবীর সাথে সংযুক্ত থাকে; হয় সেন্সর ব্যবহার করে তথ্য সংগ্রহ করে অথবা একচুয়েটরের আউটপুট নিয়ন্ত্রণ করে কোন কাজ করার মাধ্যমে। এর সাধারণ একটি উদাহরণ হল স্মার্ট থার্মোস্ট্যাট -এমন একটি ডিভাইস যার মধ্যে তাপমাত্রা সেন্সর থাকে। এছাড়াও এতে থাকে একটি পছন্দসই তাপমাত্রা সেট করার উপায় যেমন ডায়াল বা টাচস্ক্রিন ব্যবহার করে এবং একটি তাপীকরণ বা শীতলকরণ ব্যবস্থার সাথে সংযুক্ত থাকে। ব্যবহারকারীর নির্ধারিত সীমার বাইরে গেলেই এই যন্ত্রগুলো চালু হয় । এখানে উদাহরণস্বরূপ, তাপমাত্রা সেন্সর সনাক্ত করে যে ঘরটি খুব শীতল এবং একটি একচুয়েটর তখন হিটিং চালু করে।
![A diagram showing temperature and a dial as inputs to an IoT device, and control of a heater as an output](../../../images/basic-thermostat.png)
***একটি সাধারণ থার্মোস্ট্যাট Temperature by Vectors Market / Microcontroller by Template / dial by Jamie Dickinson / heater by Pascal Heß - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
বিভিন্ন জিনিস রয়েছে যা আইওটি ডিভাইস হিসাবে কাজ করতে পারে, সংবেদনশীল ডেডিকেটেড হার্ডওয়্যার থেকে শুরু করে , জেনারেল পারপাস ডিভাইস এমনকি আমাদের স্মার্টফোন পর্যন্ত! একটি স্মার্টফোন চারপাশের বিভিন্ন তথ্য সংগ্রহের জন্য সেন্সর ব্যবহার করে এবং বাস্তব জগতের সাথে যোগাযোগ করে একচুয়েটর - উদাহরণস্বরূপ আমাদের অবস্থান সনাক্ত করতে জিপিএস সেন্সর এবং কোন গন্তব্যে আমাদেরকে নির্দেশনা দেওয়ার জন্য স্পিকার রয়েছে।
✅ আমাদের চারপাশের অন্যান্য সিস্টেমগুলির কথা চিন্তা করি যা সেন্সর থেকে ডেটা সংগ্রহ করে এবং সিদ্ধান্ত নিতে তা ব্যবহার করে। একটি উদাহরণ হতে পারে, ওভেনের উপর রাখা থার্মোস্ট্যাট। চারপাশে আরও কিছু কী খুঁজে পাওয়া যাবে ?
@ -50,14 +46,10 @@
![A diagram showing temperature and a dial as inputs to an IoT device, the IoT device with 2 way communication to the cloud, which in turn has 2 way communication to a phone, and control of a heater as an output from the IoT device](../../../images/mobile-controlled-thermostat.png)
***একটি মোবাইল অ্যাপ্লিকেশন নিয়ন্ত্রিত, ইন্টারনেট সংযুক্ত থার্মোস্ট্যাট / Temperature by Vectors Market / Microcontroller by Template / dial by Jamie Dickinson / heater by Pascal Heß / mobile phone by Alice-vector / Cloud by Debi Alpa Nugraha - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
আরও উন্নত কোন ভার্সন, যা আইওটি ডিভাইসে সংযুক্ত অন্যান্য ডিভাইসের সেন্সরগুলির সাথে যেমন অকুপেন্সি সেন্সর থেকে বিভিন্ন তথ্য ( যেমন সেই সময়ের আবহাওয়া বা আপনার ব্যক্তিগত ক্যালেন্ডারে কী কী তথ্য রয়েছে) এর ভিত্তিতে সিদ্ধান্ত নিতে পারে যে তাপমাত্রা কত হওয়া উচিত। উদাহরণস্বরূপ আপনার ক্যালেন্ডারে বলা রয়েছে আজ আপনি ভ্রমণে গিয়েছেন। সেক্ষেত্রে শীতকালে আপনার রুমে হিটার চালানোর কোন দরকার নেই আর, আইওটি এই স্মার্ট ডিসিশনটি নিতে পারবে। এছাড়াও আপনি কোন রুম কখন কীভাবে ব্যবহার করেন, তার ভিত্তিতেও আর্টিফিশিয়াল ইন্টেলিজেন্স মডেলগুলি সিদ্ধান্ত নিতে পারে আর সময়ের সাথে সাথে প্রাপ্ত ডেটার কারণে এই সিদ্ধান্তগুলি আরো বেশি সঠিক হতে থাকে।
![A diagram showing multiple temperature sensors and a dial as inputs to an IoT device, the IoT device with 2 way communication to the cloud, which in turn has 2 way communication to a phone, a calendar and a weather service, and control of a heater as an output from the IoT device](../../../images/smarter-thermostat.png)
***একটি ইন্টারনেট সংযুক্ত থার্মোস্ট্যাট যা একাধিক রুমের সেন্সর ব্যবহার করে । এটি মোবাইল অ্যাপ্লিকেশন নিয়ন্ত্রিত এবং আবহাওয়া ও ক্যালেন্ডারের ডেটা থেকে বুদ্ধিমত্তা গ্রহণ করতে সক্ষম. Temperature by Vectors Market / Microcontroller by Template / dial by Jamie Dickinson / heater by Pascal Heß / mobile phone and Calendar by Alice-vector / Cloud by Debi Alpa Nugraha / smart sensor by Andrei Yushchenko / weather by Adrien Coquet - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
✅ ইন্টারনেট সংযুক্ত থার্মোস্ট্যাটকে আরও স্মার্ট করে তুলতে অন্য কোন কোন ধরণের ডেটা সাহায্য করতে পারে?
### Edge চালিত IoT
@ -91,8 +83,6 @@
![The fetch decode execute cycles showing the fetch taking an instruction from the program stored in RAM, then decoding and executing it on a CPU](../../../images/fetch-decode-execute.png)
***CPU by Icon Lauk / ram by Atif Arshad - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
মাইক্রোকন্ট্রোলারগুলির ক্লক স্পীড ডেস্কটপ বা ল্যাপটপ কম্পিউটার, এমনকি বেশিরভাগ স্মার্টফোনের চেয়ে অনেক কম। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, Wio টার্মিনালের একটি সিপিইউ রয়েছে যা 120MHz বা সেকেন্ডে 120,000,000 সাইকেল চালায়।
✅ একটি গড়পড়তা পিসি বা ম্যাক এর গিগাহার্টজে চলমান একাধিক কোর থাকে অর্থাৎ সেকেন্ডে কয়েক বিলিয়ন বার টিক দেয় বা সাইকেল সম্পাদন করে। আমাদের কম্পিউটারের ক্লক স্পীড কত তা জেনে নিয়ে Wio টার্মিনালের চেয়ে তা কতগুণ দ্রুত সেই হিসেব করি।
@ -207,8 +197,6 @@ Wio Terminal পর্যালোচনা করি।
![A Raspberry Pi 4](../../../images/raspberry-pi-4.jpg)
***Raspberry Pi 4. Michael Henzler / [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) / [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)***
পূর্ণ আকারের রাস্পবেরি পাইয়ের সর্বশেষ ভার্সন হল Raspberry Pi 4B । এটিতে একটি কোয়াড-কোর (4 কোর) সিপিইউ রয়েছে যা 1.5GHz এবং 2, 4, বা 8 জিবি র‍্যাম, গিগাবিট ইথারনেট, ওয়াইফাই, 2টি এইচডিএমআই পোর্ট 4K স্ক্রিন সমর্থন করে, একটি অডিও এবং মিশ্রিত ভিডিও আউটপুট পোর্ট, ইউএসবি পোর্টস (USB 2.0, 2 USB 3.0 ভার্সন), 40টি জিপিআইও পিন, রাস্পবেরি পাই ক্যামেরা মডিউলটির জন্য একটি ক্যামেরা সংযোজক এবং একটি এসডি কার্ড স্লট। এই সমস্ত বোর্ড যা রয়েছে সব মিলিয়ে 88mm x 58mm x 19.5mm সাইজ এবং এটি একটি 3A USB-C পাওয়ার সাপ্লাই দ্বারা চালিত। রাস্পবেরি পাইয়ের দাম 35 মার্কিন ডলার থেকে শুরু হয়, যা পিসি বা ম্যাক এর তুলনায় অনেক কম।
> 💁 Pi400 নামে একটি "একের-ভিতর-সব" কম্পিউটার রয়েছে, যার কীবোর্ডে Pi4 বিল্ট-ইন রয়েছে।

16
1-getting-started/lessons/3-sensors-and-actuators/README.md
Unescape View File

@ -60,8 +60,6 @@ One example of this is a potentiometer. This is a dial that you can rotate betwe
![A potentiometer set to a mid point being sent 5 volts returning 3.8 volts](../../../images/potentiometer.png)
***A potentiometer. Microcontroller by Template / dial by Jamie Dickinson - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
The IoT device will send an electrical signal to the potentiometer at a voltage, such as 5 volts (5V). As the potentiometer is adjusted it changes the voltage that comes out of the other side. Imagine you have a potentiometer labelled as a dial that goes from 0 to [11](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_to_eleven), such as a volume knob on an amplifier. When the potentiometer is in the full off position (0) then 0V (0 volts) will come out. When it is in the full on position (11), 5V (5 volts) will come out.
> 🎓 This is an oversimplification, and you can read more on potentiometers and variable resistors on the [potentiometer Wikipedia page](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer).
@ -88,8 +86,6 @@ The simplest digital sensor is a button or switch. This is a sensor with two sta
![A button is sent 5 volts. When not pressed it returns 0 volts, when pressed it returns 5 volts](../../../images/button.png)
***A button. Microcontroller by Template / Button by Dan Hetteix - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
Pins on IoT devices such as GPIO pins can measure this signal directly as a 0 or 1. If the voltage sent is the same as the voltage returned, the value read is 1, otherwise the value read is 0. There is no need to convert the signal, it can only be 1 or 0.
> 💁 Voltages are never exact especially as the components in a sensor will have some resistance, so there is usually a tolerance. For example, the GPIO pins on a Raspberry Pi work on 3.3V, and read a return signal above 1.8V as a 1, below 1.8V as 0.
@ -101,8 +97,6 @@ More advanced digital sensors read analog values, then convert them using on-boa
![A digital temperature sensor converting an analog reading to binary data with 0 as 0 volts and 1 as 5 volts before sending it to an IoT device](../../../images/temperature-as-digital.png)
***A digital temperature sensor. Temperature by Vectors Market / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
Sending digital data allows sensors to become more complex and send more detailed data, even encrypted data for secure sensors. One example is a camera. This is a sensor that captures an image and sends it as digital data containing that image, usually in a compressed format such as JPEG, to be read by the IoT device. It can even stream video by capturing images and sending either the complete image frame by frame or a compressed video stream.
## What are actuators?
@ -125,8 +119,6 @@ Follow the relevant guide below to add an actuator to your IoT device, controlle
![A flow chart of the assignment showing light levels being read and checked, and the LED begin controlled](../../../images/assignment-1-flow.png)
***A flow chart of the assignment showing light levels being read and checked, and the LED begin controlled. ldr by Eucalyp / LED by abderraouf omara - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
* [Arduino - Wio Terminal](wio-terminal-actuator.md)
* [Single-board computer - Raspberry Pi](pi-actuator.md)
* [Single-board computer - Virtual device](virtual-device-actuator.md)
@ -143,8 +135,6 @@ One example is a dimmable light, such as the ones you might have in your house.
![A light dimmed at a low voltage and brighter at a higher voltage](../../../images/dimmable-light.png)
***A light controlled by the voltage output of an IoT device. Idea by Pause08 / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
Like with sensors, the actual IoT device works on digital signals, not analog. This means to send an analog signal, the IoT device needs a digital to analog converter (DAC), either on the IoT device directly, or on a connector board. This will convert the 0s and 1s from the IoT device to an analog voltage that the actuator can use.
✅ What do you think happens if the IoT device sends a higher voltage than the actuator can handle? ⛔️ DO NOT test this out.
@ -159,8 +149,6 @@ Imagine you are controlling a motor with a 5V supply. You send a short pulse to
![Pule width modulation rotation of a motor at 150 RPM](../../../images/pwm-motor-150rpm.png)
***PWM rotation of a motor at 150RPM. motor by Bakunetsu Kaito / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
This means in one second you have 25 5V pulses of 0.02s that rotate the motor, each followed by 0.02s pause of 0V not rotating the motor. Each pulse rotates the motor one tenth of a rotation, meaning the motor completes 2.5 rotations per second. You've used a digital signal to rotate the motor at 2.5 rotations per second, or 150 ([revolutions per minute](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute), a non-standard measure of rotational velocity).
```output
@ -172,8 +160,6 @@ This means in one second you have 25 5V pulses of 0.02s that rotate the motor, e
![Pule width modulation rotation of a motor at 75 RPM](../../../images/pwm-motor-75rpm.png)
***PWM rotation of a motor at 75RPM. motor by Bakunetsu Kaito / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
You can change the motor speed by changing the size of the pulses. For example, with the same motor you can keep the same cycle time of 0.04s, with the on pulse halved to 0.01s, and the off pulse increasing to 0.03s. You have the same number of pulses per second (25), but each on pulse is half the length. A half length pulse only turns the motor one twentieth of a rotation, and at 25 pulses a second will complete 1.25 rotations per second or 75rpm. By changing the pulse speed of a digital signal you've halved the speed of an analog motor.
```output
@ -195,8 +181,6 @@ One simple digital actuator is an LED. When a device sends a digital signal of 1
![A LED is off at 0 volts and on at 5V](../../../images/led.png)
***An LED turning on and off depending on voltage. LED by abderraouf omara / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
✅ What other simple 2-state actuators can you think of? One example is a solenoid, which is an electromagnet that can be activated to do things like move a door bolt locking/unlocking a door.
More advanced digital actuators, such as screens require the digital data to be sent in certain formats. They usually come with libraries that make it easier to send the correct data to control them.

16
1-getting-started/lessons/3-sensors-and-actuators/translations/README.ar.md
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@ -62,8 +62,6 @@
![A potentiometer set to a mid point being sent 5 volts returning 3.8 volts](../../../../images/potentiometer.png)
***A potentiometer. Microcontroller by Template / dial by Jamie Dickinson - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
سيرسل جهاز إنترنت الأشياء إشارة كهربائية إلى مقياس الفولت ، مثل 5 فولت . عندما يتم ضبط مقياس الفولت فإنه يغير الفولت الذي يخرج من الجانب الآخر. تخيل أن لديك مقياس فولت مُصنَّف على أنه قرص يمتد من 0 إلى <a href="https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_to_eleven">11</a> ، مثل مقبض الصوت في مكبر الصوت. عندما يكون مقياس الفولت في وضع إيقاف التشغيل الكامل (0) ، فسيخرج 0 فولت (0 فولت). عندما يكون في وضع التشغيل الكامل (11) ، سيخرج 5 فولت (5 فولت).
> 🎓 هذا تبسيط مفرط ، ويمكنك قراءة المزيد عن مقاييس الفولت والمقاومات المتغيرة على <a href="https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer">potentiometer Wikipedia page</a>
@ -89,8 +87,6 @@
![A button is sent 5 volts. When not pressed it returns 0 volts, when pressed it returns 5 volts](../../../../images/button.png)
***A button. Microcontroller by Template / Button by Dan Hetteix - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
يمكن أن تقيس الدبابيس الموجودة على أجهزة إنترنت الأشياء مثل دبابيس GPIO هذه الإشارة مباشرة على أنها 0 أو 1. إذا كان الجهد المرسل هو نفس الجهد الذي تم إرجاعه ، فإن القيمة المقروءة هي 1 ، وإلا فإن القيمة المقروءة هي 0. ليست هناك حاجة للتحويل الإشارة ، يمكن أن تكون 1 أو 0 فقط.
> 💁 الفولتية لا تكون دقيقة أبدًا خاصة وأن المكونات الموجودة في المستشعر سيكون لها بعض المقاومة ، لذلك عادة ما يكون هناك تفاوت. على سبيل المثال ، تعمل دبابيس GPIO على Raspberry Pi على 3.3 فولت ، وتقرأ إشارة عودة أعلى من 1.8 فولت على أنها 1 ، وأقل من 1.8 فولت مثل 0.
@ -102,8 +98,6 @@
![A digital temperature sensor converting an analog reading to binary data with 0 as 0 volts and 1 as 5 volts before sending it to an IoT device](../../../../images/temperature-as-digital.png)
***A digital temperature sensor. Temperature by Vectors Market / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
يتيح إرسال البيانات الرقمية لأجهزة الاستشعار أن تصبح أكثر تعقيدًا وإرسال بيانات أكثر تفصيلاً ، حتى البيانات المشفرة لأجهزة الاستشعار الآمنة. مثال واحد هو الكاميرا. هذا مستشعر يلتقط صورة ويرسلها كبيانات رقمية تحتوي على تلك الصورة ، عادة بتنسيق مضغوط مثل JPEG ، ليقرأها جهاز إنترنت الأشياء. يمكنه حتى دفق الفيديو عن طريق التقاط الصور وإرسال إما إطار الصورة الكامل بإطار أو بث فيديو مضغوط.
## ما هي المحركات؟
@ -126,8 +120,6 @@
![A flow chart of the assignment showing light levels being read and checked, and the LED begin controlled](../../../../images/assignment-1-flow.png)
***A flow chart of the assignment showing light levels being read and checked, and the LED begin controlled. ldr by Eucalyp / LED by abderraouf omara - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
* [Arduino - Wio Terminal](wio-terminal-actuator.md)
* [كمبيوتر ذو لوحة واحدة - Raspberry Pi](pi-actuator.md)
* [كمبيوتر ذو لوحة واحدة - Virtual device](virtual-device-actuator.md)
@ -144,8 +136,6 @@
![A light dimmed at a low voltage and brighter at a higher voltage](../../../../images/dimmable-light.png)
***A light controlled by the voltage output of an IoT device. Idea by Pause08 / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
كما هو الحال مع المستشعرات ، يعمل جهاز إنترنت الأشياء الفعلي على الإشارات الرقمية وليس التناظرية. هذا يعني لإرسال إشارة تناظرية ، يحتاج جهاز إنترنت الأشياء إلى محول رقمي إلى تناظري (DAC) ، إما على جهاز إنترنت الأشياء مباشرة ، أو على لوحة الموصل. سيؤدي هذا إلى تحويل 0 و 1 من جهاز إنترنت الأشياء إلى جهد تناظري يمكن أن يستخدمه المشغل.
✅ ما الذي يحدث برأيك إذا أرسل جهاز إنترنت الأشياء جهدًا أعلى مما يستطيع المشغل تحمله؟ ⛔️ لا تختبر ذلك.
@ -160,8 +150,6 @@
![Pule width modulation rotation of a motor at 150 RPM](../../../../images/pwm-motor-150rpm.png)
***PWM rotation of a motor at 150RPM. motor by Bakunetsu Kaito / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
هذا يعني أنه في ثانية واحدة لديك 25 نبضة 5 فولت من 0.02 ثانية والتي تقوم بتدوير المحرك ، يتبع كل منها توقف مؤقت بمقدار 0.02 ثانية بمقدار 0 فولت لا يقوم بتدوير المحرك. تقوم كل نبضة بتدوير المحرك بمقدار عُشر الدوران ، مما يعني أن المحرك يكمل 2.5 دورة في الثانية. لقد استخدمت إشارة رقمية لتدوير المحرك بمعدل 2.5 دورة في الثانية ، أو 150 <a href="https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute">دورة في الدقيقة</a> ، وهو مقياس غير قياسي لسرعة الدوران).
```output
@ -172,8 +160,6 @@
![Pule width modulation rotation of a motor at 75 RPM](../../../../images/pwm-motor-75rpm.png)
***PWM rotation of a motor at 75RPM. motor by Bakunetsu Kaito / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
يمكنك تغيير سرعة المحرك عن طريق تغيير حجم النبضات. على سبيل المثال ، باستخدام نفس المحرك ، يمكنك الحفاظ على نفس وقت الدورة عند 0.04 ثانية ، مع خفض نبضة التشغيل إلى النصف إلى 0.01 ثانية ، وزيادة نبضة الإيقاف إلى 0.03 ثانية. لديك نفس عدد النبضات في الثانية (25) ، ولكن كل نبضة تساوي نصف الطول. نبضة بطول نصف تدير المحرك بمقدار عشرين من الدوران ، وعند 25 نبضة في الثانية ستكمل 1.25 دورة في الثانية أو 75 دورة في الدقيقة. من خلال تغيير سرعة النبض لإشارة رقمية ، تكون قد خفضت سرعة المحرك التناظري إلى النصف.
```output
@ -195,8 +181,6 @@
![A LED is off at 0 volts and on at 5V](../../../../images/led.png)
***An LED turning on and off depending on voltage. LED by abderraouf omara / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
✅ ما هي المشغلات البسيطة الأخرى ذات الحالتين التي يمكنك التفكير فيها؟ أحد الأمثلة على ذلك هو الملف اللولبي ، وهو مغناطيس كهربائي يمكن تنشيطه للقيام بأشياء مثل تحريك مسمار قفل الباب / فتح قفل الباب.
تتطلب المحركات الرقمية الأكثر تقدمًا ، مثل الشاشات ، إرسال البيانات الرقمية بتنسيقات معينة. عادةً ما تأتي مع مكتبات تسهل إرسال البيانات الصحيحة للتحكم فيها.

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@ -57,8 +57,6 @@
![A potentiometer set to a mid point being sent 5 volts returning 3.8 volts](../../../images/potentiometer.png)
***পটেনশিওমিটার । Microcontroller by Template / dial by Jamie Dickinson - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
আইওটি ডিভাইসগুলো কোন নির্দিষ্ট ভোল্টেজে (যেমনঃ 5V) পোটেনশিওমিটারে বৈদ্যুতিক সংকেত পাঠাবে। পটেনশিওমিটার অ্যাডজাস্ট করার সাথে সাথে এটি অন্য দিক থেকে আগত ভোল্টেজকে পরিবর্তন করে। কল্পনা করি যে ভলিউম নব এর মতো আমাদের ডায়াল হিসাবে 0 থেকে [11] (https://wikedia.org/wiki/Up_to_eleven) লেবেলযুক্ত একটি পটেনশিওমিটার রয়েছে। যখন পেন্টিয়োমিটার পূর্ণ অফ অবস্থানে (0) থাকবে তখন 0V (0 ভোল্ট)আর যখন এটি সম্পূর্ণ অন পজিশনে থাকবে (11), তখন 5V (5 ভোল্ট) মান দিবে।
> 🎓 পুরো বিষয়টিকে অত্যন্ত সহজভাবে বোঝানোর চেষ্টা করা হয়েছে। পোটেনশিওমিটার এবং পরিবর্তনযোগ্য রোধক সম্পর্কে [পোটেনশিওমিটার উইকিপিডিয়া পেইজ](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer) এ বিশদ ব্যখ্যা রয়েছে।
@ -85,8 +83,6 @@
![A button is sent 5 volts. When not pressed it returns 0 volts, when pressed it returns 5 volts](../../../images/button.png)
***বাটন । Microcontroller by Template / Button by Dan Hetteix - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
আইওটি ডিভাইসে থাকা পিনগুলি যেমন জিপিআইও পিনগুলি এই সংকেতটি সরাসরি 0 বা 1 হিসাবে পরিমাপ করতে পারে। প্রেরিত এবং প্রাপ্ত ভোল্টেজ সমান হলে, এর মান হয় 1, অন্যথায় মানটি হয় 0। এক্ষেত্রে সিগন্যাল রূপান্তর করার দরকার নেই কারণ এদের মান কেবল 1 বা 0 হতে পারে।
> 💁 ভোল্টেজগুলি কখনই হুবহু মিলেনা না, বিশেষত যেহেতু একটি সেন্সরের উপাদানগুলির রোধ থাকে, তাই এক্ষেত্রে ভোল্টেজের হেরফের হয়। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, জিপিআইও পিনগুলি একটি রাস্পবেরি পাইতে 3.3V-তে কাজ করে এবং রিটার্ন সিগন্যালে 1.8V এর উপর ভোল্টেজ এর মানকে 1 হিসেবে বিবেচনা করে এবং 1.8V এর কম হলে 0 হিসাবে বিবেচনা করে থাকে।
@ -98,8 +94,6 @@
![A digital temperature sensor converting an analog reading to binary data with 0 as 0 volts and 1 as 5 volts before sending it to an IoT device](../../../images/temperature-as-digital.png)
***ডিজিটাল তাপমাত্রা সেন্সর । Temperature by Vectors Market / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
ডিজিটাল ডেটা প্রেরণের জন্য সেন্সরগুলো আরও জটিল হয়ে উঠতে শুরু করেছে। একইসাথে অনেক বেশি বিস্তারিরভাবে তথ্য প্রেরণ করা হচ্ছে, এমনকি সুরক্ষিত সেন্সরগুলির জন্য এনক্রিপ্ট করা ডেটা প্রেরণের ব্যবস্থাও লক্ষ্যণীয়। এর একটি উদাহরণ হলো ক্যামেরা - এটি এমন একটি সেন্সর যা একটি চিত্র ধারণ করে এবং আইওটি ডিভাইস এর জন্য সাধারণত JPEG এর মতো সংকোচিত বিন্যাসে এটি ডিজিটাল ডেটা হিসাবে প্রেরিত হয়। চিত্রধারণ করে, ক্যামেরার পক্ষে ভিডিও স্ট্রীমিংও সম্ভব । হয় পুরো ছবিকে ফ্রেম বাই ফ্রেম সাজিয়ে বা কম্প্রেস করে পাঠানোর মাধ্যমে স্ট্রীমিং হয়ে থাকে।
## অ্যাকচুয়েটর কী?
@ -122,8 +116,6 @@
![A flow chart of the assignment showing light levels being read and checked, and the LED begin controlled](../../../images/assignment-1-flow.png)
***A flow chart of the assignment showing light levels being read and checked, and the LED begin controlled. ldr by Eucalyp / LED by abderraouf omara - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
* [Arduino - Wio Terminal](wio-terminal-actuator.md)
* [Single-board computer - Raspberry Pi](pi-actuator.md)
* [Single-board computer - Virtual device](virtual-device-actuator.md)
@ -138,8 +130,6 @@
![A light dimmed at a low voltage and brighter at a higher voltage](../../../images/dimmable-light.png)
***A light controlled by the voltage output of an IoT device. Idea by Pause08 / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
সেন্সরগুলির মতো, প্রকৃত আইওটি ডিভাইস ডিজিটাল সিগন্যালে কাজ করে, এনালগ এ নয়। একটি এনালগ সিগন্যাল প্রেরণ করার জন্য, আইওটি ডিভাইসটির জন্য ডিজিটাল টু এনালগ কনভার্টার (DAC) দরকার হয়। DAC হয় আইওটি ডিভাইসে সরাসরি, বা কোনও সংযোজক বোর্ডের সাহায্যে যুক্ত করতে হবে। এটি 0 এবং 1 গুলি আইওটি ডিভাইস থেকে অ্যানালগ ভোল্টেজকে রূপান্তর করবে যা অ্যাকচুয়েটর ব্যবহার করতে পারে।
✅ আইওটি ডিভাইসটি যদি অ্যাকচুয়েটর এর সহ্যসীমার বেশি ভোল্টেজ প্রদান করে , তাহলে কী ঘটবে বলে মনে হয় ? ⛔️ এটার বাস্তবিক টেস্ট করা থেকে সর্বাবস্থায় বিরত থাকা উচিত।
@ -152,8 +142,6 @@
![Pule width modulation rotation of a motor at 150 RPM](../../../images/pwm-motor-150rpm.png)
***PWM rotation of a motor at 150RPM. motor by Bakunetsu Kaito / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
তাহলে প্রতি সেকেন্ডে ২৫টি পালস দেয়া হচ্ছে যেখানে ৫ভোল্টের প্রতি সিগন্যালে ০.০২ সেকেন্ডে মোটর ঘুরছে আবার ০ ভোল্টের জন্য ০.০২ সেকেন্ডে মোটর বিরতি নিচ্ছে। প্রতিটি পালস এখানে মোটরকে একটি ঘূর্ণনের দশমাংশে ঘুরায়, যার অর্থ মোটর প্রতি সেকেন্ডে 2.5 ঘূর্ণন সম্পন্ন করে। এখানে ডিজিটাল সিগন্যাল ব্যবহার করে আমরা একটি মোটরকে প্রতি সেকেন্ডে ২.৫টি করে ঘূর্ণন প্রদান করেছি অর্থাৎ ১৫০ আরপিএম বা [revolutions per minute](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute) এ ঘুরিয়েছি।
```output
@ -165,8 +153,6 @@
![Pule width modulation rotation of a motor at 75 RPM](../../../images/pwm-motor-75rpm.png)
***PWM rotation of a motor at 75RPM. motor by Bakunetsu Kaito / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
পালসের আকার পরিবর্তন করে মোটরের গতি পরিবর্তন করা যাবে। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, একই মোটর দিয়ে আমরা 0.04 সেকেন্ডের একই চক্র রাখতে পারবো যেখানে ON পালসটি 0.01 ধরে থাকবে এবং OFF পালসটি 0.03 সেকেন্ড সময় ধরে থাকবে। আমাদের প্রতি সেকেন্ডে পালসের সংখ্যার পরিমাণ একই রয়েছে (25) তবে পালসের ON অবস্থার দৈর্ঘ্য এখন অর্ধেক। একটি অর্ধ দৈর্ঘ্যের পালস মোটরটিকে কেবল একটি ঘূর্ণনের এক বিংশতম পর্যন্ত ঘুরতে দেয় এবং 25 পালস দ্বারা প্রতি সেকেন্ডে 1.25টি ঘূর্ণন সম্পন্ন হব অর্থাৎ ৭৫ আরপিএম । ডিজিটাল সিগন্যালের পালসের গতি পরিবর্তন করে এভাবে অ্যানালগ মোটরের গতি অর্ধেকে নামিয়ে ফেলা যাবে।
```output
@ -188,8 +174,6 @@
![A LED is off at 0 volts and on at 5V](../../../images/led.png)
***An LED turning on and off depending on voltage. LED by abderraouf omara / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
✅ ২-অবস্থা বিশিষ্ট আর কোন অ্যাকচুয়েটর কী আশেপাশে দেখা যায় ? একটি উদাহরণ হলো সলিনয়েড, একটি ইলেক্ট্রোম্যাগনেট যা দ্বারা কোন দরজার নব নিয়ন্ত্রণ করে খোলা-বন্ধ করা যাবে।
আরও উন্নত ডিজিটাল অ্যাকচুয়েটর যেমন স্ক্রিনের জন্য ডিজিটাল ডেটা নির্দিষ্ট ফর্ম্যাটে প্রেরণ করা প্রয়োজন। এগুলি সাধারণত প্রোগ্রাম লাইব্রেরিতে থাকে যা এগুলি নিয়ন্ত্রণ করতে সঠিক ডেটা প্রেরণকে সহজ করে।

10
1-getting-started/lessons/4-connect-internet/README.md
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@ -31,8 +31,6 @@ There are a number of popular communication protocols used by IoT devices to com
![IoT devices connect to a broker and publish telemetry and subscribe to commands. Cloud services connect to the broker and subscribe to all telemetry and send commands to specific devices.](../../../images/pub-sub.png)
***IoT devices connect to a broker and publish telemetry and subscribe to commands. Cloud services connect to the broker and subscribe to all telemetry and send commands to specific devices. Broadcast by RomStu / Microcontroller by Template / Cloud by Debi Alpa Nugraha - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
MQTT is the most popular communication protocol for IoT devices and is covered in this lesson. Others protocols include AMQP and HTTP/HTTPS.
## Message Queueing Telemetry Transport (MQTT)
@ -43,8 +41,6 @@ MQTT has a single broker and multiple clients. All clients connect to the broker
![IoT device publishing telemetry on the /telemetry topic, and the cloud service subscribing to that topic](../../../images/mqtt.png)
***IoT device publishing telemetry on the /telemetry topic, and the cloud service subscribing to that topic. Microcontroller by Template / Cloud by Debi Alpa Nugraha - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
✅ Do some research. If you have a lot of IoT devices, how can you ensure your MQTT broker can handle all the messages?
### Connect your IoT device to MQTT
@ -67,8 +63,6 @@ Rather than dealing with the complexities of setting up an MQTT broker as part o
![A flow chart of the assignment showing light levels being read and checked, and the LED begin controlled](../../../images/assignment-1-internet-flow.png)
***A flow chart of the assignment showing light levels being read and checked, and the LED begin controlled. ldr by Eucalyp / LED by abderraouf omara - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
Follow the relevant step below to connect your device to the MQTT broker:
* [Arduino - Wio Terminal](wio-terminal-mqtt.md)
@ -106,8 +100,6 @@ Let's look back at the example of the smart thermostat from Lesson 1.
![An Internet connected thermostat using multiple room sensors](../../../images/telemetry.png)
***An Internet connected thermostat using multiple room sensors. Temperature by Vectors Market / Microcontroller by Template / dial by Jamie Dickinson / heater by Pascal Heß / mobile phone and Calendar by Alice-vector / Cloud by Debi Alpa Nugraha / smart sensor by Andrei Yushchenko / weather by Adrien Coquet - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
The thermostat has temperature sensors to gather telemetry. It would most likely have one temperature sensor built in, and it might connect to multiple external temperature sensors over a wireless protocol such as [Bluetooth Low Energy](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy) (BLE).
An example of the telemetry data it would send could be:
@ -353,8 +345,6 @@ Commands are messages sent by the cloud to a device, instructing it to do someth
![An Internet connected thermostat receiving a command to turn on the heating](../../../images/commands.png)
***An Internet connected thermostat receiving a command to turn on the heating. Temperature by Vectors Market / Microcontroller by Template / dial by Jamie Dickinson / heater by Pascal Heß / mobile phone and Calendar by Alice-vector / Cloud by Debi Alpa Nugraha / smart sensor by Andrei Yushchenko / weather by Adrien Coquet - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
A thermostat could receive a command from the cloud to turn the heating on. Based on the telemetry data from all the sensors, if the cloud service has decided that the heating should be on, so it sends the relevant command.
### Send commands to the MQTT broker

2
2-farm/README.md
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@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ In these 6 lessons you'll learn how to apply the Internet of Things to improve a
> 💁 These lessons will use some cloud resources. If you don't complete all the lessons in this project, make sure you [Clean up your project](../clean-up.md).
**Add video of automated plant**
## Topics
1. [Predict plant growth with IoT](lessons/1-predict-plant-growth/README.md)

2
2-farm/lessons/1-predict-plant-growth/README.md
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@ -130,8 +130,6 @@ By gathering temperature data using an IoT device, a farmer can automatically be
![Telemetry data is sent to a server and then saved to a database](../../../images/save-telemetry-database.png)
***Telemetry data is sent to a server and then saved to a database. database by Icons Bazaar - from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
The server code can also augment the data by adding extra information. For example, the IoT device can publish an identifier to indicate which device it is, and the sever code can use this to look up the location of the device, and what crops it is monitoring. It can also add basic data like the current time as some IoT devices don't have the necessary hardware to keep track of an accurate time, or require additional code to read the current time over the Internet.
✅ Why do you think different fields might have different temperatures?

14
2-farm/lessons/2-detect-soil-moisture/README.md
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@ -29,8 +29,6 @@ Plants require water to grow. They absorb water throughout the entire plant, wit
![Water is absorbed through plant roots then carried around the plant, being used for photosynthesis and plant structure](../../../images/transpiration.png)
***Water is absorbed through plant roots then carried around the plant, being used for photosynthesis and plant structure. Plant by Alex Muravev / Plant Cell by Léa Lortal - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
✅ Do some research: how much water is lost through transpiration?
The root system provides water from moisture in the soil where the plant grows. Too little water in the soil and the plant cannot absorb enough to grow, too much water and roots cannot absorb enough oxygen needed to function. This leads to roots dying and the plant unable to get enough nutrients to survive.
@ -79,14 +77,10 @@ You can use GPIO pins directly with some digital sensors and actuators when you
![A button is sent 5 volts. When not pressed it returns 0 volts, or 0, when pressed it returns 5 volts, or 1](../../../images/button-with-digital.png)
***A button is sent 5 volts. When not pressed it returns 0 volts, or 0, when pressed it returns 5 volts, or 1. Microcontroller by Template / Button by Dan Hetteix - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
* LED. You can connect an LED between an output pin and a ground pin (using a resistor otherwise you'll burn out the LED). From code you can set the output pin to high and it will send 3.3V, making a circuit from the 3.3V pin, through the LED, to the ground pin. This will light the LED.
![An LED is sent a signal of 0 (3.3V), which lights the LED. If it is sent 0 (0v), the LED is not lit.](../../../images/led-digital-control.png)
***An LED is sent a signal of 0 (3.3V), which lights the LED. If it is sent 0 (0v), the LED is not lit. LED by abderraouf omara / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
For more advanced sensors, you can use GPIO pins to send and receive digital data directly with digital sensors and actuators, or via controller boards with ADCs and DACs to talk to analog sensors and actuators.
> 💁 if you are using a Raspberry Pi for these labs, the Grove Base Hat has hardware to convert analog sensor signals to digital to send over GPIO.
@ -101,8 +95,6 @@ For example, on a 3.3V board, if the sensor returns 3.3V, the value returned wou
![A soil moisture sensor sent 3.3V and returning 1.65v, or a reading of 511](../../../images/analog-sensor-voltage.png)
***A soil moisture sensor sent 3.3V and returning 1.65v, or a reading of 511. probe by Adnen Kadri / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
> 💁 Back in nightlight - lesson 3, the light sensor returned a value from 0-1,023. If you are using a Wio Terminal, the sensor was connected to an analog pin. If you are using a Raspberry Pi, then the sensor was connected to an analog pin on the base hat that has an integrated ADC to communicate over the GPIO pins. The virtual device was set to send a value from 0-1,023 to simulate an analog pin.
Soil moisture sensors rely on voltages, so will use analog pins and give values from 0-1,023.
@ -126,8 +118,6 @@ I<sup>2</sup>C has a bus made of 2 main wires, along with 2 power wires:
![I2C bus with 3 devices connected to the SDA and SCL wires, sharing a common ground wire](../../../images/i2c.png)
***I<sup>2</sup>C bus with 3 devices connected to the SDA and SCL wires, sharing a common ground wire. Microcontroller by Template / LED by abderraouf omara / ldr by Eucalyp - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
To send data, one device will issue a start condition to show it is ready to send data. It will then become the controller. The controller then sends the address of the device that it wants to communicate with, along with if it wants to read or write data. After the data has been transmitted, the controller sends a stop condition to indicate that it has finished. After this another device can become the controller and send or receive data.
I<sup>2</sup>C has speed limits, with 3 different modes running at fixed speeds. The fastest is High Speed mode with a maximum speed of 3.4Mbps (megabits per second), though very few devices support that speed. The Raspberry Pi for example, is limited to fast mode at 400Kbps (kilobits per second). Standard mode runs at 100Kbps.
@ -143,8 +133,6 @@ UART involves physical circuitry that allows two devices to communicate. Each de
![UART with the Tx pin on one chip connected to the Rx pin on another, and vice versa](../../../images/uart.png)
***UART with the Tx pin on one chip connected to the Rx pin on another, and vice versa. chip by Astatine Lab - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
> 🎓 The data is sent one bit at a time, and this is known as *serial* communication. Most operating systems and microcontrollers have *serial ports*, that is connections that can send and receive serial data that are available to your code.
UART devices have a [baud rate](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_rate) (also known as Symbol rate), which is the speed that data will be sent and received in bits per second. A common baud rate is 9,600, meaning 9,600 bits (0s and 1s) of data are sent each second.
@ -174,8 +162,6 @@ SPI controllers use 3 wires, along with 1 extra wire per peripheral. Peripherals
![SPI with on controller and two peripherals](../../../images/spi.png)
***SPI with on controller and two peripherals. chip by Astatine Lab - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
The CS wire is used to activate one peripheral at a time, communicating over the COPI and CIPO wires. When the controller needs to change peripheral, it deactivates the CS wire connected to the currently active peripheral, then activates the wire connected to the peripheral it wants to communicate with next.
SPI is *full-duplex*, meaning the controller can send and receive data at the same time from the same peripheral using the COPI and CIPO wires. SPI uses a clock signal on the SCLK wire to keep the devices in sync, so unlike sending directly over UART it doesn't need start and stop bits.

15
2-farm/lessons/3-automated-plant-watering/README.md
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@ -26,8 +26,6 @@ The solution to this is to have a pump connected to an external power supply, an
![A light switch turns power on to a light](../../../images/light-switch.png)
***A light switch turns power on to a light. switch by Chattapat / lightbulb by Maxim Kulikov - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
> 🎓 [Mains electricity](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity) refers to the electricity delivered to homes and businesses through national infrastructure in many parts of the world.
✅ IoT devices can usually provide 3.3V or 5V, at less than 1 amp (1A) of current. Compare this to mains electricity which is most often at 230V (120V in North America and 100V in Japan), and can provide power for devices that draw 30A.
@ -42,14 +40,10 @@ A relay is an electromechanical switch that converts an electrical signal into a
![When on, the electromagnet creates a magnetic field, turning on the switch for the output circuit](../../../images/relay-on.png)
***When on, the electromagnet creates a magnetic field, turning on the switch for the output circuit. lightbulb by Maxim Kulikov - from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
In a relay, a control circuit powers the electromagnet. When the electromagnet is on, it pulls a lever that moves a switch, closing a pair of contacts and completing an output circuit.
![When off, the electromagnet doesn't create a magnetic field, turning off the switch for the output circuit](../../../images/relay-off.png)
***When off, the electromagnet doesn't create a magnetic field, turning off the switch for the output circuit. lightbulb by Maxim Kulikov - from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
When the control circuit is off, the electromagnet turns off, releasing the lever and opening the contacts, turning off the output circuit. Relays are digital actuators - a high signal to the relay turns it on, a low signal turns it off.
The output circuit can be used to power additional hardware, like an irrigation system. The IoT device can turn the relay on, completing the output circuit that powers the irrigation system, and plants get watered. The IoT device can then turn the relay off, cutting the power to the irrigation system, turning the water off.
@ -128,8 +122,6 @@ If you did the last lesson on soil moisture using a physical sensor, you would h
![A soil moisture measurement of 658 doesn't change during watering, it only drops to 320 after watering when water has soaked through the soil](../../../images/soil-moisture-travel.png)
***A soil moisture measurement of 658 doesn't change during watering, it only drops to 320 after watering when water has soaked through the soil. Plant by Alex Muravev / Watering Can by Daria Moskvina - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
In the diagram above, a soil moisture reading shows 658. The plant is watered, but this reading doesn't change immediately, as the water has yet to reach the sensor. Watering can even finish before the water reaches the sensor and the value drops to reflect the new moisture level.
If you were writing code to control an irrigation system via a relay based off soil moisture levels, you would need to take this delay into consideration and build smarter timing into your IoT device.
@ -156,8 +148,6 @@ For example, I have a strawberry plant with a soil moisture sensor and a pump co
![Step 1, take measurement. Step 2, add water. Step 3, wait for water to soak through the soil. Step 4, retake measurement](../../../images/soil-moisture-delay.png)
***Measure, add water, wait, remeasure. Plant by Alex Muravev / Watering Can by Daria Moskvina - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
This means the best process would be a watering cycle that is something like:
* Turn on the pump for 5 seconds
@ -203,10 +193,11 @@ Update your server code to run the relay for 5 seconds, then wait 20 seconds.
1. Open the `app.py` file
1. Add the following code to the `app.py` file below the existing imports:
```python
import threading
```
This statement imports `threading` from Python libraries, threading allows python to execute other code while waiting.
1. Add the following code before the `handle_telemetry` function that handles telemetry messages received by the server code:
@ -274,7 +265,7 @@ Update your server code to run the relay for 5 seconds, then wait 20 seconds.
```
A good way to test this in a simulated irrigation system is to use dry soil, then pour water in manually whilst the relay is on, stopping pouring when the relay turns off.
> 💁 You can find this code in the [code-timing](./code-timing) folder.
> 💁 If you want to use a pump to build a real irrigation system, then you can use a [6V water pump](https://www.seeedstudio.com/6V-Mini-Water-Pump-p-1945.html) with a [USB terminal power supply](https://www.adafruit.com/product/3628). Make sure the power to or from the pump is connected via the relay.

4
2-farm/lessons/4-migrate-your-plant-to-the-cloud/README.md
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@ -102,14 +102,10 @@ IoT devices connect to a cloud service either using a device SDK (a library that
![Devices connect to a service using a device SDK. Server code also connects to the service via an SDK](../../../images/iot-service-connectivity.png)
***Devices connect to a service using a device SDK. Server code also connects to the service via an SDK. Microcontroller by Template / Cloud by Debi Alpa Nugraha / IoT by Adrien Coquet - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
Your device then communicates with other parts of your application over this service - similar to how you sent telemetry and received commands over MQTT. This is usually using a service SDK or a similar library. Messages come from your device to the service where other components of your application can then read them, and messages can then be sent back to your device.
![Devices without a valid secret key cannot connect to the IoT service](../../../images/iot-service-allowed-denied-connection.png)
***Devices without a valid secret key cannot connect to the IoT service. Microcontroller by Template / Cloud by Debi Alpa Nugraha / IoT by Adrien Coquet - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
These services implement security by knowing about all the devices that can connect and send data, either by having the devices pre-registered with the service, or by giving the devices secret keys or certificates they can use to register themselves with the service the first time they connect. Unknown devices are unable to connect, if they try the service rejects the connection and ignores messages sent by them.
✅ Do some research: What is the downside of having an open IoT service where any device or code can connect? Can you find specific examples of hackers taking advantage of this?

4
2-farm/lessons/5-migrate-application-to-the-cloud/README.md
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@ -22,14 +22,10 @@ Serverless, or serverless computing, involves creating small blocks of code that
![Events being sent from an IoT service to a serverless service, all being processed at the same time by multiple functions being run](../../../images/iot-messages-to-serverless.png)
***Events being sent from an IoT service to a serverless service, all being processed at the same time by multiple functions being run. IoT by Adrien Coquet from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
> 💁 If you've used database triggers before, you can think of this as the same thing, code being triggered by an event such as inserting a row.
![When many events are sent at the same time, the serverless service scales up to run them all at the same time](../../../images/serverless-scaling.png)
***When many events are sent at the same time, the serverless service scales up to run them all at the same time. IoT by Adrien Coquet from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
Your code is only run when the event happens, there is nothing keeping your code alive at other times. The event happens, your code is loaded and run. This makes serverless very scalable - if many events happen at the same time, the cloud provider can run your function as many times as you need at the same time across whatever servers they have available. The downside to this is if you need to share information between events, you need to save it somewhere like a database rather than storing it in memory.
Your code is written as a function that takes details about the event as a parameter. You can use a wide range of programming languages to write these serverless functions.

6
2-farm/lessons/6-keep-your-plant-secure/README.md
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@ -50,14 +50,10 @@ When a device connects to an IoT service, it uses an ID to identify itself. The
![Both valid and malicious devices could use the same ID to send telemetry](../../../images/iot-device-and-hacked-device-connecting.png)
***Both valid and malicious devices could use the same ID to send telemetry. Microcontroller by Template / IoT by Adrien Coquet - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
The way round this is to convert the data being sent into a scrambled format, using some kind of value to scramble the data known to the device and the cloud only. This process is called *encryption*, and the value used to encrypt the data is called an *encryption key*.
![If encryption is used, then only encrypted messages will be accepted, others will be rejected](../../../images/iot-device-and-hacked-device-connecting-encryption.png)
***If encryption is used, then only encrypted messages will be accepted, others will be rejected. Microcontroller by Template / IoT by Adrien Coquet - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
The cloud service can then convert the data back to a readable format, using a process called *decryption*, using either the same encryption key, or a *decryption key*. If the encrypted message cannot be decrypted by the key, the device has been hacked and the message is rejected.
The technique for doing encryption and decryption is called *cryptography*.
@ -160,8 +156,6 @@ When using X.509 certificates, both the sender and the recipient will have their
![Instead of sharing a public key, you can share a certificate. The user of the certificate can verify that it comes from you by checking with the certificate authority who signed it.](../../../images/send-message-certificate.png)
***Instead of sharing a public key, you can share a certificate. The user of the certificate can verify that it comes from you by checking with the certificate authority who signed it. Certificate by alimasykurm from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
One big advantage of using X.509 certificates is that they can be shared between devices. You can create one certificate, upload it to IoT Hub, and use this for all your devices. Each device then just needs to know the private key to decrypt the messages it receives from IoT Hub.
The certificate used by your device to encrypt messages it sends to the IoT Hub is published by Microsoft. It is the same certificate that a lot of Azure services use, and is sometimes built into the SDKs

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3-transport/lessons/1-location-tracking/README.md
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@ -110,8 +110,6 @@ GPS systems work by having a number of satellites that send a signal with each s
![By knowing the distance from the sensor to multiple satellites, the location be calculated](../../../images/gps-satellites.png)
***By knowing the distance from the sensor to multiple satellites, the location be calculated. Satellite by Noura Mbarki from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
GPS satellites are circling the Earth, not at a fixed point above the sensor, so location data includes altitude above sea level as well as latitude and longitude.
GPS used to have limitations on accuracy enforced by the US military, limiting accuracy to around 5 meters. This limitation was removed in 2000, allowing an accuracy of 30 centimeters. Getting this accuracy is not always possible due to interference with the signals.

7
3-transport/lessons/2-store-location-data/README.md
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@ -87,8 +87,6 @@ In the last lesson you captured GPS data from a GPS sensor connected to your IoT
![Sending GPS telemetry from an IoT device to IoT Hub](../../../images/gps-telemetry-iot-hub.png)
***Sending GPS telemetry from an IoT device to IoT Hub. GPS by mim studio / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
### Task - send GPS data to an IoT Hub
1. Create a new IoT Hub using the free tier.
@ -171,8 +169,6 @@ Once data is flowing into your IoT Hub, you can write some serverless code to li
![Sending GPS telemetry from an IoT device to IoT Hub, then to Azure Functions via an event hub trigger](../../../images/gps-telemetry-iot-hub-functions.png)
***Sending GPS telemetry from an IoT device to IoT Hub, then to Azure Functions via an event hub trigger. GPS by mim studio / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
### Task - handle GPS events using serverless code
1. Create an Azure Functions app using the Azure Functions CLI. Use the Python runtime, and create it in a folder called `gps-trigger`, and use the same name for the Functions App project name. Make sure you create a virtual environment to use for this.
@ -236,8 +232,6 @@ In this lesson, you will use the Python SDK to see how to interact with blob sto
![Sending GPS telemetry from an IoT device to IoT Hub, then to Azure Functions via an event hub trigger, then saving it to blob storage](../../../images/save-telemetry-to-storage-from-functions.png)
***Sending GPS telemetry from an IoT device to IoT Hub, then to Azure Functions via an event hub trigger, then saving it to blob storage. GPS by mim studio / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
The data will be saved as a JSON blob with the following format:
```json
@ -372,7 +366,6 @@ The data will be saved as a JSON blob with the following format:
> 💁 Make sure you are not running the IoT Hub event monitor at the same time.
> 💁 You can find this code in the [code/functions](code/functions) folder.
### Task - verify the uploaded blobs

4
4-manufacturing/lessons/1-train-fruit-detector/README.md
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@ -36,8 +36,6 @@ The rise of automated harvesting moved the sorting of produce from the harvest t
![If a red tomato is detected it continues its journey uninterrupted. If a green tomato is detected it is flicked into a waste bin by a lever](../../../images/optical-tomato-sorting.png)
***If a red tomato is detected it continues its journey uninterrupted. If a green tomato is detected it is flicked into a waste bin by a lever. tomato by parkjisun from the Noun Project - from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
The next evolution was to use machines to sort, either built into the harvester, or in the processing plants. The first generation of these machines used optical sensors to detect colors, controlling actuators to push green tomatoes into a waste bin using levers or puffs of air, leaving red tomatoes to continue on a network of conveyor belts.
The video below shows one of these machines in action.
@ -122,7 +120,7 @@ To use Custom Vision, you first need to create two cognitive services resources
Replace `<location>` with the location you used when creating the Resource Group.
This will create a Custom Vision training resource in your Resource Group. It will be called `fruit-quality-detector-training` and use the `F0` sku, which is the free tier. The `--yes` option means you agree to the terms and conditions of the cognitive services.
> 💁 Use `S0` sku if you already have a free account using any of the Cognitive Services.
1. Use the following command to create a free Custom Vision prediction resource:

8
4-manufacturing/lessons/4-trigger-fruit-detector/README.md
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@ -37,8 +37,6 @@ IoT applications can be described as *things* (devices) sending data that genera
![A reference iot architecture](../../../images/iot-reference-architecture.png)
***A reference iot architecture. Microcontroller by Template / IoT by Adrien Coquet / Brain by Icon Market - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
The diagram above shows a reference IoT architecture.
> 🎓 A *reference architecture* is an example architecture you can use as a reference when designing new systems. In this case, if you were building a new IoT system you can follow the reference architecture, substituting your own devices and services where appropriate.
@ -49,8 +47,6 @@ The diagram above shows a reference IoT architecture.
![A reference iot architecture](../../../images/iot-reference-architecture-azure.png)
***A reference iot architecture. Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
The diagram above shows some of the components and services covered so far in these lessons and how the link together in a reference IoT architecture.
* **Things** - you've written device code to capture data from sensors, and analyse images using Custom Vision running both in the cloud and on an edge device. This data was sent to IoT Hub.
@ -92,8 +88,6 @@ You need to build a system where fruit is detected as it arrives on the conveyer
![A reference iot architecture for fruit quality checking](../../../images/iot-reference-architecture-fruit-quality.png)
***A reference iot architecture for fruit quality checking. LED by abderraouf omara / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
The diagram above shows a reference architecture for this prototype application.
* An IoT device with a proximity sensor detects the arrival of fruit. This sends a message to the cloud to say fruit has been detected.
@ -111,8 +105,6 @@ The IoT device needs some kind of trigger to indicate when fruit is ready to be
![Proximity sensors send laser beams to objects like bananas and time how long till the beam is bounced back](../../../images/proximity-sensor.png)
***Proximity sensors send laser beams to objects like bananas and time how long till the beam is bounced back. Bananas by abderraouf omara / Microcontroller by Template - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
Proximity sensors can be used to measure the distance from the sensor to an object. They usually transmit a beam of electromagnetic radiation such as a laser beam or infra-red light, then detect the radiation bouncing off an object. The time between the laser beam being sent and the signal bouncing back can be used to calculate the distance to the sensor.
> 💁 You have probably used proximity sensors without even knowing about it. Most smartphone will turn the screen off when you hold them to your ear to stop you accidentally ending a call with your earlobe, and this works using a proximity sensor, detecting an object close to the screen during a call and disabling the touch capabilities until the phone is a certain distance away.

6
6-consumer/lessons/1-speech-recognition/README.md
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@ -49,8 +49,6 @@ Microphones come in a variety of types:
![Patti Smith singing into a Shure SM58 (dynamic cardioid type) microphone](../../../images/dynamic-mic.jpg)
***Beni Köhler / [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)***
* Ribbon - Ribbon microphones are similar to dynamic microphones, except they have a metal ribbon instead of a diaphragm. This ribbon moves in a magnetic field generating an electrical current. Like dynamic microphones, ribbon microphones don't need power to work.
![Edmund Lowe, American actor, standing at radio microphone (labeled for (NBC) Blue Network), holding script, 1942](../../../images/ribbon-mic.jpg)
@ -59,8 +57,6 @@ Microphones come in a variety of types:
![C451B small-diaphragm condenser microphone by AKG Acoustics](../../../images/condenser-mic.jpg)
***[Harumphy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Harumphy) at [en.wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/) / [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)***
* MEMS - Microelectromechanical systems microphones, or MEMS, are microphones on a chip. They have a pressure sensitive diaphragm etched onto a silicon chip, and work similar to a condenser microphone. These microphones can be tiny, and integrated into circuitry.
![A MEMS microphone on a circuit board](../../../images/mems-microphone.png)
@ -85,7 +81,7 @@ For example most streaming music services offer 16-bit or 24-bit audio. This mea
> 💁 You may have hard of 8-bit audio, often referred to as LoFi. This is audio sampled using only 8-bits, so -128 to 127. The first computer audio was limited to 8 bits due to hardware limitations, so this is often seen in retro gaming.
These samples are taken many thousands of times per second, using well-defined sample rates measured in KHz (thousands of readings per second). Streaming music services use 48KHz for most audio, but some 'loseless' audio uses up to 96KHz or even 192KHz. The higher the sample rate, the closer to the original the audio will be, up to a point. There is debate whether humans can tell the difference above 48KHz.
These samples are taken many thousands of times per second, using well-defined sample rates measured in KHz (thousands of readings per second). Streaming music services use 48KHz for most audio, but some 'lossless' audio uses up to 96KHz or even 192KHz. The higher the sample rate, the closer to the original the audio will be, up to a point. There is debate whether humans can tell the difference above 48KHz.
✅ Do some research: If you use a streaming music service, what sample rate and size does it use? If you use CDs, what is the sample rate and size of CD audio?

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6-consumer/lessons/4-multiple-language-support/README.md
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@ -115,8 +115,6 @@ In an ideal world, your whole application should understand as many different la
![A smart timer architecture translating Japanese to English, processing in English then translating back to Japanese](../../../images/translated-smart-timer.png)
***A smart timer architecture translating Japanese to English, processing in English then translating back to Japanese. Microcontroller by Template / recording by Aybige Speaker / Speaker by Gregor Cresnar - all from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)***
Imagine you are building a smart timer that uses English end-to-end, understanding spoken English and converting that to text, running the language understanding in English, building up responses in English and replying with English speech. If you wanted to add support for Japanese, you could start with translating spoken Japanese to English text, then keep the core of the application the same, then translate the response text to Japanese before speaking the response. This would allow you to quickly add Japanese support, and you can expand to providing full end-to-end Japanese support later.
> 💁 The downside to relying on machine translation is that different languages and cultures have different ways of saying the same things, so the translation may not match the expression you are expecting.

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attributions.md
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@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
# Image attributions
* Bananas by abderraouf omara from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* Brain by Icon Market from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* Broadcast by RomStu from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* Button by Dan Hetteix from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* C451B small-diaphragm condenser microphone by AKG Acoustics. [Harumphy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Harumphy) at [en.wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/) / [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
* Calendar by Alice-vector from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* Certificate by alimasykurm from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* chip by Astatine Lab from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* Cloud by Debi Alpa Nugraha from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* CPU by Icon Lauk from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* database by Icons Bazaar from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* dial by Jamie Dickinson from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* GPS by mim studio from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* heater by Pascal Heß from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* Idea by Pause08 from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* IoT by Adrien Coquet from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* LED by abderraouf omara from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* ldr by Eucalyp from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* lightbulb by Maxim Kulikov from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)*
* Microcontroller by Template from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* mobile phone by Alice-vector from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* motor by Bakunetsu Kaito from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* Patti Smith singing into a Shure SM58 (dynamic cardioid type) microphone. Beni Köhler / [Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)
* Plant by Alex Muravev from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* Plant Cell by Léa Lortal from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* probe by Adnen Kadri from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* ram by Atif Arshad from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* Raspberry Pi 4. Michael Henzler / [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) / [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
* recording by Aybige Speaker from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* Satellite by Noura Mbarki from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* smart sensor by Andrei Yushchenko from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* Speaker by Gregor Cresnar from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* switch by Chattapat from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)*
* Temperature by Vectors Market from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* tomato by parkjisun from the Noun Project from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* Watering Can by Daria Moskvina from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
* weather by Adrien Coquet from the [Noun Project](https://thenounproject.com)
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