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Data-Science-For-Beginners/translations/zh-HK/2-Working-With-Data/08-data-preparation/notebook.ipynb

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{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "rQ8UhzFpgRra"
},
"source": [
"# 數據準備\n",
"\n",
"[原始筆記本來源：*Data Science: Introduction to Machine Learning for Data Science Python and Machine Learning Studio by Lee Stott*](https://github.com/leestott/intro-Datascience/blob/master/Course%20Materials/4-Cleaning_and_Manipulating-Reference.ipynb)\n",
"\n",
"## 探索 `DataFrame` 資訊\n",
"\n",
"> **學習目標：** 完成本小節後，您應該能夠熟練地查找存儲在 pandas DataFrame 中的數據的一般資訊。\n",
"\n",
"當您將數據載入 pandas 後，數據通常會以 `DataFrame` 的形式存在。然而，如果您的 `DataFrame` 中的數據集有 60,000 行和 400 列，您該如何開始了解自己正在處理的內容呢？幸運的是，pandas 提供了一些方便的工具，可以快速查看 `DataFrame` 的整體資訊，以及前幾行和後幾行的內容。\n",
"\n",
"為了探索這些功能，我們將導入 Python 的 scikit-learn 庫，並使用一個每位數據科學家都看過數百次的經典數據集：英國生物學家 Ronald Fisher 在其 1936 年的論文《The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems》中使用的 *Iris* 數據集：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true,
"id": "hB1RofhdgRrp",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"import pandas as pd\n",
"from sklearn.datasets import load_iris\n",
"\n",
"iris = load_iris()\n",
"iris_df = pd.DataFrame(data=iris['data'], columns=iris['feature_names'])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "AGA0A_Y8hMdz"
},
"source": [
"### `DataFrame.shape`\n",
"我們已經將 Iris 數據集載入到變數 `iris_df` 中。在深入分析數據之前，了解我們擁有的數據點數量以及整個數據集的大小是很有價值的。查看我們正在處理的數據量是很有幫助的。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "LOe5jQohhulf",
"outputId": "fb0577ac-3b4a-4623-cb41-20e1b264b3e9"
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(150, 4)"
]
},
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"iris_df.shape"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "smE7AGzOhxk2"
},
"source": [
"我們正在處理 150 行和 4 列的數據。每一行代表一個數據點，每一列代表與數據框相關的一個特徵。基本上，這裡有 150 個數據點，每個數據點包含 4 個特徵。\n",
"\n",
"`shape` 在這裡是數據框的一個屬性，而不是一個函數，所以它的後面沒有一對括號。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "d3AZKs0PinGP"
},
"source": [
"### `DataFrame.columns`\n",
"現在讓我們深入了解這個數據框的四個欄位。每個欄位具體代表什麼呢？`columns` 屬性將提供數據框中欄位的名稱。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "YPGh_ziji-CY",
"outputId": "74e7a43a-77cc-4c80-da56-7f50767c37a0"
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"Index(['sepal length (cm)', 'sepal width (cm)', 'petal length (cm)',\n",
" 'petal width (cm)'],\n",
" dtype='object')"
]
},
"execution_count": 3,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"iris_df.columns"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "TsobcU_VjCC_"
},
"source": [
"正如我們所見，有四（4）列。`columns`屬性告訴我們列的名稱，基本上沒有其他內容。當我們想要識別數據集包含的特徵時，這個屬性就顯得重要了。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "2UTlvkjmgRrs"
},
"source": [
"### `DataFrame.info`\n",
"透過 `shape` 屬性提供的數據量以及透過 `columns` 屬性提供的特徵或列名稱，可以讓我們對數據集有初步了解。現在，我們希望更深入地探索數據集。`DataFrame.info()` 函數在這方面非常有用。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "dHHRyG0_gRrt",
"outputId": "d8fb0c40-4f18-4e19-da48-c8db77d1d3a5",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
"RangeIndex: 150 entries, 0 to 149\n",
"Data columns (total 4 columns):\n",
" # Column Non-Null Count Dtype \n",
"--- ------ -------------- ----- \n",
" 0 sepal length (cm) 150 non-null float64\n",
" 1 sepal width (cm) 150 non-null float64\n",
" 2 petal length (cm) 150 non-null float64\n",
" 3 petal width (cm) 150 non-null float64\n",
"dtypes: float64(4)\n",
"memory usage: 4.8 KB\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"iris_df.info()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "1XgVMpvigRru"
},
"source": [
"從這裡，我們可以作出以下幾點觀察：\n",
"1. 每列的數據類型：在這個數據集中，所有數據都以64位浮點數形式存儲。\n",
"2. 非空值的數量：處理空值是數據準備中的重要步驟，稍後會在筆記本中處理。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "IYlyxbpWFEF4"
},
"source": [
"### DataFrame.describe()\n",
"假設我們的數據集中有大量的數值數據。像平均值、中位數、四分位數等單變量統計計算可以分別對每一列進行。`DataFrame.describe()` 函數可以為我們提供數據集中數值列的統計摘要。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 5,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 297
},
"id": "tWV-CMstFIRA",
"outputId": "4fc49941-bc13-4b0c-a412-cb39e7d3f289"
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<div>\n",
"<style scoped>\n",
" .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
" vertical-align: middle;\n",
" }\n",
"\n",
" .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
" vertical-align: top;\n",
" }\n",
"\n",
" .dataframe thead th {\n",
" text-align: right;\n",
" }\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
" <th></th>\n",
" <th>sepal length (cm)</th>\n",
" <th>sepal width (cm)</th>\n",
" <th>petal length (cm)</th>\n",
" <th>petal width (cm)</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>count</th>\n",
" <td>150.000000</td>\n",
" <td>150.000000</td>\n",
" <td>150.000000</td>\n",
" <td>150.000000</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>mean</th>\n",
" <td>5.843333</td>\n",
" <td>3.057333</td>\n",
" <td>3.758000</td>\n",
" <td>1.199333</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>std</th>\n",
" <td>0.828066</td>\n",
" <td>0.435866</td>\n",
" <td>1.765298</td>\n",
" <td>0.762238</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>min</th>\n",
" <td>4.300000</td>\n",
" <td>2.000000</td>\n",
" <td>1.000000</td>\n",
" <td>0.100000</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>25%</th>\n",
" <td>5.100000</td>\n",
" <td>2.800000</td>\n",
" <td>1.600000</td>\n",
" <td>0.300000</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>50%</th>\n",
" <td>5.800000</td>\n",
" <td>3.000000</td>\n",
" <td>4.350000</td>\n",
" <td>1.300000</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>75%</th>\n",
" <td>6.400000</td>\n",
" <td>3.300000</td>\n",
" <td>5.100000</td>\n",
" <td>1.800000</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>max</th>\n",
" <td>7.900000</td>\n",
" <td>4.400000</td>\n",
" <td>6.900000</td>\n",
" <td>2.500000</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n",
"</div>"
],
"text/plain": [
" sepal length (cm) sepal width (cm) petal length (cm) petal width (cm)\n",
"count 150.000000 150.000000 150.000000 150.000000\n",
"mean 5.843333 3.057333 3.758000 1.199333\n",
"std 0.828066 0.435866 1.765298 0.762238\n",
"min 4.300000 2.000000 1.000000 0.100000\n",
"25% 5.100000 2.800000 1.600000 0.300000\n",
"50% 5.800000 3.000000 4.350000 1.300000\n",
"75% 6.400000 3.300000 5.100000 1.800000\n",
"max 7.900000 4.400000 6.900000 2.500000"
]
},
"execution_count": 5,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"iris_df.describe()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "zjjtW5hPGMuM"
},
"source": [
"上面的輸出顯示了每列的數據點總數、平均值、標準差、最小值、下四分位數（25%）、中位數（50%）、上四分位數（75%）和最大值。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "-lviAu99gRrv"
},
"source": [
"### `DataFrame.head`\n",
"透過以上所有的函數和屬性，我們已經對數據集有了一個高層次的概覽。我們知道數據集中有多少個數據點，有多少個特徵，每個特徵的數據類型，以及每個特徵中非空值的數量。\n",
"\n",
"現在是時候看看數據本身了。讓我們來看看我們的 `DataFrame` 的前幾行（前幾個數據點）是什麼樣子：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 6,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 204
},
"id": "DZMJZh0OgRrw",
"outputId": "d9393ee5-c106-4797-f815-218f17160e00",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
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"\n",
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"</style>\n",
"<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
" <th></th>\n",
" <th>sepal length (cm)</th>\n",
" <th>sepal width (cm)</th>\n",
" <th>petal length (cm)</th>\n",
" <th>petal width (cm)</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>0</th>\n",
" <td>5.1</td>\n",
" <td>3.5</td>\n",
" <td>1.4</td>\n",
" <td>0.2</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>1</th>\n",
" <td>4.9</td>\n",
" <td>3.0</td>\n",
" <td>1.4</td>\n",
" <td>0.2</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>2</th>\n",
" <td>4.7</td>\n",
" <td>3.2</td>\n",
" <td>1.3</td>\n",
" <td>0.2</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>3</th>\n",
" <td>4.6</td>\n",
" <td>3.1</td>\n",
" <td>1.5</td>\n",
" <td>0.2</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>4</th>\n",
" <td>5.0</td>\n",
" <td>3.6</td>\n",
" <td>1.4</td>\n",
" <td>0.2</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
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"text/plain": [
" sepal length (cm) sepal width (cm) petal length (cm) petal width (cm)\n",
"0 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2\n",
"1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2\n",
"2 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2\n",
"3 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2\n",
"4 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2"
]
},
"execution_count": 6,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"iris_df.head()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "EBHEimZuEFQK"
},
"source": [
"在此輸出中，我們可以看到數據集的五（5）個條目。如果查看左側的索引，我們會發現這是前五行。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "oj7GkrTdgRry"
},
"source": [
"### 練習：\n",
"\n",
"從上面的例子可以看出，預設情況下，`DataFrame.head` 會返回 `DataFrame` 的前五行。在下面的程式碼單元中，你能找到方法顯示超過五行嗎？\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 7,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true,
"id": "EKRmRFFegRrz",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Hint: Consult the documentation by using iris_df.head?"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "BJ_cpZqNgRr1"
},
"source": [
"### `DataFrame.tail`\n",
"另一種查看數據的方法是從結尾開始（而不是從開頭）。`DataFrame.head` 的反面是 `DataFrame.tail`，它會返回 `DataFrame` 的最後五行：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 8,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 0
},
"id": "heanjfGWgRr2",
"outputId": "6ae09a21-fe09-4110-b0d7-1a1fbf34d7f3",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
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"\n",
" .dataframe thead th {\n",
" text-align: right;\n",
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"</style>\n",
"<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
" <th></th>\n",
" <th>sepal length (cm)</th>\n",
" <th>sepal width (cm)</th>\n",
" <th>petal length (cm)</th>\n",
" <th>petal width (cm)</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>145</th>\n",
" <td>6.7</td>\n",
" <td>3.0</td>\n",
" <td>5.2</td>\n",
" <td>2.3</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>146</th>\n",
" <td>6.3</td>\n",
" <td>2.5</td>\n",
" <td>5.0</td>\n",
" <td>1.9</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>147</th>\n",
" <td>6.5</td>\n",
" <td>3.0</td>\n",
" <td>5.2</td>\n",
" <td>2.0</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>148</th>\n",
" <td>6.2</td>\n",
" <td>3.4</td>\n",
" <td>5.4</td>\n",
" <td>2.3</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>149</th>\n",
" <td>5.9</td>\n",
" <td>3.0</td>\n",
" <td>5.1</td>\n",
" <td>1.8</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
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"</div>"
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"text/plain": [
" sepal length (cm) sepal width (cm) petal length (cm) petal width (cm)\n",
"145 6.7 3.0 5.2 2.3\n",
"146 6.3 2.5 5.0 1.9\n",
"147 6.5 3.0 5.2 2.0\n",
"148 6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3\n",
"149 5.9 3.0 5.1 1.8"
]
},
"execution_count": 8,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"iris_df.tail()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "31kBWfyLgRr3"
},
"source": [
"在實際操作中，能夠輕鬆查看 `DataFrame` 的前幾行或後幾行非常有用，特別是在檢查有序數據集中的異常值時。\n",
"\n",
"上面展示的所有函數和屬性，通過代碼示例的幫助，讓我們能夠快速了解數據的概況。\n",
"\n",
"> **重點提示：** 即使僅僅查看 `DataFrame` 的元數據或其中的前幾個和最後幾個值，也能讓你立即對所處理數據的大小、形狀和內容有一個初步的了解。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "TvurZyLSDxq_"
},
"source": [
"### 缺失數據\n",
"讓我們深入了解缺失數據。缺失數據是指某些欄位中沒有存儲任何值。\n",
"\n",
"舉個例子：假設某人對自己的體重非常在意，因此在調查中不填寫體重欄位。那麼，該人的體重值就會是缺失的。\n",
"\n",
"在現實世界的數據集中，缺失值是非常常見的。\n",
"\n",
"**Pandas 如何處理缺失數據**\n",
"\n",
"Pandas 有兩種方式來處理缺失值。第一種方式你可能在之前的章節中已經見過：`NaN`，即「非數字」（Not a Number）。這實際上是一個特殊值，是 IEEE 浮點規範的一部分，僅用於表示缺失的浮點值。\n",
"\n",
"對於非浮點類型的缺失值，Pandas 使用 Python 的 `None` 對象。雖然遇到兩種不同的值來表示同樣的事情可能會讓人感到困惑，但這種設計選擇有其合理的編程原因。實際上，這樣的設計使得 Pandas 能夠在絕大多數情況下提供良好的平衡。不過，無論是 `None` 還是 `NaN`，它們都帶有一些限制，這些限制需要注意，特別是在使用它們時的方式上。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "lOHqUlZFgRr5"
},
"source": [
"### `None`：非浮點型的缺失數據\n",
"由於 `None` 是 Python 的一部分，因此它不能用於數據類型不是 `'object'` 的 NumPy 和 pandas 陣列。請記住，NumPy 陣列（以及 pandas 中的數據結構）只能包含一種數據類型。這正是它們在大規模數據和計算工作中展現強大能力的原因，但同時也限制了它們的靈活性。這類陣列必須向“最低共同分母”進行類型提升，即能夠涵蓋陣列中所有內容的數據類型。當陣列中包含 `None` 時，意味著您正在處理 Python 對象。\n",
"\n",
"以下示例陣列可以幫助您理解這一點（注意它的 `dtype`）：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 9,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "QIoNdY4ngRr7",
"outputId": "92779f18-62f4-4a03-eca2-e9a101604336",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"array([2, None, 6, 8], dtype=object)"
]
},
"execution_count": 9,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"import numpy as np\n",
"\n",
"example1 = np.array([2, None, 6, 8])\n",
"example1"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "pdlgPNbhgRr7"
},
"source": [
"數據類型向上轉型的現實帶來了兩個副作用。首先，操作將在解釋型的 Python 代碼層面執行，而不是編譯型的 NumPy 代碼層面。基本上，這意味著任何涉及包含 `None` 的 `Series` 或 `DataFrame` 的操作都會變得較慢。雖然你可能不會注意到這種性能下降，但對於大型數據集來說，這可能會成為一個問題。\n",
"\n",
"第二個副作用源於第一個副作用。由於 `None` 本質上將 `Series` 或 `DataFrame` 拉回到原生 Python 的世界，因此在包含 ``None`` 值的數組上使用像 `sum()` 或 `min()` 這樣的 NumPy/pandas 聚合操作通常會產生錯誤：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 292
},
"id": "gWbx-KB9gRr8",
"outputId": "ecba710a-22ec-41d5-a39c-11f67e645b50",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"ename": "TypeError",
"evalue": "ignored",
"output_type": "error",
"traceback": [
"\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m Traceback (most recent call last)",
"\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-10-ce9901ad18bd>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mexample1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0msum\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
"\u001b[0;32m/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/numpy/core/_methods.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_sum\u001b[0;34m(a, axis, dtype, out, keepdims, initial, where)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 45\u001b[0m def _sum(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False,\n\u001b[1;32m 46\u001b[0m initial=_NoValue, where=True):\n\u001b[0;32m---> 47\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mumr_sum\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0maxis\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdtype\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mout\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mkeepdims\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0minitial\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mwhere\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m 48\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m 49\u001b[0m def _prod(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False,\n",
"\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'NoneType'"
]
}
],
"source": [
"example1.sum()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "LcEwO8UogRr9"
},
"source": [
"**主要重點**：整數與 `None` 值之間的加法（以及其他運算）是未定義的，這可能會限制您對包含這些值的數據集所能執行的操作。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "pWvVHvETgRr9"
},
"source": [
"### `NaN`：缺失的浮點值\n",
"\n",
"與 `None` 不同，NumPy（因此也包括 pandas）支援使用 `NaN` 來進行快速的向量化操作和 ufuncs。壞消息是，任何涉及 `NaN` 的算術運算結果都會是 `NaN`。例如：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 11,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "rcFYfMG9gRr9",
"outputId": "699e81b7-5c11-4b46-df1d-06071768690f",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"nan"
]
},
"execution_count": 11,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"np.nan + 1"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 12,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "BW3zQD2-gRr-",
"outputId": "4525b6c4-495d-4f7b-a979-efce1dae9bd0",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"nan"
]
},
"execution_count": 12,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"np.nan * 0"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "fU5IPRcCgRr-"
},
"source": [
"好消息：在包含 `NaN` 的數組上運行的聚合不會出現錯誤。壞消息：結果並不一律有用：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 13,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "LCInVgSSgRr_",
"outputId": "fa06495a-0930-4867-87c5-6023031ea8b5",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"(nan, nan, nan)"
]
},
"execution_count": 13,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"example2 = np.array([2, np.nan, 6, 8]) \n",
"example2.sum(), example2.min(), example2.max()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "nhlnNJT7gRr_"
},
"source": [
"### 運動：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 11,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true,
"id": "yan3QRaOgRr_",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# What happens if you add np.nan and None together?\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "_iDvIRC8gRsA"
},
"source": [
"請記住：`NaN` 只適用於缺失的浮點值；整數、字符串或布爾值並沒有 `NaN` 的等效。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "kj6EKdsAgRsA"
},
"source": [
"### `NaN` 和 `None`：pandas 中的空值\n",
"\n",
"儘管 `NaN` 和 `None` 的行為可能略有不同，但 pandas 已設計成可以互換處理它們。為了更清楚地了解，請考慮一個整數的 `Series`：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 15,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "Nji-KGdNgRsA",
"outputId": "36aa14d2-8efa-4bfd-c0ed-682991288822",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"0 1\n",
"1 2\n",
"2 3\n",
"dtype: int64"
]
},
"execution_count": 15,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"int_series = pd.Series([1, 2, 3], dtype=int)\n",
"int_series"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "WklCzqb8gRsB"
},
"source": [
"### 運動：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 16,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true,
"id": "Cy-gqX5-gRsB",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Now set an element of int_series equal to None.\n",
"# How does that element show up in the Series?\n",
"# What is the dtype of the Series?\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "WjMQwltNgRsB"
},
"source": [
"在將數據類型向上轉型以建立 `Series` 和 `DataFrame` 的數據一致性過程中，pandas 會自動在缺失值之間切換 `None` 和 `NaN`。由於這種設計特性，將 `None` 和 `NaN` 視為 pandas 中兩種不同形式的「空值」是很有幫助的。事實上，pandas 中一些處理缺失值的核心方法名稱也反映了這一點：\n",
"\n",
"- `isnull()`：生成一個布爾掩碼，用於指示缺失值\n",
"- `notnull()`：與 `isnull()` 相反\n",
"- `dropna()`：返回過濾後的數據版本\n",
"- `fillna()`：返回填充或估算缺失值後的數據副本\n",
"\n",
"這些方法非常重要，掌握並熟悉它們是必不可少的，因此我們將逐一深入探討這些方法。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "Yh5ifd9FgRsB"
},
"source": [
"### 檢測空值\n",
"\n",
"既然我們已經了解了缺失值的重要性，在處理它們之前，我們需要在數據集中檢測它們。 \n",
"`isnull()` 和 `notnull()` 是檢測空值的主要方法。這兩個方法都會返回布爾掩碼，覆蓋你的數據。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 17,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true,
"id": "e-vFp5lvgRsC",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"example3 = pd.Series([0, np.nan, '', None])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 18,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "1XdaJJ7PgRsC",
"outputId": "92fc363a-1874-471f-846d-f4f9ce1f51d0",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"0 False\n",
"1 True\n",
"2 False\n",
"3 True\n",
"dtype: bool"
]
},
"execution_count": 18,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"example3.isnull()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "PaSZ0SQygRsC"
},
"source": [
"仔細看看輸出結果，有沒有令你感到驚訝的地方？雖然 `0` 是一個算術上的空值，但它仍然是一個完全有效的整數，pandas 也將其視為整數。至於 `''` 則稍微微妙一些。雖然我們在第 1 節中使用它來表示空字串值，但它本質上仍然是一個字串物件，而不是 pandas 所認為的空值。\n",
"\n",
"現在，讓我們換個角度，使用這些方法更接近實際應用的方式。你可以直接使用布林遮罩作為 ``Series`` 或 ``DataFrame`` 的索引，這在處理孤立的缺失值（或存在值）時非常有用。\n",
"\n",
"如果我們想要計算缺失值的總數，只需對 `isnull()` 方法生成的遮罩進行求和即可。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 19,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "JCcQVoPkHDUv",
"outputId": "001daa72-54f8-4bd5-842a-4df627a79d4d"
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"2"
]
},
"execution_count": 19,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"example3.isnull().sum()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "PlBqEo3mgRsC"
},
"source": [
"### 運動：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 20,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true,
"id": "ggDVf5uygRsD",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Try running example3[example3.notnull()].\n",
"# Before you do so, what do you expect to see?\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "D_jWN7mHgRsD"
},
"source": [
"**主要重點**：當在資料框中使用 `isnull()` 和 `notnull()` 方法時，兩者會產生相似的結果：它們會顯示結果以及這些結果的索引，這將在您處理數據時提供極大的幫助。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "BvnoojWsgRr4"
},
"source": [
"### 處理缺失數據\n",
"\n",
"> **學習目標：** 完成本小節後，您應該了解如何以及何時替換或移除 DataFrame 中的空值。\n",
"\n",
"機器學習模型無法直接處理缺失數據。因此，在將數據傳入模型之前，我們需要先處理這些缺失值。\n",
"\n",
"如何處理缺失數據涉及微妙的取捨，可能會影響您的最終分析結果以及實際應用的效果。\n",
"\n",
"主要有兩種處理缺失數據的方法：\n",
"\n",
"1. 刪除包含缺失值的行\n",
"2. 用其他值替換缺失值\n",
"\n",
"我們將詳細討論這兩種方法及其優缺點。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "3VaYC1TvgRsD"
},
"source": [
"### 刪除空值\n",
"\n",
"我們傳遞給模型的數據量會直接影響其性能。刪除空值意味著減少數據點的數量，從而減少數據集的大小。因此，當數據集相當大時，建議刪除包含空值的行。\n",
"\n",
"另一種情況可能是某一行或列有大量缺失值。在這種情況下，可以刪除它們，因為該行/列的大部分數據都缺失，對分析的價值不大。\n",
"\n",
"除了識別缺失值之外，pandas 還提供了一種方便的方法來從 `Series` 和 `DataFrame` 中移除空值。為了更好地理解這一點，我們可以回到 `example3`。`DataFrame.dropna()` 函數可以幫助刪除包含空值的行。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 21,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "7uIvS097gRsD",
"outputId": "c13fc117-4ca1-4145-a0aa-42ac89e6e218",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"0 0\n",
"2 \n",
"dtype: object"
]
},
"execution_count": 21,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"example3 = example3.dropna()\n",
"example3"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "hil2cr64gRsD"
},
"source": [
"請注意，這應該看起來像您從 `example3[example3.notnull()]` 的輸出。這裡的不同之處在於，`dropna` 不僅僅是基於遮罩值進行索引，而是已經從 `Series` `example3` 中移除了那些缺失值。\n",
"\n",
"由於 DataFrame 是二維的，因此它提供了更多刪除數據的選項。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 22,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 142
},
"id": "an-l74sPgRsE",
"outputId": "340876a0-63ad-40f6-bd54-6240cdae50ab",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<div>\n",
"<style scoped>\n",
" .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
" vertical-align: middle;\n",
" }\n",
"\n",
" .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
" vertical-align: top;\n",
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"\n",
" .dataframe thead th {\n",
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"</style>\n",
"<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
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" <tr>\n",
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" <td>2.0</td>\n",
" <td>5.0</td>\n",
" <td>8</td>\n",
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" <td>NaN</td>\n",
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"text/plain": [
" 0 1 2\n",
"0 1.0 NaN 7\n",
"1 2.0 5.0 8\n",
"2 NaN 6.0 9"
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},
"execution_count": 22,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"example4 = pd.DataFrame([[1, np.nan, 7], \n",
" [2, 5, 8], \n",
" [np.nan, 6, 9]])\n",
"example4"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "66wwdHZrgRsE"
},
"source": [
"（你是否注意到 pandas 將其中兩列提升為浮點型，以容納 `NaN` 值？）\n",
"\n",
"你無法從 `DataFrame` 中刪除單個值，因此必須刪除整行或整列。根據你的需求，你可能需要選擇其中一種方式，因此 pandas 提供了兩種選項。在數據科學中，列通常代表變量，行則代表觀察值，因此你更可能刪除數據的行；`dropna()` 的預設設定是刪除所有包含任何空值的行：\n"
]
},
{
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"execution_count": 23,
"metadata": {
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"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 80
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"id": "jAVU24RXgRsE",
"outputId": "0b5e5aee-7187-4d3f-b583-a44136ae5f80",
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"example4.dropna()"
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{
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"metadata": {
"id": "TrQRBuTDgRsE"
},
"source": [
"如果需要，您可以從列中刪除 NA 值。使用 `axis=1` 來完成：\n"
]
},
{
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"execution_count": 24,
"metadata": {
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"source": [
"example4.dropna(axis='columns')"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "KWXiKTfMgRsF"
},
"source": [
"請注意，這可能會刪除許多您可能希望保留的數據，特別是在較小的數據集中。如果您只想刪除包含多個甚至所有空值的行或列該怎麼辦？您可以在 `dropna` 中使用 `how` 和 `thresh` 參數來指定這些設置。\n",
"\n",
"預設情況下，`how='any'`（如果您想自行檢查或查看該方法的其他參數，可以在代碼單元中運行 `example4.dropna?`）。您也可以選擇指定 `how='all'`，以便僅刪除包含所有空值的行或列。讓我們擴展示例 `DataFrame`，在下一個練習中看看這是如何運作的。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 25,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 142
},
"id": "Bcf_JWTsgRsF",
"outputId": "72e0b1b8-52fa-4923-98ce-b6fbed6e44b1",
"trusted": false
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"outputs": [
{
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"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
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],
"source": [
"example4[3] = np.nan\n",
"example4"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "pNZer7q9JPNC"
},
"source": [
"> 關鍵要點：\n",
"1. 只有在數據集足夠大的情況下，刪除空值才是明智的選擇。\n",
"2. 如果整行或整列的大部分數據都缺失，可以刪除這些行或列。\n",
"3. `DataFrame.dropna(axis=)` 方法可用於刪除空值。`axis` 參數表示是刪除行還是列。\n",
"4. `how` 參數也可以使用。默認情況下設置為 `any`，因此它只刪除包含任何空值的行或列。可以設置為 `all`，以指定僅刪除所有值均為空的行或列。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "oXXSfQFHgRsF"
},
"source": [
"### 運動:\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 22,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true,
"id": "ExUwQRxpgRsF",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# How might you go about dropping just column 3?\n",
"# Hint: remember that you will need to supply both the axis parameter and the how parameter.\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "38kwAihWgRsG"
},
"source": [
"`thresh` 參數提供更細緻的控制：您設定一行或一列需要擁有的*非空*值的數量，以便保留該行或列：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 27,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 80
},
"id": "M9dCNMaagRsG",
"outputId": "8093713a-54d2-4e54-c73f-4eea315cb6f2",
"trusted": false
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"outputs": [
{
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"source": [
"example4.dropna(axis='rows', thresh=3)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "fmSFnzZegRsG"
},
"source": [
"這裡，第一行和最後一行已被刪除，因為它們僅包含兩個非空值。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "mCcxLGyUgRsG"
},
"source": [
"### 填充空值\n",
"\n",
"有時候，用可能有效的值來填充缺失值是合理的。有幾種方法可以填充空值。第一種方法是使用領域知識（即數據集所基於主題的知識）來大致估算缺失值。\n",
"\n",
"你可以使用 `isnull` 直接進行操作，但這可能會很繁瑣，特別是當你需要填充大量值時。由於這是數據科學中非常常見的任務，pandas 提供了 `fillna` 方法，它會返回一個 `Series` 或 `DataFrame` 的副本，並將缺失值替換為你選擇的值。讓我們創建另一個示例 `Series`，來看看這在實際操作中的效果。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "CE8S7louLezV"
},
"source": [
"### 類別型數據（非數字型）\n",
"首先讓我們來看看非數字型數據。在數據集中，我們有一些包含類別型數據的欄位，例如性別、True 或 False 等。\n",
"\n",
"在大多數情況下，我們會用該欄位的 `眾數` 來替換缺失值。假設我們有 100 個數據點，其中 90 個選擇 True，8 個選擇 False，還有 2 個未填寫。那麼，我們可以將這 2 個未填寫的值替換為 True，基於整個欄位的情況。\n",
"\n",
"此外，我們也可以在這裡使用領域知識。讓我們來看一個用眾數填充的例子。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 28,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 204
},
"id": "MY5faq4yLdpQ",
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"outputs": [
{
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
"fill_with_mode = pd.DataFrame([[1,2,\"True\"],\n",
" [3,4,None],\n",
" [5,6,\"False\"],\n",
" [7,8,\"True\"],\n",
" [9,10,\"True\"]])\n",
"\n",
"fill_with_mode"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "MLAoMQOfNPlA"
},
"source": [
"現在，讓我們先找到眾數，再用眾數填充 `None` 值。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 29,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "WKy-9Y2tN5jv",
"outputId": "8da9fa16-e08c-447e-dea1-d4b1db2feebf"
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"True 3\n",
"False 1\n",
"Name: 2, dtype: int64"
]
},
"execution_count": 29,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"fill_with_mode[2].value_counts()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "6iNz_zG_OKrx"
},
"source": [
"所以，我們將把 None 替換為 True\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 30,
"metadata": {
"id": "TxPKteRvNPOs"
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"fill_with_mode[2].fillna('True',inplace=True)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 31,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 204
},
"id": "tvas7c9_OPWE",
"outputId": "ec3c8e44-d644-475e-9e22-c65101965850"
},
"outputs": [
{
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"metadata": {},
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],
"source": [
"fill_with_mode"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "SktitLxxOR16"
},
"source": [
"正如我們所見，空值已被替換。毋庸置疑，我們本可以在此處寫任何內容或 `'True'`，它都會被替代。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "heYe1I0dOmQ_"
},
"source": [
"### 數值數據\n",
"現在來談談數值數據。這裡有兩種常見的方法來替換缺失值：\n",
"\n",
"1. 用行的中位數替換\n",
"2. 用行的平均值替換\n",
"\n",
"如果數據偏斜且有異常值，我們會選擇用中位數替換。因為中位數對異常值具有穩健性。\n",
"\n",
"當數據已經正規化時，我們可以使用平均值，因為在這種情況下，平均值和中位數會非常接近。\n",
"\n",
"首先，我們選擇一個正態分佈的列，並用該列的平均值填充缺失值。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 32,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 204
},
"id": "09HM_2feOj5Y",
"outputId": "7e309013-9acb-411c-9b06-4de795bbeeff"
},
"outputs": [
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"source": [
"fill_with_mean = pd.DataFrame([[-2,0,1],\n",
" [-1,2,3],\n",
" [np.nan,4,5],\n",
" [1,6,7],\n",
" [2,8,9]])\n",
"\n",
"fill_with_mean"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "ka7-wNfzSxbx"
},
"source": [
"該列的平均值是\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 33,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "XYtYEf5BSxFL",
"outputId": "68a78d18-f0e5-4a9a-a959-2c3676a57c70"
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"0.0"
]
},
"execution_count": 33,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"np.mean(fill_with_mean[0])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "oBSRGxKRS39K"
},
"source": [
"用平均值填充\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 34,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 204
},
"id": "FzncQLmuS5jh",
"outputId": "00f74fff-01f4-4024-c261-796f50f01d2e"
},
"outputs": [
{
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"source": [
"fill_with_mean[0].fillna(np.mean(fill_with_mean[0]),inplace=True)\n",
"fill_with_mean"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "CwpVFCrPTC5z"
},
"source": [
"正如我們所見，缺失值已被其平均值替換。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "jIvF13a1i00Z"
},
"source": [
"現在讓我們嘗試另一個數據框，這次我們將用該列的中位數替換 None 值。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 35,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 204
},
"id": "DA59Bqo3jBYZ",
"outputId": "85dae6ec-7394-4c36-fda0-e04769ec4a32"
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"outputs": [
{
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"fill_with_median = pd.DataFrame([[-2,0,1],\n",
" [-1,2,3],\n",
" [0,np.nan,5],\n",
" [1,6,7],\n",
" [2,8,9]])\n",
"\n",
"fill_with_median"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "mM1GpXYmjHnc"
},
"source": [
"第二列的中位數是\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 36,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "uiDy5v3xjHHX",
"outputId": "564b6b74-2004-4486-90d4-b39330a64b88"
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"4.0"
]
},
"execution_count": 36,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"fill_with_median[1].median()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "z9PLF75Jj_1s"
},
"source": [
"以中位數填充\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 37,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 204
},
"id": "lFKbOxCMkBbg",
"outputId": "a8bd18fb-2765-47d4-e5fe-e965f57ed1f4"
},
"outputs": [
{
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"fill_with_median[1].fillna(fill_with_median[1].median(),inplace=True)\n",
"fill_with_median"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "8JtQ53GSkKWC"
},
"source": [
"如我們所見，NaN 值已被該列的中位數取代\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 38,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "0ybtWLDdgRsG",
"outputId": "b8c238ef-6024-4ee2-be2b-aa1f0fcac61d",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"a 1.0\n",
"b NaN\n",
"c 2.0\n",
"d NaN\n",
"e 3.0\n",
"dtype: float64"
]
},
"execution_count": 38,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"example5 = pd.Series([1, np.nan, 2, None, 3], index=list('abcde'))\n",
"example5"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "yrsigxRggRsH"
},
"source": [
"您可以使用單一值（例如 `0`）填充所有的空值條目：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 39,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "KXMIPsQdgRsH",
"outputId": "aeedfa0a-a421-4c2f-cb0d-183ce8f0c91d",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"a 1.0\n",
"b 0.0\n",
"c 2.0\n",
"d 0.0\n",
"e 3.0\n",
"dtype: float64"
]
},
"execution_count": 39,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"example5.fillna(0)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "RRlI5f_hkfKe"
},
"source": [
"> 主要重點：\n",
"1. 填補缺失值應在數據較少或有策略填補缺失值的情況下進行。\n",
"2. 可以利用領域知識來估算並填補缺失值。\n",
"3. 對於分類數據，通常使用該列的眾數來替代缺失值。\n",
"4. 對於數值型數據，缺失值通常使用該列的平均值（針對已正規化的數據集）或中位數來填補。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "FI9MmqFJgRsH"
},
"source": [
"### 運動：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 40,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true,
"id": "af-ezpXdgRsH",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# What happens if you try to fill null values with a string, like ''?\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "kq3hw1kLgRsI"
},
"source": [
"您可以使用**前向填充**空值，即使用最後一個有效值來填充空值：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 41,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "vO3BuNrggRsI",
"outputId": "e2bc591b-0b48-4e88-ee65-754f2737c196",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"a 1.0\n",
"b 1.0\n",
"c 2.0\n",
"d 2.0\n",
"e 3.0\n",
"dtype: float64"
]
},
"execution_count": 41,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"example5.fillna(method='ffill')"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "nDXeYuHzgRsI"
},
"source": [
"您亦可**回填**以向後傳播下一個有效值來填補空值：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 42,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "4M5onHcEgRsI",
"outputId": "8f32b185-40dd-4a9f-bd85-54d6b6a414fe",
"trusted": false
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"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"a 1.0\n",
"b 2.0\n",
"c 2.0\n",
"d 3.0\n",
"e 3.0\n",
"dtype: float64"
]
},
"execution_count": 42,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"example5.fillna(method='bfill')"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true,
"id": "MbBzTom5gRsI"
},
"source": [
"正如你可能猜到的，這與 DataFrames 的操作方式相同，但你也可以指定一個 `axis` 來填充空值：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 43,
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"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 142
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"id": "aRpIvo4ZgRsI",
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"source": [
"example4"
]
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"id": "VM1qtACAgRsI",
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"source": [
"example4.fillna(method='ffill', axis=1)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "ZeMc-I1EgRsI"
},
"source": [
"請注意，當前一個值不可用於向前填充時，空值將保持不變。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "eeAoOU0RgRsJ"
},
"source": [
"### 運動：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 45,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true,
"id": "e8S-CjW8gRsJ",
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"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# What output does example4.fillna(method='bfill', axis=1) produce?\n",
"# What about example4.fillna(method='ffill') or example4.fillna(method='bfill')?\n",
"# Can you think of a longer code snippet to write that can fill all of the null values in example4?\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "YHgy0lIrgRsJ"
},
"source": [
"您可以創意地使用 `fillna`。例如，我們再次查看 `example4`，但這次我們將缺失值填充為 `DataFrame` 中所有值的平均值：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 46,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 142
},
"id": "OtYVErEygRsJ",
"outputId": "708b1e67-45ca-44bf-a5ee-8b2de09ece73",
"trusted": false
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"outputs": [
{
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" <td>1.5</td>\n",
" <td>6.0</td>\n",
" <td>9</td>\n",
" <td>NaN</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n",
"</div>"
],
"text/plain": [
" 0 1 2 3\n",
"0 1.0 5.5 7 NaN\n",
"1 2.0 5.0 8 NaN\n",
"2 1.5 6.0 9 NaN"
]
},
"execution_count": 46,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"example4.fillna(example4.mean())"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "zpMvCkLSgRsJ"
},
"source": [
"注意，第 3 欄仍然是空的：預設方向是按行填充值。\n",
"\n",
"> **重點提示：** 處理數據集中缺失值的方法有很多。你採用的具體策略（刪除、替換，甚至替換的方式）應該根據該數據的具體情況來決定。隨著你處理和接觸更多數據集，你將更能掌握如何應對缺失值的技巧。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "bauDnESIl9FH"
},
"source": [
"### 編碼分類數據\n",
"\n",
"機器學習模型只能處理數字和任何形式的數值數據。它無法分辨「是」和「否」，但能區分 0 和 1。因此，在填補缺失值之後，我們需要將分類數據編碼成某種數字形式，讓模型能夠理解。\n",
"\n",
"編碼可以通過兩種方式完成。我們接下來會討論這些方法。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "uDq9SxB7mu5i"
},
"source": [
"**標籤編碼**\n",
"\n",
"標籤編碼基本上是將每個類別轉換為一個數字。例如，假設我們有一個航空乘客的數據集，其中有一列包含他們的艙位類別，類別包括 ['商務艙', '經濟艙', '頭等艙']。如果對這些類別進行標籤編碼，則會被轉換為 [0,1,2]。讓我們通過代碼示例來看看。由於我們會在接下來的筆記本中學習 `scikit-learn`，所以這裡不會使用它。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 47,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 235
},
"id": "1vGz7uZyoWHL",
"outputId": "9e252855-d193-4103-a54d-028ea7787b34"
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<div>\n",
"<style scoped>\n",
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" <td>30</td>\n",
" <td>economy class</td>\n",
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" <td>40</td>\n",
" <td>economy class</td>\n",
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" <th>4</th>\n",
" <td>50</td>\n",
" <td>economy class</td>\n",
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" <tr>\n",
" <th>5</th>\n",
" <td>60</td>\n",
" <td>business class</td>\n",
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"text/plain": [
" ID class\n",
"0 10 business class\n",
"1 20 first class\n",
"2 30 economy class\n",
"3 40 economy class\n",
"4 50 economy class\n",
"5 60 business class"
]
},
"execution_count": 47,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"label = pd.DataFrame([\n",
" [10,'business class'],\n",
" [20,'first class'],\n",
" [30, 'economy class'],\n",
" [40, 'economy class'],\n",
" [50, 'economy class'],\n",
" [60, 'business class']\n",
"],columns=['ID','class'])\n",
"label"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "IDHnkwTYov-h"
},
"source": [
"要對第一列進行標籤編碼，我們首先需要描述每個類別到數字的映射，然後再進行替換\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 48,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 235
},
"id": "ZC5URJG3o1ES",
"outputId": "aab0f1e7-e0f3-4c14-8459-9f9168c85437"
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
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"text/plain": [
" ID class\n",
"0 10 0\n",
"1 20 2\n",
"2 30 1\n",
"3 40 1\n",
"4 50 1\n",
"5 60 0"
]
},
"execution_count": 48,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
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],
"source": [
"class_labels = {'business class':0,'economy class':1,'first class':2}\n",
"label['class'] = label['class'].replace(class_labels)\n",
"label"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "ftnF-TyapOPt"
},
"source": [
"正如我們所見，輸出結果與我們預期的一致。那麼，我們什麼時候使用標籤編碼呢？標籤編碼通常在以下情況之一或兩者中使用：\n",
"1. 當類別數量很大時\n",
"2. 當類別具有順序性時。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "eQPAPVwsqWT7"
},
"source": [
"**獨熱編碼**\n",
"\n",
"另一種編碼方式是獨熱編碼。在這種編碼方式中，每個欄位的類別都會被新增為一個獨立的欄位，而每個數據點會根據是否包含該類別而被賦予 0 或 1 的值。因此，如果有 n 個不同的類別，則會在資料框中新增 n 個欄位。\n",
"\n",
"例如，讓我們以同樣的飛機艙等例子來說。類別包括：['商務艙', '經濟艙', '頭等艙']。如果我們進行獨熱編碼，以下三個欄位將被新增到數據集中：['class_business class', 'class_economy class', 'class_first class']。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 49,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 235
},
"id": "ZM0eVh0ArKUL",
"outputId": "83238a76-b3a5-418d-c0b6-605b02b6891b"
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<div>\n",
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"text/plain": [
" ID class\n",
"0 10 business class\n",
"1 20 first class\n",
"2 30 economy class\n",
"3 40 economy class\n",
"4 50 economy class\n",
"5 60 business class"
]
},
"execution_count": 49,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"one_hot = pd.DataFrame([\n",
" [10,'business class'],\n",
" [20,'first class'],\n",
" [30, 'economy class'],\n",
" [40, 'economy class'],\n",
" [50, 'economy class'],\n",
" [60, 'business class']\n",
"],columns=['ID','class'])\n",
"one_hot"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "aVnZ7paDrWmb"
},
"source": [
"讓我們對第一列進行獨熱編碼\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 50,
"metadata": {
"id": "RUPxf7egrYKr"
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"one_hot_data = pd.get_dummies(one_hot,columns=['class'])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 51,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 235
},
"id": "TM37pHsFr4ge",
"outputId": "7be15f53-79b2-447a-979c-822658339a9e"
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<div>\n",
"<style scoped>\n",
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" <th></th>\n",
" <th>ID</th>\n",
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" <th>class_first class</th>\n",
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" <tr>\n",
" <th>1</th>\n",
" <td>20</td>\n",
" <td>0</td>\n",
" <td>0</td>\n",
" <td>1</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>2</th>\n",
" <td>30</td>\n",
" <td>0</td>\n",
" <td>1</td>\n",
" <td>0</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>3</th>\n",
" <td>40</td>\n",
" <td>0</td>\n",
" <td>1</td>\n",
" <td>0</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>4</th>\n",
" <td>50</td>\n",
" <td>0</td>\n",
" <td>1</td>\n",
" <td>0</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>5</th>\n",
" <td>60</td>\n",
" <td>1</td>\n",
" <td>0</td>\n",
" <td>0</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </tbody>\n",
"</table>\n",
"</div>"
],
"text/plain": [
" ID class_business class class_economy class class_first class\n",
"0 10 1 0 0\n",
"1 20 0 0 1\n",
"2 30 0 1 0\n",
"3 40 0 1 0\n",
"4 50 0 1 0\n",
"5 60 1 0 0"
]
},
"execution_count": 51,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"one_hot_data"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "_zXRLOjXujdA"
},
"source": [
"每個獨熱編碼的列包含 0 或 1，指定該數據點是否存在該類別。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "bDnC4NQOu0qr"
},
"source": [
"我們何時使用獨熱編碼？獨熱編碼通常在以下其中一種或兩種情況下使用：\n",
"\n",
"1. 當分類數量和數據集的規模較小時。\n",
"2. 當分類沒有特定的順序時。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "XnUmci_4uvyu"
},
"source": [
"> 主要重點：\n",
"1. 編碼是將非數值數據轉換為數值數據的過程。\n",
"2. 編碼分為兩種類型：標籤編碼和獨熱編碼，可根據數據集的需求進行選擇。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "K8UXOJYRgRsJ"
},
"source": [
"## 移除重複數據\n",
"\n",
"> **學習目標：** 完成本小節後，您應該能夠熟練識別並移除 DataFrame 中的重複值。\n",
"\n",
"除了缺失數據外，您在現實世界的數據集中經常會遇到重複的數據。幸運的是，pandas 提供了一個簡便的方法來檢測和移除重複的條目。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "qrEG-Wa0gRsJ"
},
"source": [
"### 識別重複值：`duplicated`\n",
"\n",
"你可以使用 pandas 的 `duplicated` 方法輕鬆找出重複值。該方法會返回一個布林遮罩，指示 `DataFrame` 中某個條目是否是之前條目的重複值。我們來創建另一個範例 `DataFrame`，看看這個方法的實際應用。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 52,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 204
},
"id": "ZLu6FEnZgRsJ",
"outputId": "376512d1-d842-4db1-aea3-71052aeeecaf",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
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"<style scoped>\n",
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" <th>0</th>\n",
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" <tr>\n",
" <th>1</th>\n",
" <td>B</td>\n",
" <td>2</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>2</th>\n",
" <td>A</td>\n",
" <td>1</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>3</th>\n",
" <td>B</td>\n",
" <td>3</td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>4</th>\n",
" <td>B</td>\n",
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"text/plain": [
" letters numbers\n",
"0 A 1\n",
"1 B 2\n",
"2 A 1\n",
"3 B 3\n",
"4 B 3"
]
},
"execution_count": 52,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"example6 = pd.DataFrame({'letters': ['A','B'] * 2 + ['B'],\n",
" 'numbers': [1, 2, 1, 3, 3]})\n",
"example6"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 53,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
},
"id": "cIduB5oBgRsK",
"outputId": "3da27b3d-4d69-4e1d-bb52-0af21bae87f2",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"0 False\n",
"1 False\n",
"2 True\n",
"3 False\n",
"4 True\n",
"dtype: bool"
]
},
"execution_count": 53,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"example6.duplicated()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "0eDRJD4SgRsK"
},
"source": [
"### 刪除重複項：`drop_duplicates`\n",
"`drop_duplicates` 會返回一份數據副本，其中所有 `duplicated` 值均為 `False`：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 54,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 142
},
"id": "w_YPpqIqgRsK",
"outputId": "ac66bd2f-8671-4744-87f5-8b8d96553dea",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
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"</table>\n",
"</div>"
],
"text/plain": [
" letters numbers\n",
"0 A 1\n",
"1 B 2\n",
"3 B 3"
]
},
"execution_count": 54,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"example6.drop_duplicates()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "69AqoCZAgRsK"
},
"source": [
"`duplicated` 和 `drop_duplicates` 預設會考慮所有列，但你可以指定它們僅檢查 `DataFrame` 中的一部分列：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 55,
"metadata": {
"colab": {
"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
"height": 111
},
"id": "BILjDs67gRsK",
"outputId": "ef6dcc08-db8b-4352-c44e-5aa9e2bec0d3",
"trusted": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/html": [
"<div>\n",
"<style scoped>\n",
" .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
" vertical-align: middle;\n",
" }\n",
"\n",
" .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
" vertical-align: top;\n",
" }\n",
"\n",
" .dataframe thead th {\n",
" text-align: right;\n",
" }\n",
"</style>\n",
"<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
" <thead>\n",
" <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
" <th></th>\n",
" <th>letters</th>\n",
" <th>numbers</th>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" </thead>\n",
" <tbody>\n",
" <tr>\n",
" <th>0</th>\n",
" <td>A</td>\n",
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"text/plain": [
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},
"execution_count": 55,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"example6.drop_duplicates(['letters'])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {
"id": "GvX4og1EgRsL"
},
"source": [
"> **重點:** 移除重複數據是幾乎每個數據科學項目中不可或缺的一部分。重複數據可能會改變分析結果，並導致不準確的結論！\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## 真實世界數據質量檢查\n",
"\n",
"> **學習目標：** 在本節結束時，你應該能夠熟練地檢測和修正常見的真實世界數據質量問題，包括不一致的分類值、異常的數值（離群值）以及帶有變化的重複實體。\n",
"\n",
"雖然缺失值和完全重複的數據是常見問題，但真實世界的數據集往往還包含更微妙的問題：\n",
"\n",
"1. **不一致的分類值**：同一分類以不同方式拼寫（例如：\"USA\"、\"U.S.A\"、\"United States\"）\n",
"2. **異常的數值**：極端的離群值，可能表明數據輸入錯誤（例如，年齡 = 999）\n",
"3. **近似重複的行**：表示同一實體但有輕微變化的記錄\n",
"\n",
"接下來，我們將探討檢測和處理這些問題的技術。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### 建立一個範例「髒」數據集\n",
"\n",
"首先，讓我們建立一個範例數據集，其中包含我們在真實世界數據中常見的問題類型：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"import pandas as pd\n",
"import numpy as np\n",
"\n",
"# Create a sample dataset with quality issues\n",
"dirty_data = pd.DataFrame({\n",
" 'customer_id': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12],\n",
" 'name': ['John Smith', 'Jane Doe', 'John Smith', 'Bob Johnson', \n",
" 'Alice Williams', 'Charlie Brown', 'John Smith', 'Eva Martinez',\n",
" 'Bob Johnson', 'Diana Prince', 'Frank Castle', 'Alice Williams'],\n",
" 'age': [25, 32, 25, 45, 28, 199, 25, 31, 45, 27, -5, 28],\n",
" 'country': ['USA', 'UK', 'U.S.A', 'Canada', 'USA', 'United Kingdom',\n",
" 'United States', 'Mexico', 'canada', 'USA', 'UK', 'usa'],\n",
" 'purchase_amount': [100.50, 250.00, 105.00, 320.00, 180.00, 90.00,\n",
" 102.00, 275.00, 325.00, 195.00, 410.00, 185.00]\n",
"})\n",
"\n",
"print(\"Sample 'Dirty' Dataset:\")\n",
"print(dirty_data)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### 1. 檢測不一致的分類值\n",
"\n",
"注意到 `country` 欄位中，同一個國家有多種表示方式。讓我們找出這些不一致之處：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Check unique values in the country column\n",
"print(\"Unique country values:\")\n",
"print(dirty_data['country'].unique())\n",
"print(f\"\\nTotal unique values: {dirty_data['country'].nunique()}\")\n",
"\n",
"# Count occurrences of each variation\n",
"print(\"\\nValue counts:\")\n",
"print(dirty_data['country'].value_counts())"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### 標準化分類值\n",
"\n",
"我們可以建立一個映射來標準化這些值。一個簡單的方法是將值轉換為小寫，並建立一個映射字典：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Create a standardization mapping\n",
"country_mapping = {\n",
" 'usa': 'USA',\n",
" 'u.s.a': 'USA',\n",
" 'united states': 'USA',\n",
" 'uk': 'UK',\n",
" 'united kingdom': 'UK',\n",
" 'canada': 'Canada',\n",
" 'mexico': 'Mexico'\n",
"}\n",
"\n",
"# Standardize the country column\n",
"dirty_data['country_clean'] = dirty_data['country'].str.lower().map(country_mapping)\n",
"\n",
"print(\"Before standardization:\")\n",
"print(dirty_data['country'].value_counts())\n",
"print(\"\\nAfter standardization:\")\n",
"print(dirty_data[['country_clean']].value_counts())"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"**替代方法：使用模糊匹配**\n",
"\n",
"對於更複雜的情況，我們可以使用 `rapidfuzz` 庫進行模糊字符串匹配，自動檢測相似的字符串：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"try:\n",
" from rapidfuzz import process, fuzz\n",
"except ImportError:\n",
" print(\"rapidfuzz is not installed. Please install it with 'pip install rapidfuzz' to use fuzzy matching.\")\n",
" process = None\n",
" fuzz = None\n",
"\n",
"# Get unique countries\n",
"unique_countries = dirty_data['country'].unique()\n",
"\n",
"# For each country, find similar matches\n",
"if process is not None and fuzz is not None:\n",
" print(\"Finding similar country names (similarity > 70%):\")\n",
" for country in unique_countries:\n",
" matches = process.extract(country, unique_countries, scorer=fuzz.ratio, limit=3)\n",
" # Filter matches with similarity > 70 and not identical\n",
" similar = [m for m in matches if m[1] > 70 and m[0] != country]\n",
" if similar:\n",
" print(f\"\\n'{country}' is similar to:\")\n",
" for match, score, _ in similar:\n",
" print(f\" - '{match}' (similarity: {score}%)\")\n",
"else:\n",
" print(\"Skipping fuzzy matching because rapidfuzz is not available.\")"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### 2. 檢測異常數值（離群值）\n",
"\n",
"查看 `age` 欄位時，我們發現一些可疑的數值，例如 199 和 -5。讓我們使用統計方法來檢測這些離群值。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Display basic statistics\n",
"print(\"Age column statistics:\")\n",
"print(dirty_data['age'].describe())\n",
"\n",
"# Identify impossible values using domain knowledge\n",
"print(\"\\nRows with impossible age values (< 0 or > 120):\")\n",
"impossible_ages = dirty_data[(dirty_data['age'] < 0) | (dirty_data['age'] > 120)]\n",
"print(impossible_ages[['customer_id', 'name', 'age']])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### 使用 IQR（四分位距）方法\n",
"\n",
"IQR 方法是一種穩健的統計技術，用於檢測異常值，對極端值的敏感度較低：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Calculate IQR for age (excluding impossible values)\n",
"valid_ages = dirty_data[(dirty_data['age'] >= 0) & (dirty_data['age'] <= 120)]['age']\n",
"\n",
"Q1 = valid_ages.quantile(0.25)\n",
"Q3 = valid_ages.quantile(0.75)\n",
"IQR = Q3 - Q1\n",
"\n",
"# Define outlier bounds\n",
"lower_bound = Q1 - 1.5 * IQR\n",
"upper_bound = Q3 + 1.5 * IQR\n",
"\n",
"print(f\"IQR-based outlier bounds for age: [{lower_bound:.2f}, {upper_bound:.2f}]\")\n",
"\n",
"# Identify outliers\n",
"age_outliers = dirty_data[(dirty_data['age'] < lower_bound) | (dirty_data['age'] > upper_bound)]\n",
"print(f\"\\nRows with age outliers:\")\n",
"print(age_outliers[['customer_id', 'name', 'age']])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### 使用 Z 分數方法\n",
"\n",
"Z 分數方法根據與平均值的標準差來識別異常值：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"try:\n",
" from scipy import stats\n",
"except ImportError:\n",
" print(\"scipy is required for Z-score calculation. Please install it with 'pip install scipy' and rerun this cell.\")\n",
"else:\n",
" # Calculate Z-scores for age, handling NaN values\n",
" age_nonan = dirty_data['age'].dropna()\n",
" zscores = np.abs(stats.zscore(age_nonan))\n",
" dirty_data['age_zscore'] = np.nan\n",
" dirty_data.loc[age_nonan.index, 'age_zscore'] = zscores\n",
"\n",
" # Typically, Z-score > 3 indicates an outlier\n",
" print(\"Rows with age Z-score > 3:\")\n",
" zscore_outliers = dirty_data[dirty_data['age_zscore'] > 3]\n",
" print(zscore_outliers[['customer_id', 'name', 'age', 'age_zscore']])\n",
"\n",
" # Clean up the temporary column\n",
" dirty_data = dirty_data.drop('age_zscore', axis=1)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### 處理異常值\n",
"\n",
"一旦檢測到異常值，可以用以下幾種方式處理：\n",
"1. **移除**：刪除包含異常值的行（如果它們是錯誤）\n",
"2. **限制**：用邊界值替換\n",
"3. **替換為 NaN**：視為缺失數據並使用填補技術\n",
"4. **保留**：如果它們是合法的極端值\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Create a cleaned version by replacing impossible ages with NaN\n",
"dirty_data['age_clean'] = dirty_data['age'].apply(\n",
" lambda x: np.nan if (x < 0 or x > 120) else x\n",
")\n",
"\n",
"print(\"Age column before and after cleaning:\")\n",
"print(dirty_data[['customer_id', 'name', 'age', 'age_clean']])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### 3. 檢測近似重複的行\n",
"\n",
"注意，我們的數據集中有多個 \"John Smith\" 的條目，且數值略有不同。我們來基於名字相似度識別潛在的重複項。\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# First, let's look at exact name matches (ignoring extra whitespace)\n",
"dirty_data['name_normalized'] = dirty_data['name'].str.strip().str.lower()\n",
"\n",
"print(\"Checking for duplicate names:\")\n",
"duplicate_names = dirty_data[dirty_data.duplicated(['name_normalized'], keep=False)]\n",
"print(duplicate_names.sort_values('name_normalized')[['customer_id', 'name', 'age', 'country']])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### 使用模糊匹配尋找近似重複項\n",
"\n",
"為了進行更高級的重複檢測，我們可以使用模糊匹配來尋找相似的名稱：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"try:\n",
" from rapidfuzz import process, fuzz\n",
"\n",
" # Function to find potential duplicates\n",
" def find_near_duplicates(df, column, threshold=90):\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" Find near-duplicate entries in a column using fuzzy matching.\n",
" \n",
" Parameters:\n",
" - df: DataFrame\n",
" - column: Column name to check for duplicates\n",
" - threshold: Similarity threshold (0-100)\n",
" \n",
" Returns: List of potential duplicate groups\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" values = df[column].unique()\n",
" duplicate_groups = []\n",
" checked = set()\n",
" \n",
" for value in values:\n",
" if value in checked:\n",
" continue\n",
" \n",
" # Find similar values\n",
" matches = process.extract(value, values, scorer=fuzz.ratio, limit=len(values))\n",
" similar = [m[0] for m in matches if m[1] >= threshold]\n",
" \n",
" if len(similar) > 1:\n",
" duplicate_groups.append(similar)\n",
" checked.update(similar)\n",
" \n",
" return duplicate_groups\n",
"\n",
" # Find near-duplicate names\n",
" duplicate_groups = find_near_duplicates(dirty_data, 'name', threshold=90)\n",
"\n",
" print(\"Potential duplicate groups:\")\n",
" for i, group in enumerate(duplicate_groups, 1):\n",
" print(f\"\\nGroup {i}:\")\n",
" for name in group:\n",
" matching_rows = dirty_data[dirty_data['name'] == name]\n",
" print(f\" '{name}': {len(matching_rows)} occurrence(s)\")\n",
" for _, row in matching_rows.iterrows():\n",
" print(f\" - Customer {row['customer_id']}: age={row['age']}, country={row['country']}\")\n",
"except ImportError:\n",
" print(\"rapidfuzz is not installed. Skipping fuzzy matching for near-duplicates.\")"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"#### 處理重複項目\n",
"\n",
"一旦識別出來後，你需要決定如何處理重複項目：\n",
"1. **保留第一次出現**：使用 `drop_duplicates(keep='first')`\n",
"2. **保留最後一次出現**：使用 `drop_duplicates(keep='last')`\n",
"3. **聚合信息**：合併重複行的資訊\n",
"4. **人工審查**：標記以供人工審查\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Example: Remove duplicates based on normalized name, keeping first occurrence\n",
"cleaned_data = dirty_data.drop_duplicates(subset=['name_normalized'], keep='first')\n",
"\n",
"print(f\"Original dataset: {len(dirty_data)} rows\")\n",
"print(f\"After removing name duplicates: {len(cleaned_data)} rows\")\n",
"print(f\"Removed: {len(dirty_data) - len(cleaned_data)} duplicate rows\")\n",
"\n",
"print(\"\\nCleaned dataset:\")\n",
"print(cleaned_data[['customer_id', 'name', 'age', 'country_clean']])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### 摘要：完整的數據清理流程\n",
"\n",
"讓我們將所有內容整合成一個全面的清理流程：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"def clean_dataset(df):\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" Comprehensive data cleaning function.\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" # Create a copy to avoid modifying the original\n",
" cleaned = df.copy()\n",
" \n",
" # 1. Standardize categorical values (country)\n",
" country_mapping = {\n",
" 'usa': 'USA', 'u.s.a': 'USA', 'united states': 'USA',\n",
" 'uk': 'UK', 'united kingdom': 'UK',\n",
" 'canada': 'Canada', 'mexico': 'Mexico'\n",
" }\n",
" cleaned['country'] = cleaned['country'].str.lower().map(country_mapping)\n",
" \n",
" # 2. Clean abnormal age values\n",
" cleaned['age'] = cleaned['age'].apply(\n",
" lambda x: np.nan if (x < 0 or x > 120) else x\n",
" )\n",
" \n",
" # 3. Remove near-duplicate names (normalize whitespace)\n",
" cleaned['name'] = cleaned['name'].str.strip()\n",
" cleaned = cleaned.drop_duplicates(subset=['name'], keep='first')\n",
" \n",
" return cleaned\n",
"\n",
"# Apply the cleaning pipeline\n",
"final_cleaned_data = clean_dataset(dirty_data)\n",
"\n",
"print(\"Before cleaning:\")\n",
"print(f\" Rows: {len(dirty_data)}\")\n",
"print(f\" Unique countries: {dirty_data['country'].nunique()}\")\n",
"print(f\" Invalid ages: {((dirty_data['age'] < 0) | (dirty_data['age'] > 120)).sum()}\")\n",
"\n",
"print(\"\\nAfter cleaning:\")\n",
"print(f\" Rows: {len(final_cleaned_data)}\")\n",
"print(f\" Unique countries: {final_cleaned_data['country'].nunique()}\")\n",
"print(f\" Invalid ages: {((final_cleaned_data['age'] < 0) | (final_cleaned_data['age'] > 120)).sum()}\")\n",
"\n",
"print(\"\\nCleaned dataset:\")\n",
"print(final_cleaned_data[['customer_id', 'name', 'age', 'country', 'purchase_amount']])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### 🎯 挑戰練習\n",
"\n",
"現在輪到你了！以下是一行包含多個質量問題的新數據。你能否：\n",
"\n",
"1. 找出這行數據中的所有問題\n",
"2. 編寫程式碼來清理每個問題\n",
"3. 將清理後的數據添加到數據集\n",
"\n",
"以下是有問題的數據：\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# New problematic row\n",
"new_row = pd.DataFrame({\n",
" 'customer_id': [13],\n",
" 'name': [' Diana Prince '], # Extra whitespace\n",
" 'age': [250], # Impossible age\n",
" 'country': ['U.S.A.'], # Inconsistent format\n",
" 'purchase_amount': [150.00]\n",
"})\n",
"\n",
"print(\"New row to clean:\")\n",
"print(new_row)\n",
"\n",
"# TODO: Your code here to clean this row\n",
"# Hints:\n",
"# 1. Strip whitespace from the name\n",
"# 2. Check if the name is a duplicate (Diana Prince already exists)\n",
"# 3. Handle the impossible age value\n",
"# 4. Standardize the country name\n",
"\n",
"# Example solution (uncomment and modify as needed):\n",
"# new_row_cleaned = new_row.copy()\n",
"# new_row_cleaned['name'] = new_row_cleaned['name'].str.strip()\n",
"# new_row_cleaned['age'] = np.nan # Invalid age\n",
"# new_row_cleaned['country'] = 'USA' # Standardized\n",
"# print(\"\\nCleaned row:\")\n",
"# print(new_row_cleaned)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### 關鍵要點\n",
"\n",
"1. **分類不一致**在真實世界的數據中很常見。務必檢查唯一值，並使用映射或模糊匹配來標準化它們。\n",
"\n",
"2. **異常值**可能會對分析產生重大影響。結合領域知識和統計方法（如 IQR、Z-score）來檢測它們。\n",
"\n",
"3. **近似重複項**比完全重複項更難檢測。考慮使用模糊匹配並對數據進行標準化（如轉小寫、去除空格）來識別它們。\n",
"\n",
"4. **數據清理是迭代的過程**。可能需要應用多種技術並審查結果，才能最終完成清理後的數據集。\n",
"\n",
"5. **記錄你的決策**。追蹤你所採用的清理步驟及其原因，這對於可重現性和透明度非常重要。\n",
"\n",
"> **最佳實踐：**務必保留一份原始的“髒”數據副本。切勿覆蓋你的源數據文件——創建清理版本並使用清晰的命名規則，例如 `data_cleaned.csv`。\n"
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"\n---\n\n**免責聲明**： \n本文件已使用人工智能翻譯服務 [Co-op Translator](https://github.com/Azure/co-op-translator) 進行翻譯。雖然我們致力於提供準確的翻譯，但請注意，自動翻譯可能包含錯誤或不準確之處。原始文件的母語版本應被視為權威來源。對於重要信息，建議使用專業人工翻譯。我們對因使用此翻譯而引起的任何誤解或錯誤解釋概不負責。\n"
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