diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/02_day_data_types.md b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/02_day_data_types.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19ca094 --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/02_day_data_types.md @@ -0,0 +1,980 @@ +<div align="center"> + <h1> 30 Days Of JavaScript: Tipos de Dados</h1> + <a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/"> + <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/style--5eba00.svg?label=LinkedIn&logo=linkedin&style=social"> + </a> + <a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Asabeneh"> + <img alt="Twitter Follow" src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/asabeneh?style=social"> + </a> + + <sub>Author: + <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br> + <small> January, 2020</small> + </sub> +</div> +</div> + +[<< Dia 1](../readMe.md) | [Dia 3 >>](../03_Day_Booleans_operators_date/03_booleans_operators_date.md) + + + +- [📔 Dia 2](#-day-2) + - [Data Types](#data-types) + - [Primitive Data Types](#primitive-data-types) + - [Non-Primitive Data Types](#non-primitive-data-types) + - [Numbers](#numbers) + - [Declaring Number Data Types](#declaring-number-data-types) + - [Math Object](#math-object) + - [Random Number Generator](#random-number-generator) + - [Strings](#strings) + - [String Concatenation](#string-concatenation) + - [Concatenating Using Addition Operator](#concatenating-using-addition-operator) + - [Long Literal Strings](#long-literal-strings) + - [Escape Sequences in Strings](#escape-sequences-in-strings) + - [Template Literals (Template Strings)](#template-literals-template-strings) + - [String Methods](#string-methods) + - [Checking Data Types and Casting](#checking-data-types-and-casting) + - [Checking Data Types](#checking-data-types) + - [Changing Data Type (Casting)](#changing-data-type-casting) + - [String to Int](#string-to-int) + - [String to Float](#string-to-float) + - [Float to Int](#float-to-int) + - [💻 Day 2: Exercises](#-day-2-exercises) + - [Exercise: Level 1](#exercise-level-1) + - [Exercise: Level 2](#exercise-level-2) + - [Exercises: Level 3](#exercises-level-3) + +# 📔 Day 2 + +## Data Types + +In the previous section, we mentioned a little bit about data types. Data or values have data types. Data types describe the characteristics of data. Data types can be divided into two: + +1. Primitive data types +2. Non-primitive data types(Object References) + +### Primitive Data Types + +Primitive data types in JavaScript include: + + 1. Numbers - Integers, floats + 2. Strings - Any data under single quote, double quote or backtick quote + 3. Booleans - true or false value + 4. Null - empty value or no value + 5. Undefined - a declared variable without a value + 6. Symbol - A unique value that can be generated by Symbol constructor + +Non-primitive data types in JavaScript includes: + +1. Objects +2. Arrays + +Now, let us see what exactly primitive and non-primitive data types mean. +*Primitive* data types are immutable(non-modifiable) data types. Once a primitive data type is created we cannot modify it. + +**Example:** + +```js +let word = 'JavaScript' +``` + +If we try to modify the string stored in variable *word*, JavaScript should raise an error. Any data type under a single quote, double quote, or backtick quote is a string data type. + +```js +word[0] = 'Y' +``` + +This expression does not change the string stored in the variable *word*. So, we can say that strings are not modifiable or in other words immutable. +Primitive data types are compared by its values. Let us compare different data values. See the example below: + +```js +let numOne = 3 +let numTwo = 3 + +console.log(numOne == numTwo) // true + +let js = 'JavaScript' +let py = 'Python' + +console.log(js == py) //false + +let lightOn = true +let lightOff = false + +console.log(lightOn == lightOff) // false +``` + +### Non-Primitive Data Types + +*Non-primitive* data types are modifiable or mutable. We can modify the value of non-primitive data types after it gets created. +Let us see by creating an array. An array is a list of data values in a square bracket. Arrays can contain the same or different data types. Array values are referenced by their index. In JavaScript array index starts at zero. I.e., the first element of an array is found at index zero, the second element at index one, and the third element at index two, etc. + +```js +let nums = [1, 2, 3] +nums[0] = 10 + +console.log(nums) // [10, 2, 3] +``` + +As you can see, an array, which is a non-primitive data type is mutable. Non-primitive data types cannot be compared by value. Even if two non-primitive data types have the same properties and values, they are not strictly equal. + +```js +let nums = [1, 2, 3] +let numbers = [1, 2, 3] + +console.log(nums == numbers) // false + +let userOne = { +name:'Asabeneh', +role:'teaching', +country:'Finland' +} + +let userTwo = { +name:'Asabeneh', +role:'teaching', +country:'Finland' +} + +console.log(userOne == userTwo) // false +``` + +Rule of thumb, we do not compare non-primitive data types. Do not compare arrays, functions, or objects. +Non-primitive values are referred to as reference types, because they are being compared by reference instead of value. Two objects are only strictly equal if they refer to the same underlying object. + +```js +let nums = [1, 2, 3] +let numbers = nums + +console.log(nums == numbers) // true + +let userOne = { +name:'Asabeneh', +role:'teaching', +country:'Finland' +} + +let userTwo = userOne + +console.log(userOne == userTwo) // true +``` + +If you have a hard time understanding the difference between primitive data types and non-primitive data types, you are not the only one. Calm down and just go to the next section and try to come back after some time. Now let us start the data types by number type. + +## Numbers + +Numbers are integers and decimal values which can do all the arithmetic operations. +Let's see some examples of Numbers. + +### Declaring Number Data Types + +```js +let age = 35 +const gravity = 9.81 // we use const for non-changing values, gravitational constant in m/s2 +let mass = 72 // mass in Kilogram +const PI = 3.14 // pi a geometrical constant + +// More Examples +const boilingPoint = 100 // temperature in oC, boiling point of water which is a constant +const bodyTemp = 37 // oC average human body temperature, which is a constant + +console.log(age, gravity, mass, PI, boilingPoint, bodyTemp) +``` + +### Math Object + +In JavaScript the Math Object provides a lots of methods to work with numbers. + +```js +const PI = Math.PI + +console.log(PI) // 3.141592653589793 + +// Rounding to the closest number +// if above .5 up if less 0.5 down rounding + +console.log(Math.round(PI)) // 3 to round values to the nearest number + +console.log(Math.round(9.81)) // 10 + +console.log(Math.floor(PI)) // 3 rounding down + +console.log(Math.ceil(PI)) // 4 rounding up + +console.log(Math.min(-5, 3, 20, 4, 5, 10)) // -5, returns the minimum value + +console.log(Math.max(-5, 3, 20, 4, 5, 10)) // 20, returns the maximum value + +const randNum = Math.random() // creates random number between 0 to 0.999999 +console.log(randNum) + +// Let us create random number between 0 to 10 + +const num = Math.floor(Math.random () * 11) // creates random number between 0 and 10 +console.log(num) + +//Absolute value +console.log(Math.abs(-10)) // 10 + +//Square root +console.log(Math.sqrt(100)) // 10 + +console.log(Math.sqrt(2)) // 1.4142135623730951 + +// Power +console.log(Math.pow(3, 2)) // 9 + +console.log(Math.E) // 2.718 + +// Logarithm +// Returns the natural logarithm with base E of x, Math.log(x) +console.log(Math.log(2)) // 0.6931471805599453 +console.log(Math.log(10)) // 2.302585092994046 + +// Returns the natural logarithm of 2 and 10 respectively +console.log(Math.LN2) // 0.6931471805599453 +console.log(Math.LN10) // 2.302585092994046 + +// Trigonometry +Math.sin(0) +Math.sin(60) + +Math.cos(0) +Math.cos(60) +``` + +#### Random Number Generator + +The JavaScript Math Object has a random() method number generator which generates number from 0 to 0.999999999... + +```js +let randomNum = Math.random() // generates 0 to 0.999... +``` + +Now, let us see how we can use random() method to generate a random number between 0 and 10: + +```js +let randomNum = Math.random() // generates 0 to 0.999 +let numBtnZeroAndTen = randomNum * 11 + +console.log(numBtnZeroAndTen) // this gives: min 0 and max 10.99 + +let randomNumRoundToFloor = Math.floor(numBtnZeroAndTen) +console.log(randomNumRoundToFloor) // this gives between 0 and 10 +``` + +## Strings + +Strings are texts, which are under **_single_** , **_double_**, **_back-tick_** quote. To declare a string, we need a variable name, assignment operator, a value under a single quote, double quote, or backtick quote. +Let's see some examples of strings: + +```js +let space = ' ' // an empty space string +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' +let lastName = 'Yetayeh' +let country = 'Finland' +let city = 'Helsinki' +let language = 'JavaScript' +let job = 'teacher' +let quote = "The saying,'Seeing is Believing' is not correct in 2020." +let quotWithBackTick = `The saying,'Seeing is Believing' is not correct in 2020.` +``` + +### String Concatenation + +Connecting two or more strings together is called concatenation. +Using the strings declared in the previous String section: + +```js +let fullName = firstName + space + lastName; // concatenation, merging two string together. +console.log(fullName); +``` + +```sh +Asabeneh Yetayeh +``` + +We can concatenate strings in different ways. + +#### Concatenating Using Addition Operator + +Concatenating using the addition operator is an old way. This way of concatenating is tedious and error-prone. It is good to know how to concatenate this way, but I strongly suggest to use the ES6 template strings (explained later on). + +```js +// Declaring different variables of different data types +let space = ' ' +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' +let lastName = 'Yetayeh' +let country = 'Finland' +let city = 'Helsinki' +let language = 'JavaScript' +let job = 'teacher' +let age = 250 + + +let fullName =firstName + space + lastName +let personInfoOne = fullName + '. I am ' + age + '. I live in ' + country; // ES5 string addition + +console.log(personInfoOne) +``` + +```sh +Asabeneh Yetayeh. I am 250. I live in Finland +``` + +#### Long Literal Strings + +A string could be a single character or paragraph or a page. If the string length is too big it does not fit in one line. We can use the backslash character (\\) at the end of each line to indicate that the string will continue on the next line. +**Example:** + +```js +const paragraph = "My name is Asabeneh Yetayeh. I live in Finland, Helsinki.\ +I am a teacher and I love teaching. I teach HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React, Redux, \ +Node.js, Python, Data Analysis and D3.js for anyone who is interested to learn. \ +In the end of 2019, I was thinking to expand my teaching and to reach \ +to global audience and I started a Python challenge from November 20 - December 19.\ +It was one of the most rewarding and inspiring experience.\ +Now, we are in 2020. I am enjoying preparing the 30DaysOfJavaScript challenge and \ +I hope you are enjoying too." + +console.log(paragraph) +``` + +#### Escape Sequences in Strings + +In JavaScript and other programming languages \ followed by some characters is an escape sequence. Let's see the most common escape characters: + +- \n: new line +- \t: Tab, means 8 spaces +- \\\\: Back slash +- \\': Single quote (') +- \\": Double quote (") + +```js +console.log('I hope everyone is enjoying the 30 Days Of JavaScript challenge.\nDo you ?') // line break +console.log('Days\tTopics\tExercises') +console.log('Day 1\t3\t5') +console.log('Day 2\t3\t5') +console.log('Day 3\t3\t5') +console.log('Day 4\t3\t5') +console.log('This is a backslash symbol (\\)') // To write a backslash +console.log('In every programming language it starts with \"Hello, World!\"') +console.log("In every programming language it starts with \'Hello, World!\'") +console.log('The saying \'Seeing is Believing\' isn\'t correct in 2020') +``` + +Output in console: + +```sh +I hope everyone is enjoying the 30 Days Of JavaScript challenge. +Do you ? +Days Topics Exercises +Day 1 3 5 +Day 2 3 5 +Day 3 3 5 +Day 4 3 5 +This is a backslash symbol (\) +In every programming language it starts with "Hello, World!" +In every programming language it starts with 'Hello, World!' +The saying 'Seeing is Believing' isn't correct in 2020 +``` + +#### Template Literals (Template Strings) + +To create a template strings, we use two back-ticks. We can inject data as expressions inside a template string. To inject data, we enclose the expression with a curly bracket({}) preceded by a $ sign. See the syntax below. + +```js +//Syntax +`String literal text` +`String literal text ${expression}` +``` + +**Example: 1** + +```js +console.log(`The sum of 2 and 3 is 5`) // statically writing the data +let a = 2 +let b = 3 +console.log(`The sum of ${a} and ${b} is ${a + b}`) // injecting the data dynamically +``` + +**Example:2** + +```js +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' +let lastName = 'Yetayeh' +let country = 'Finland' +let city = 'Helsinki' +let language = 'JavaScript' +let job = 'teacher' +let age = 250 +let fullName = firstName + ' ' + lastName + +let personInfoTwo = `I am ${fullName}. I am ${age}. I live in ${country}.` //ES6 - String interpolation method +let personInfoThree = `I am ${fullName}. I live in ${city}, ${country}. I am a ${job}. I teach ${language}.` +console.log(personInfoTwo) +console.log(personInfoThree) +``` + +```sh +I am Asabeneh Yetayeh. I am 250. I live in Finland. +I am Asabeneh Yetayeh. I live in Helsinki, Finland. I am a teacher. I teach JavaScript. +``` + +Using a string template or string interpolation method, we can add expressions, which could be a value, or some operations (comparison, arithmetic operations, ternary operation). + +```js +let a = 2 +let b = 3 +console.log(`${a} is greater than ${b}: ${a > b}`) +``` + +```sh +2 is greater than 3: false +``` + +### String Methods + +Everything in JavaScript is an object. A string is a primitive data type that means we can not modify it once it is created. The string object has many string methods. There are different string methods that can help us to work with strings. + +1. *length*: The string *length* method returns the number of characters in a string included empty space. + +**Example:** + +```js +let js = 'JavaScript' +console.log(js.length) // 10 +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' +console.log(firstName.length) // 8 +``` + +2. *Accessing characters in a string*: We can access each character in a string using its index. In programming, counting starts from 0. The first index of the string is zero, and the last index is the length of the string minus one. + +  + +Let us access different characters in 'JavaScript' string. + +```js +let string = 'JavaScript' +let firstLetter = string[0] + +console.log(firstLetter) // J + +let secondLetter = string[1] // a +let thirdLetter = string[2] +let lastLetter = string[9] + +console.log(lastLetter) // t + +let lastIndex = string.length - 1 + +console.log(lastIndex) // 9 +console.log(string[lastIndex]) // t +``` + +3. *toUpperCase()*: this method changes the string to uppercase letters. + +```js +let string = 'JavaScript' + +console.log(string.toUpperCase()) // JAVASCRIPT + +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' + +console.log(firstName.toUpperCase()) // ASABENEH + +let country = 'Finland' + +console.log(country.toUpperCase()) // FINLAND +``` + +4. *toLowerCase()*: this method changes the string to lowercase letters. + +```js +let string = 'JavasCript' + +console.log(string.toLowerCase()) // javascript + +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' + +console.log(firstName.toLowerCase()) // asabeneh + +let country = 'Finland' + +console.log(country.toLowerCase()) // finland +``` + +5. *substr()*: It takes two arguments, the starting index and number of characters to slice. + +```js +let string = 'JavaScript' +console.log(string.substr(4,6)) // Script + +let country = 'Finland' +console.log(country.substr(3, 4)) // land +``` + +6. *substring()*: It takes two arguments, the starting index and the stopping index but it doesn't include the character at the stopping index. + +```js +let string = 'JavaScript' + +console.log(string.substring(0,4)) // Java +console.log(string.substring(4,10)) // Script +console.log(string.substring(4)) // Script + +let country = 'Finland' + +console.log(country.substring(0, 3)) // Fin +console.log(country.substring(3, 7)) // land +console.log(country.substring(3)) // land +``` + +7. *split()*: The split method splits a string at a specified place. + +```js +let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript' + +console.log(string.split()) // Changes to an array -> ["30 Days Of JavaScript"] +console.log(string.split(' ')) // Split to an array at space -> ["30", "Days", "Of", "JavaScript"] + +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' + +console.log(firstName.split()) // Change to an array - > ["Asabeneh"] +console.log(firstName.split('')) // Split to an array at each letter -> ["A", "s", "a", "b", "e", "n", "e", "h"] + +let countries = 'Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland' + +console.log(countries.split(',')) // split to any array at comma -> ["Finland", " Sweden", " Norway", " Denmark", " and Iceland"] +console.log(countries.split(', ')) // ["Finland", "Sweden", "Norway", "Denmark", "and Iceland"] +``` + +8. *trim()*: Removes trailing space in the beginning or the end of a string. + +```js +let string = ' 30 Days Of JavaScript ' + +console.log(string) +console.log(string.trim(' ')) + +let firstName = ' Asabeneh ' + +console.log(firstName) +console.log(firstName.trim()) // still removes spaces at the beginning and the end of the string +``` + +```sh + 30 Days Of JavasCript +30 Days Of JavasCript + Asabeneh +Asabeneh +``` + +9. *includes()*: It takes a substring argument and it checks if substring argument exists in the string. *includes()* returns a boolean. If a substring exist in a string, it returns true, otherwise it returns false. + +```js +let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript' + +console.log(string.includes('Days')) // true +console.log(string.includes('days')) // false - it is case sensitive! +console.log(string.includes('Script')) // true +console.log(string.includes('script')) // false +console.log(string.includes('java')) // false +console.log(string.includes('Java')) // true + +let country = 'Finland' + +console.log(country.includes('fin')) // false +console.log(country.includes('Fin')) // true +console.log(country.includes('land')) // true +console.log(country.includes('Land')) // false +``` + +10. *replace()*: takes as a parameter the old substring and a new substring. + +```js +string.replace(oldsubstring, newsubstring) +``` + +```js +let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript' +console.log(string.replace('JavaScript', 'Python')) // 30 Days Of Python + +let country = 'Finland' +console.log(country.replace('Fin', 'Noman')) // Nomanland +``` + +11. *charAt()*: Takes index and it returns the value at that index + +```js +string.charAt(index) +``` + +```js +let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript' +console.log(string.charAt(0)) // 3 + +let lastIndex = string.length - 1 +console.log(string.charAt(lastIndex)) // t +``` + +12. *charCodeAt()*: Takes index and it returns char code (ASCII number) of the value at that index + +```js +string.charCodeAt(index) +``` + +```js +let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript' +console.log(string.charCodeAt(3)) // D ASCII number is 68 + +let lastIndex = string.length - 1 +console.log(string.charCodeAt(lastIndex)) // t ASCII is 116 + +``` + +13. *indexOf()*: Takes a substring and if the substring exists in a string it returns the first position of the substring if does not exist it returns -1 + +```js +string.indexOf(substring) +``` + +```js +let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript' + +console.log(string.indexOf('D')) // 3 +console.log(string.indexOf('Days')) // 3 +console.log(string.indexOf('days')) // -1 +console.log(string.indexOf('a')) // 4 +console.log(string.indexOf('JavaScript')) // 11 +console.log(string.indexOf('Script')) //15 +console.log(string.indexOf('script')) // -1 +``` + +14. *lastIndexOf()*: Takes a substring and if the substring exists in a string it returns the last position of the substring if it does not exist it returns -1 + + +```js +//syntax +string.lastIndexOf(substring) +``` + +```js +let string = 'I love JavaScript. If you do not love JavaScript what else can you love.' + +console.log(string.lastIndexOf('love')) // 67 +console.log(string.lastIndexOf('you')) // 63 +console.log(string.lastIndexOf('JavaScript')) // 38 +``` + +15. *concat()*: it takes many substrings and joins them. + +```js +string.concat(substring, substring, substring) +``` + +```js +let string = '30' +console.log(string.concat("Days", "Of", "JavaScript")) // 30DaysOfJavaScript + +let country = 'Fin' +console.log(country.concat("land")) // Finland +``` + +16. *startsWith*: it takes a substring as an argument and it checks if the string starts with that specified substring. It returns a boolean(true or false). + +```js +//syntax +string.startsWith(substring) +``` + +```js +let string = 'Love is the best to in this world' + +console.log(string.startsWith('Love')) // true +console.log(string.startsWith('love')) // false +console.log(string.startsWith('world')) // false + +let country = 'Finland' + +console.log(country.startsWith('Fin')) // true +console.log(country.startsWith('fin')) // false +console.log(country.startsWith('land')) // false +``` + +17. *endsWith*: it takes a substring as an argument and it checks if the string ends with that specified substring. It returns a boolean(true or false). + +```js +string.endsWith(substring) +``` + +```js +let string = 'Love is the most powerful feeling in the world' + +console.log(string.endsWith('world')) // true +console.log(string.endsWith('love')) // false +console.log(string.endsWith('in the world')) // true + +let country = 'Finland' + +console.log(country.endsWith('land')) // true +console.log(country.endsWith('fin')) // false +console.log(country.endsWith('Fin')) // false +``` + +18. *search*: it takes a substring as an argument and it returns the index of the first match. The search value can be a string or a regular expression pattern. + +```js +string.search(substring) +``` + +```js +let string = 'I love JavaScript. If you do not love JavaScript what else can you love.' +console.log(string.search('love')) // 2 +console.log(string.search(/javascript/gi)) // 7 +``` + +19. *match*: it takes a substring or regular expression pattern as an argument and it returns an array if there is match if not it returns null. Let us see how a regular expression pattern looks like. It starts with / sign and ends with / sign. + +```js +let string = 'love' +let patternOne = /love/ // with out any flag +let patternTwo = /love/gi // g-means to search in the whole text, i - case insensitive +``` + +Match syntax + +```js +// syntax +string.match(substring) +``` + +```js +let string = 'I love JavaScript. If you do not love JavaScript what else can you love.' +console.log(string.match('love')) +``` + +```sh +["love", index: 2, input: "I love JavaScript. If you do not love JavaScript what else can you love.", groups: undefined] +``` + +```js +let pattern = /love/gi +console.log(string.match(pattern)) // ["love", "love", "love"] +``` + +Let us extract numbers from text using a regular expression. This is not the regular expression section, do not panic! We will cover regular expressions later on. + +```js +let txt = 'In 2019, I ran 30 Days of Python. Now, in 2020 I am super exited to start this challenge' +let regEx = /\d+/ + +// d with escape character means d not a normal d instead acts a digit +// + means one or more digit numbers, +// if there is g after that it means global, search everywhere. + +console.log(txt.match(regEx)) // ["2", "0", "1", "9", "3", "0", "2", "0", "2", "0"] +console.log(txt.match(/\d+/g)) // ["2019", "30", "2020"] +``` + +20. *repeat()*: it takes a number as argument and it returns the repeated version of the string. + +```js +string.repeat(n) +``` + +```js +let string = 'love' +console.log(string.repeat(10)) // lovelovelovelovelovelovelovelovelovelove +``` + +## Checking Data Types and Casting + +### Checking Data Types + +To check the data type of a certain variable we use the _typeof_ method. + +**Example:** + +```js +// Different javascript data types +// Let's declare different data types + +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' // string +let lastName = 'Yetayeh' // string +let country = 'Finland' // string +let city = 'Helsinki' // string +let age = 250 // number, it is not my real age, do not worry about it +let job // undefined, because a value was not assigned + +console.log(typeof 'Asabeneh') // string +console.log(typeof firstName) // string +console.log(typeof 10) // number +console.log(typeof 3.14) // number +console.log(typeof true) // boolean +console.log(typeof false) // boolean +console.log(typeof NaN) // number +console.log(typeof job) // undefined +console.log(typeof undefined) // undefined +console.log(typeof null) // object +``` + +### Changing Data Type (Casting) + +- Casting: Converting one data type to another data type. We use _parseInt()_, _parseFloat()_, _Number()_, _+ sign_, _str()_ + When we do arithmetic operations string numbers should be first converted to integer or float if not it returns an error. + +#### String to Int + +We can convert string number to a number. Any number inside a quote is a string number. An example of a string number: '10', '5', etc. +We can convert string to number using the following methods: + +- parseInt() +- Number() +- Plus sign(+) + +```js +let num = '10' +let numInt = parseInt(num) +console.log(numInt) // 10 +``` + +```js +let num = '10' +let numInt = Number(num) + +console.log(numInt) // 10 +``` + +```js +let num = '10' +let numInt = +num + +console.log(numInt) // 10 +``` + +#### String to Float + +We can convert string float number to a float number. Any float number inside a quote is a string float number. An example of a string float number: '9.81', '3.14', '1.44', etc. +We can convert string float to number using the following methods: + +- parseFloat() +- Number() +- Plus sign(+) + +```js +let num = '9.81' +let numFloat = parseFloat(num) + +console.log(numFloat) // 9.81 +``` + +```js +let num = '9.81' +let numFloat = Number(num) + +console.log(numFloat) // 9.81 +``` + +```js +let num = '9.81' +let numFloat = +num + +console.log(numFloat) // 9.81 +``` + +#### Float to Int + +We can convert float numbers to integers. +We use the following method to convert float to int: + +- parseInt() + +```js +let num = 9.81 +let numInt = parseInt(num) + +console.log(numInt) // 9 +``` + +🌕 You are awesome. You have just completed day 2 challenges and you are two steps ahead on your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and for your muscle. + +## 💻 Day 2: Exercises + +### Exercise: Level 1 + +1. Declare a variable named challenge and assign it to an initial value **'30 Days Of JavaScript'**. +2. Print the string on the browser console using __console.log()__ +3. Print the __length__ of the string on the browser console using _console.log()_ +4. Change all the string characters to capital letters using __toUpperCase()__ method +5. Change all the string characters to lowercase letters using __toLowerCase()__ method +6. Cut (slice) out the first word of the string using __substr()__ or __substring()__ method +7. Slice out the phrase *Days Of JavaScript* from *30 Days Of JavaScript*. +8. Check if the string contains a word __Script__ using __includes()__ method +9. Split the __string__ into an __array__ using __split()__ method +10. Split the string 30 Days Of JavaScript at the space using __split()__ method +11. 'Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Apple, IBM, Oracle, Amazon' __split__ the string at the comma and change it to an array. +12. Change 30 Days Of JavaScript to 30 Days Of Python using __replace()__ method. +13. What is character at index 15 in '30 Days Of JavaScript' string? Use __charAt()__ method. +14. What is the character code of J in '30 Days Of JavaScript' string using __charCodeAt()__ +15. Use __indexOf__ to determine the position of the first occurrence of __a__ in 30 Days Of JavaScript +16. Use __lastIndexOf__ to determine the position of the last occurrence of __a__ in 30 Days Of JavaScript. +17. Use __indexOf__ to find the position of the first occurrence of the word __because__ in the following sentence:__'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'__ +18. Use __lastIndexOf__ to find the position of the last occurrence of the word __because__ in the following sentence:__'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'__ +19. Use __search__ to find the position of the first occurrence of the word __because__ in the following sentence:__'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'__ +20. Use __trim()__ to remove any trailing whitespace at the beginning and the end of a string.E.g ' 30 Days Of JavaScript '. +21. Use __startsWith()__ method with the string *30 Days Of JavaScript* and make the result true +22. Use __endsWith()__ method with the string *30 Days Of JavaScript* and make the result true +23. Use __match()__ method to find all the __a__’s in 30 Days Of JavaScript +24. Use __concat()__ and merge '30 Days of' and 'JavaScript' to a single string, '30 Days Of JavaScript' +25. Use __repeat()__ method to print 30 Days Of JavaScript 2 times + +### Exercise: Level 2 + +1. Using console.log() print out the following statement: + + ```sh + The quote 'There is no exercise better for the heart than reaching down and lifting people up.' by John Holmes teaches us to help one another. + ``` + +2. Using console.log() print out the following quote by Mother Teresa: + + ```sh + "Love is not patronizing and charity isn't about pity, it is about love. Charity and love are the same -- with charity you give love, so don't just give money but reach out your hand instead." + ``` + +3. Check if typeof '10' is exactly equal to 10. If not make it exactly equal. +4. Check if parseFloat('9.8') is equal to 10 if not make it exactly equal with 10. +5. Check if 'on' is found in both python and jargon +6. _I hope this course is not full of jargon_. Check if _jargon_ is in the sentence. +7. Generate a random number between 0 and 100 inclusively. +8. Generate a random number between 50 and 100 inclusively. +9. Generate a random number between 0 and 255 inclusively. +10. Access the 'JavaScript' string characters using a random number. +11. Use console.log() and escape characters to print the following pattern. + + ```js + 1 1 1 1 1 + 2 1 2 4 8 + 3 1 3 9 27 + 4 1 4 16 64 + 5 1 5 25 125 + ``` + +12. Use __substr__ to slice out the phrase __because because because__ from the following sentence:__'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'__ + +### Exercises: Level 3 + +1. 'Love is the best thing in this world. Some found their love and some are still looking for their love.' Count the number of word __love__ in this sentence. +2. Use __match()__ to count the number of all __because__ in the following sentence:__'You cannot end a sentence with because because because is a conjunction'__ +3. Clean the following text and find the most frequent word (hint, use replace and regular expressions). + + ```js + const sentence = '%I $am@% a %tea@cher%, &and& I lo%#ve %te@a@ching%;. The@re $is no@th@ing; &as& mo@re rewarding as educa@ting &and& @emp%o@weri@ng peo@ple. ;I found tea@ching m%o@re interesting tha@n any ot#her %jo@bs. %Do@es thi%s mo@tiv#ate yo@u to be a tea@cher!? %Th#is 30#Days&OfJavaScript &is al@so $the $resu@lt of &love& of tea&ching' + ``` + +4. Calculate the total annual income of the person by extracting the numbers from the following text. 'He earns 5000 euro from salary per month, 10000 euro annual bonus, 15000 euro online courses per month.' + +🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉 + +[<< Day 1](../readMe.md) | [Day 3 >>](../03_Day_Booleans_operators_date/03_booleans_operators_date.md) diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/02_day_starter/index.html b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/02_day_starter/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fbbe0d --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/02_day_starter/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> + +<head> + <title>30DaysOfJavaScript</title> +</head> + +<body> + <h1>30DaysOfJavaScript:02 Day</h1> + <h2>Data types</h2> + + <!-- import your scripts here --> + <script src="./main.js"></script> + +</body> + +</html> \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/02_day_starter/main.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/02_day_starter/main.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7762908 --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/02_day_starter/main.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +// this is your main.js script \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/day_1_2.png b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/day_1_2.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f6eefb Binary files /dev/null and b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/day_1_2.png differ diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/math_object.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/math_object.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..784b2ae --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/math_object.js @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +const PI = Math.PI +console.log(PI) // 3.141592653589793 +console.log(Math.round(PI)) // 3; to round values to the nearest number +console.log(Math.round(9.81)) // 10 +console.log(Math.floor(PI)) // 3; rounding down +console.log(Math.ceil(PI)) // 4; rounding up +console.log(Math.min(-5, 3, 20, 4, 5, 10)) // -5, returns the minimum value +console.log(Math.max(-5, 3, 20, 4, 5, 10)) // 20, returns the maximum value + +const randNum = Math.random() // creates random number between 0 to 0.999999 +console.log(randNum) +// Let create random number between 0 to 10 +const num = Math.floor(Math.random() * 11) // creates random number between 0 and 10 +console.log(num) + +//Absolute value +console.log(Math.abs(-10)) //10 +//Square root +console.log(Math.sqrt(100)) // 10 +console.log(Math.sqrt(2)) //1.4142135623730951 +// Power +console.log(Math.pow(3, 2)) // 9 +console.log(Math.E) // 2.718 + +// Logarithm +//Returns the natural logarithm of base E of x, Math.log(x) +console.log(Math.log(2)) // 0.6931471805599453 +console.log(Math.log(10)) // 2.302585092994046 + +// Trigonometry +console.log(Math.sin(0)) +console.log(Math.sin(60)) +console.log(Math.cos(0)) +console.log(Math.cos(60)) diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/non_primitive_data_types.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/non_primitive_data_types.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..23d7fa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/non_primitive_data_types.js @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +let nums = [1, 2, 3] +nums[0] = 10 +console.log(nums) // [10, 2, 3] + +let nums = [1, 2, 3] +let numbers = [1, 2, 3] +console.log(nums == numbers) // false + +let userOne = { + name: 'Asabeneh', + role: 'teaching', + country: 'Finland' +} +let userTwo = { + name: 'Asabeneh', + role: 'teaching', + country: 'Finland' +} +console.log(userOne == userTwo) // false + +let numbers = nums +console.log(nums == numbers) // true + +let userOne = { +name:'Asabeneh', +role:'teaching', +country:'Finland' +} +let userTwo = userOne +console.log(userOne == userTwo) // true \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/number_data_types.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/number_data_types.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b850af9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/number_data_types.js @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +let age = 35 +const gravity = 9.81 //we use const for non-changing values, gravitational constant in m/s2 +let mass = 72 // mass in Kilogram +const PI = 3.14 // pi a geometrical constant + +//More Examples +const boilingPoint = 100 // temperature in oC, boiling point of water which is a constant +const bodyTemp = 37 // oC average human body temperature, which is a constant +console.log(age, gravity, mass, PI, boilingPoint, bodyTemp) diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/primitive_data_types.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/primitive_data_types.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3c298c --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/primitive_data_types.js @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +let word = 'JavaScript' +// we dont' modify string +// we don't do like this, word[0] = 'Y' +let numOne = 3 +let numTwo = 3 +console.log(numOne == numTwo) // true + +let js = 'JavaScript' +let py = 'Python' +console.log(js == py) //false + +let lightOn = true +let lightOff = false +console.log(lightOn == lightOff) // false \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_concatenation.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_concatenation.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..516ca1a --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_concatenation.js @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Declaring different variables of different data types +let space = ' ' +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' +let lastName = 'Yetayeh' +let country = 'Finland' +let city = 'Helsinki' +let language = 'JavaScript' +let job = 'teacher' +// Concatenating using addition operator +let fullName = firstName + space + lastName // concatenation, merging two string together. +console.log(fullName) + +let personInfoOne = fullName + '. I am ' + age + '. I live in ' + country // ES5 +console.log(personInfoOne) +// Concatenation: Template Literals(Template Strings) +let personInfoTwo = `I am ${fullName}. I am ${age}. I live in ${country}.` //ES6 - String interpolation method +let personInfoThree = `I am ${fullName}. I live in ${city}, ${country}. I am a ${job}. I teach ${language}.` +console.log(personInfoTwo) +console.log(personInfoThree) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_data_types.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_data_types.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd61150 --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_data_types.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +let space = ' ' // an empty space string +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' +let lastName = 'Yetayeh' +let country = 'Finland' +let city = 'Helsinki' +let language = 'JavaScript' +let job = 'teacher' diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/accessing_character.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/accessing_character.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..32229fb --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/accessing_character.js @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Let us access the first character in 'JavaScript' string. + +let string = 'JavaScript' +let firstLetter = string[0] +console.log(firstLetter) // J +let secondLetter = string[1] // a +let thirdLetter = string[2] +let lastLetter = string[9] +console.log(lastLetter) // t +let lastIndex = string.length - 1 +console.log(lastIndex) // 9 +console.log(string[lastIndex]) // t diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/char_at.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/char_at.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7daaf74 --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/char_at.js @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +// charAt(): Takes index and it returns the value at that index +string.charAt(index) +let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript' +console.log(string.charAt(0)) // 3 +let lastIndex = string.length - 1 +console.log(string.charAt(lastIndex)) // t diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/char_code_at.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/char_code_at.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e58baaa --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/char_code_at.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// charCodeAt(): Takes index and it returns char code(ASCII number) of the value at that index + +string.charCodeAt(index) +let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript' +console.log(string.charCodeAt(3)) // D ASCII number is 51 +let lastIndex = string.length - 1 +console.log(string.charCodeAt(lastIndex)) // t ASCII is 116 diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/concat.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/concat.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b8192a --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/concat.js @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +// concat(): it takes many substrings and creates concatenation. +// string.concat(substring, substring, substring) +let string = '30' +console.log(string.concat("Days", "Of", "JavaScript")) // 30DaysOfJavaScript +let country = 'Fin' +console.log(country.concat("land")) // Finland diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/ends_with.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/ends_with.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ce5f1f --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/ends_with.js @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// endsWith: it takes a substring as an argument and it checks if the string starts with that specified substring. It returns a boolean(true or false). +// string.endsWith(substring) +let string = 'Love is the best to in this world' +console.log(string.endsWith('world')) // true +console.log(string.endsWith('love')) // false +console.log(string.endsWith('in this world')) // true + +let country = 'Finland' +console.log(country.endsWith('land')) // true +console.log(country.endsWith('fin')) // false +console.log(country.endsWith('Fin')) // false diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/includes.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/includes.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3fbe8e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/includes.js @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// includes(): It takes a substring argument and it check if substring argument exists in the string. includes() returns a boolean. It checks if a substring exist in a string and it returns true if it exists and false if it doesn't exist. +let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript' +console.log(string.includes('Days')) // true +console.log(string.includes('days')) // false +console.log(string.includes('Script')) // true +console.log(string.includes('script')) // false +console.log(string.includes('java')) // false +console.log(string.includes('Java')) // true + +let country = 'Finland' +console.log(country.includes('fin')) // false +console.log(country.includes('Fin')) // true +console.log(country.includes('land')) // true +console.log(country.includes('Land')) // false \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/index_of.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/index_of.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..480db7c --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/index_of.js @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// indexOf(): Takes takes a substring and if the substring exists in a string it returns the first position of the substring if does not exist it returns -1 + +string.indexOf(substring) +let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript' +console.log(string.indexOf('D')) // 3 +console.log(string.indexOf('Days')) // 3 +console.log(string.indexOf('days')) // -1 +console.log(string.indexOf('a')) // 4 +console.log(string.indexOf('JavaScript')) // 11 +console.log(string.indexOf('Script')) //15 +console.log(string.indexOf('script')) // -1 diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/last_index_of.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/last_index_of.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2134d22 --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/last_index_of.js @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +// lastIndexOf(): Takes takes a substring and if the substring exists in a string it returns the last position of the substring if it does not exist it returns -1 + +let string = 'I love JavaScript. If you do not love JavaScript what else can you love.' +console.log(string.lastIndexOf('love')) // 67 +console.log(string.lastIndexOf('you')) // 63 +console.log(string.lastIndexOf('JavaScript')) // 38 diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/length.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/length.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..070476f --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/length.js @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +// length: The string length method returns the number of characters in a string included empty space. Example: + +let js = 'JavaScript' +console.log(js.length) // 10 +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' +console.log(firstName.length) // 8 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/match.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/match.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..40d1ffd --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/match.js @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// match: it takes a substring or regular expression pattern as an argument and it returns an array if there is match if not it returns null. Let us see how a regular expression pattern looks like. It starts with / sign and ends with / sign. +let string = 'love' +let patternOne = /love/ // with out any flag +let patternTwo = /love/gi // g-means to search in the whole text, i - case insensitive +string.match(substring) +let string = 'I love JavaScript. If you do not love JavaScript what else can you love.' +console.log(string.match('love')) // +/* +output + +["love", index: 2, input: "I love JavaScript. If you do not love JavaScript what else can you love.", groups: undefined] +*/ +let pattern = /love/gi +console.log(string.match(pattern)) // ["love", "love", "love"] +// Let us extract numbers from text using regular expression. This is not regular expression section, no panic. + +let txt = 'In 2019, I run 30 Days of Python. Now, in 2020 I super exited to start this challenge' +let regEx = /\d/g // d with escape character means d not a normal d instead acts a digit +// + means one or more digit numbers, +// if there is g after that it means global, search everywhere. +console.log(txt.match(regEx)) // ["2", "0", "1", "9", "3", "0", "2", "0", "2", "0"] +console.log(txt.match(/\d+/g)) // ["2019", "30", "2020"] diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/repeat.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/repeat.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf8e022 --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/repeat.js @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +// repeat(): it takes a number argument and it returned the repeated version of the string. +// string.repeat(n) +let string = 'love' +console.log(string.repeat(10)) // lovelovelovelovelovelovelovelovelovelove \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/replace.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/replace.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33f324c --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/replace.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// replace(): takes to parameter the old substring and new substring. +// string.replace(oldsubstring, newsubstring) + +let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript' +console.log(string.replace('JavaScript', 'Python')) // 30 Days Of Python +let country = 'Finland' +console.log(country.replace('Fin', 'Noman')) // Nomanland \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/search.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/search.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e1ea82e --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/search.js @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +// search: it takes a substring as an argument and it returns the index of the first match. +// string.search(substring) +let string = 'I love JavaScript. If you do not love JavaScript what else can you love.' +console.log(string.search('love')) // 2 diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/split.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/split.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f955bcc --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/split.js @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// split(): The split method splits a string at a specified place. +let string = '30 Days Of JavaScript' +console.log(string.split()) // ["30 Days Of JavaScript"] +console.log(string.split(' ')) // ["30", "Days", "Of", "JavaScript"] +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' +console.log(firstName.split()) // ["Asabeneh"] +console.log(firstName.split('')) // ["A", "s", "a", "b", "e", "n", "e", "h"] +let countries = 'Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland' +console.log(countries.split(',')) // ["Finland", " Sweden", " Norway", " Denmark", " and Iceland"] +console.log(countries.split(', ')) // ["Finland", "Sweden", "Norway", "Denmark", "and Iceland"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/starts_with.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/starts_with.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a89ee3b --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/starts_with.js @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// startsWith: it takes a substring as an argument and it checks if the string starts with that specified substring. It returns a boolean(true or false). +// string.startsWith(substring) +let string = 'Love is the best to in this world' +console.log(string.startsWith('Love')) // true +console.log(string.startsWith('love')) // false +console.log(string.startsWith('world')) // false + +let country = 'Finland' +console.log(country.startsWith('Fin')) // true +console.log(country.startsWith('fin')) // false +console.log(country.startsWith('land')) // false diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/substr.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/substr.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0bea56d --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/substr.js @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//substr(): It takes two arguments,the starting index and number of characters to slice. +let string = 'JavaScript' +console.log(string.substr(4,6)) // Script +let country = 'Finland' +console.log(country.substr(3, 4)) // land \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/substring.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/substring.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3fac3a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/substring.js @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// substring(): It takes two arguments,the starting index and the stopping index but it doesn't include the stopping index. +let string = 'JavaScript' +console.log(string.substring(0,4)) // Java +console.log(string.substring(4,10)) // Script +console.log(string.substring(4)) // Script +let country = 'Finland' +console.log(country.substring(0, 3)) // Fin +console.log(country.substring(3, 7)) // land +console.log(country.substring(3)) // land \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/to_lowercase.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/to_lowercase.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a4ab53 --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/to_lowercase.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// toLowerCase(): this method changes the string to lowercase letters. +let string = 'JavasCript' +console.log(string.toLowerCase()) // javascript +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' +console.log(firstName.toLowerCase()) // asabeneh +let country = 'Finland' +console.log(country.toLowerCase()) // finland \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/to_uppercase.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/to_uppercase.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..112a6d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/to_uppercase.js @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// toUpperCase(): this method changes the string to uppercase letters. + +let string = 'JavaScript' +console.log(string.toUpperCase()) // JAVASCRIPT +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' +console.log(firstName.toUpperCase()) // ASABENEH +let country = 'Finland' +console.log(country.toUpperCase()) // FINLAND \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/trim.js b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/trim.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..16785c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/02_Day_Data_types/string_methods/trim.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//trim(): Removes trailing space in the beginning or the end of a string. +let string = ' 30 Days Of JavaScript ' +console.log(string) // +console.log(string.trim(' ')) // +let firstName = ' Asabeneh ' +console.log(firstName) +console.log(firstName.trim()) // \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Portuguese/readMe.md b/Portuguese/readMe.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c5232b --- /dev/null +++ b/Portuguese/readMe.md @@ -0,0 +1,674 @@ +# 30 Dias de JavaScript + +| # Dia | Tópicos | +| ----- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | +| 01 | [Introdução](./readMe.md) | +| 02 | [Tipos de Dados](./02_Day_Data_types/02_day_data_types.md) | +| 03 | [Booleanos, Operadores, Data](./03_Day_Booleans_operators_date/03_booleans_operators_date.md) | +| 04 | [Condicionais](./04_Day_Conditionals/04_day_conditionals.md) | +| 05 | [Arrays](./05_Day_Arrays/05_day_arrays.md) | +| 06 | [Loops](./06_Day_Loops/06_day_loops.md) | +| 07 | [Funções](./07_Day_Functions/07_day_functions.md) | +| 08 | [Objetos](./08_Day_Objects/08_day_objects.md) | +| 09 | [Higher Order Functions](./09_Day_Higher_order_functions/09_day_higher_order_functions.md) | +| 10 | [Sets and Maps](./10_Day_Sets_and_Maps/10_day_Sets_and_Maps.md) | +| 11 | [Destructuring and Spreading](./11_Day_Destructuring_and_spreading/11_day_destructuring_and_spreading.md) | +| 12 | [Expressões Regulares](./12_Day_Regular_expressions/12_day_regular_expressions.md) | +| 13 | [Método Console Objeto](./13_Day_Console_object_methods/13_day_console_object_methods.md) | +| 14 | [Tratamento de Errors](./14_Day_Error_handling/14_day_error_handling.md) | +| 15 | [Classes](./15_Day_Classes/15_day_classes.md) | +| 16 | [JSON](./16_Day_JSON/16_day_json.md) | +| 17 | [Armazenamento na Web](./17_Day_Web_storages/17_day_web_storages.md) | +| 18 | [Promises](./18_Day_Promises/18_day_promises.md) | +| 19 | [Closure](./19_Day_Closures/19_day_closures.md) | +| 20 | [Escrevendo Código Limpo](./20_Day_Writing_clean_codes/20_day_writing_clean_codes.md) | +| 21 | [DOM](./21_Day_DOM/21_day_dom.md) | +| 22 | [Manipulando DOM Objetos](./22_Day_Manipulating_DOM_object/22_day_manipulating_DOM_object.md) | +| 23 | [Event Listeners](./23_Day_Event_listeners/23_day_event_listeners.md) | +| 24 | [Mini Projeto: Sistema Solar](./24_Day_Project_solar_system/24_day_project_solar_system.md) | +| 25 | [Mini Projeto: Visualização de Dados de Paises do mundo](./25_Day_World_countries_data_visualization_1/25_day_world_countries_data_visualization_1.md) | +| 26 | [Mini Projeto: Visualização de Dados de Paises do mundo 2](./26_Day_World_countries_data_visualization_2/26_day_world_countries_data_visualization_2.md) | +| 27 | [Mini Projeto: Portfólio](./27_Day_Mini_project_portfolio/27_day_mini_project_portfolio.md) | +| 28 | [Mini Projeto: Leaderboard](./28_Day_Mini_project_leaderboard/28_day_mini_project_leaderboard.md) | +| 29 | [Mini Projeto: Caracteres Animados](./29_Day_Mini_project_animating_characters/29_day_mini_project_animating_characters.md) | +| 30 | [Projetos Finais](./30_Day_Mini_project_final/30_day_mini_project_final.md) | + +🧡🧡🧡 HAPPY CODING 🧡🧡🧡 + +<div> +<small>Dê suporte ao <strong>Autor</strong> para criar mais materiais educacionais</small> <br /> +<a href = "https://www.paypal.me/asabeneh"><img src='/images/paypal_lg.png' alt='Paypal Logo' style="width:10%"/></a> +</div> + +<div align="center"> + <h1> 30 Dias de JavaScript: Introdução</h1> + <a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/"> + <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/style--5eba00.svg?label=LinkedIn&logo=linkedin&style=social"> + </a> + <a class="header-badge" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Asabeneh"> + <img alt="Twitter Follow" src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/asabeneh?style=social"> + </a> + +<sub>Autor: +<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br> +<small> Janeiro, 2020</small> +</sub> + +<div> + +🇬🇧 [English](../readMe.md) +🇪🇸 [Spanish](../Spanish/readme.md) +🇮🇹 [Italian](../Italian/readMe.md) +🇷🇺 [Russian](../RU/README.md) +🇹🇷 [Turkish](../Turkish/readMe.md) +🇦🇿 [Azerbaijan](../Azerbaijani/readMe.md) +🇰🇷 [Korean](../Korea/README.md) +🇻🇳 [Vietnamese](../Vietnamese/README.md) +🇵🇱 [Polish](../Polish/readMe.md) +🇧🇷 [Portuguese](./readMe.md) + +</div> + +</div> +</div> + +[Dia 2 >>](./02_Day_Data_types/02_day_data_types.md) + + + +- [30 dias de JavaScript](#30-days-of-javascript) +- [📔 Dia 1](#-day-1) + - [Introdução](#introduction) + - [Requisitos](#requirements) + - [Setup](#setup) + - [Instalação Node.js](#install-nodejs) + - [Navegador](#browser) + - [Instalando Google Chrome](#installing-google-chrome) + - [Abrindo Google Chrome Console](#opening-google-chrome-console) + - [Escrevendo Código no Browser Console](#writing-code-on-browser-console) + - [Console.log](#consolelog) + - [Console.log com Múltiplos Argumentos](#consolelog-with-multiple-arguments) + - [Comentários](#comments) + - [Sintaxe](#syntax) + - [Aritimética](#arithmetics) + - [Editor de Código](#code-editor) + - [Instalando Visual Studio Code](#installing-visual-studio-code) + - [Como usar o Visual Studio Code](#how-to-use-visual-studio-code) + - [Adicionando JavaScript na Web Page](#adding-javascript-to-a-web-page) + - [Script em Linha](#inline-script) + - [Script Interno](#internal-script) + - [Script Externo](#external-script) + - [Multiplo Scripts Externos](#multiple-external-scripts) + - [Introdução Tipo de Dados](#introduction-to-data-types) + - [Números](#numbers) + - [Strings](#strings) + - [Booleanos](#booleans) + - [Undefined](#undefined) + - [Null](#null) + - [Verificando Tipo de Dados](#checking-data-types) + - [Novamente Comentarios](#comments-again) + - [Variáveis](#variables) +- [💻 Dia 1: ExercÃcios](#-day-1-exercises) + +# 📔 Dia 1 + +## Introdução + +**Parabéns** Em decidir de participar do desafio 30DaysOfJavaScript. Neste desafio você aprenderá tudo que precisa para ser um programador JavaScript, e em general, todo o conceito de programação. No fim do desafio voce estará adquirindo o Certificado de conclusão do desafio 30DaysOfJavaScript. Em caso de precisar de ajuda ou se preferir ajudar outros você pode entrar no [Grupo Telegram](https://t.me/ThirtyDaysOfJavaScript). + +**30DaysOfJavaScript** desafio é um guia tanto para iniciantes e Avançados JavaScript Desenvolvedores, Bem vindo ao JavaScript. JavaScript é a linguagem da internet. Eu me divirto em usar e ensinar JavaScript e eu acredito que voce fará tambem. + +Neste passo a passo do desafio JavaScript, você aprenderá JavaScript, a mais popular linguagem de programação da história da humanindade. +JavaScript é usado **_para adicionar interatividade aos websites, desenvolvimento de mobile apps, desktop aplicações, jogos_** e nos dias de hoje JavaScript pode ser usado para **_machine learning_** e **_AI_**. +**_JavaScript (JS)_** Teve um aumento na popularidade nos últimos anos e segue como a linguagem de programação lÃder por seis anos consecutivos e é a linguagem de programação mais usada no GitHub + +## Requisitos + +Sem conhecimentos prévios de programação é exigido para seguir este desafio. Precisará apenas: +1. Motivação +2. Um computador +3. Internet +4. Um navegador +5. Um editor de Código + +## Setup + +Eu acredito que voce tem a motivação e o forte desejo de ser um desenvolvedor, um computador e internet. Se voce tem isso, então você tem tudo para iniciar. + +## Instalando Node.js + +Você pode não precisar do Node.js agora mas você precisará mais tarde. Instalação do [node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/). + + + +Depois do download click duplo no Ãcone e intalar + + + +Nós podemos verificar se o Node está instalador na nossa máquina local abrindo nosso terminal do dispositivo ou prompt de comando. + +```sh +asabeneh $ node -v +v12.14.0 +``` + +Enquanto fazia este tutorial eu estava usando a versão 12.14.0 do Node, mas agora a recomendada versão do Node.js para dowload é v14.17.6, pelo tempo que você usar este material pode haver versão mais atual do Node.js. + +### Navegador + +Existe muitos navegadores por ai, Entento, Eu fortemente recomento o Google Chrome. + +#### Instalando Google Chrome + +Instalar o [Google Chrome](https://www.google.com.br/chrome/) se você não tem um ainda. Nós podemos escrever um pequeno código de JavaScript no console do browser, mas nós não usamos o console do navegador para desenvolver aplicações. + + + +#### Abrindo o Google Chrome Console + +Você pode abrir o Google Chrome console por um ou outro clicando nos 3 pontos no topo do lado direito do navegador, selecionando _Mais ferramentas -> Ferramenta para desenvolvedores ou usando o atalho do teclado. Eu prefiro os atalhos. + + + +Para abrir o console do Chrome usando o atalho do teclado. + +```sh +Mac +Command+Option+J + +Windows/Linux: +Ctl+Shift+J +``` + + + +Depois de você abrir o console do Google Chrome, tente explorar os botões marcados. Nós vamos passar a maior parte do tempo no Console. O Console é o lugar onde vai seu código de JavaScript. O Console do Google Chrome V8 engine muda seu codigo de JavaScript para código de máquina. +Vamos escrever códigos de JavaScript no Google Chome console: + + + +#### Escrevendo Código no console do Navegador + +Nós podemos escrever qualquer código de JavaScript no console do Google Chrome ou qualquer outro console de navegador, para este desafio, nós vamos focar no Console do Google Chrome. Abra o Console usando: + +```sh +Mac +Command+Option+I + +Windows: +Ctl+Shift+I +``` + +##### Console.log + +Para escrever nosso primeiro código em JavaScript, vamos usar uma função built-it **console.log()**. Nós passamos um argumento como dados de input, e a função mostra o output. Nós passamos `'Olá, Mundo!'` como dados de input ou argumento na função console.log(). + +```js +console.log('Olá, Mundo!') +``` + +##### Console.log com Múltiplos Argumentos + +A funçao **`console.log()`** pode receber múltiplos parâmetros separados por vÃrgulas. A sintaxe é similar ao seguinte modo:**`console.log(param1, param2, param3)`** + + + +```js +console.log('Olá', 'Mundo', '!') +console.log('Feliz', 'Ano', 'Novo', 2020) +console.log('Bem vindo', 'aos', 30, 'Dias', 'de', 'JavaScript') +``` + +Como você pode ver pelo trecho de código acima, _`console.log()`_ pode receber múltiplos argumentos. + +Parabéns! Você escreveu seu primeiro código de JavaScript usando _`console.log()`_. + +##### Comentários + +Nós podemos adicionar comentários para nosso código. Comentários são importantes para facilitar a leitura do código e deixar observações. O JavaScript não executa as partes com comentário no nosso código. No JavaScript, qualquer linha de texto começando com // é um comentário, e tudo anexo como isto `//` tambem é um comentário. + +**Exemplo: Comentário de linha única** + +```js +// Este é o primeiro comentário +// Este é o segundo comentário +// Eu sou um comentário de linha única +``` + +**Exemplo: Comentários Várias Linhas** + +```js +/* + Isto é um comentário de várias linhas + Várias linhas de comentários. + JavaScript é a Linguagem da Web + */ +``` +##### Sintaxe + +Linguagens de programação são similares com a linguagem humana. Portugês ou qualquer outra linguagem usa palavras, frases, orações, perÃodos, e outras mais para criar uma mensagem com significado. A definição em Português de sintaxe é _ Estrutura essencial para que frases, orações e perÃodos façam sentido e sejam de fácil compreensão por parte do leitor_. A definição técnica é a estrutura de declarações em uma linguagem de computador. Linguagens de programação tem sintaxes. JavaScript é uma linguagem de programação como outras linguagens de programação tem sua própria sintaxe. Se nós nao escrevermos uma sintaxe que JavaScript entenda, diferentes tipos de errors aparecerá. Nós iremos explorar diferentes tipos de errors no JavaScript depois. Por enquanto, vamos ver sintaxes de errors. + + + +Eu fiz uma confusão proposital. Como resultado, criou vários errors. Na realidade, a sintaxe é muito informativa. Informa quais tipos de errors foi feito. lendo as mensagens do feedback de error, nós podemos corrigir a sintaxe e resolver o problema. O processo de identificar e remover errors de um programa é chamado de Debugging. Vamos resolver os errors: + +```js +console.log('Olá, Mundo!') +console.log('Olá, Mundo!') +``` + +Até agora, nós vimos como exibir texto usando o _`console.log()`_. Se estamos imprimindo texto ou string usando _`console.log()`_, o texto tem que estar dentro de uma aspa simples, aspas duplas, ou crase. + +**Exemplo:** + +```js +console.log('Olá, Mundo!') +console.log("Olá, Mundo!") +console.log(`Hello, World!`) +``` + +#### Aritimética + +Agora, vamos praticar escrevendo mais códigos JavaScript usando _`console.log()`_ no console do Google Chrome para números e tipos de dados. +Em adição ao texto, nós podemos tamem fazer calculos matemáticos usando javaSCript. Vamos fazer calculos simples a seguir. +É possivel escrever códigos JavaScript no console do Google Chome diretamente sem o função **_`console.log()`_** Entretanto, está incluso nesta introdução porque maior parte deste desafio pode ocorrer no editor de texto onde o uso de funcões pode ser mantario. Você pode brincar diretamente com ins + + + +```js +console.log(2 + 3) // Adição +console.log(3 - 2) // Subtração +console.log(2 * 3) // Muiltiplição +console.log(3 / 2) // Divisão +console.log(3 % 2) // Modulo - Resto da divisão +console.log(3 ** 2) // Exponenciação 3 ** 2 == 3 * 3 +``` + +### Editor de Código + +Nós podemos escrever nosso código no console do navegador. mas isso nao é usado para grandes projetos. No anbiente real de trabalho, desenvolvedores usam diferentes editores para escrever seus códigos. Neste desafio 30 dias de JavaScript, nós iremos utilizar o Visual Studio Code. + +#### Instalando o Visual Studio Code + +Visual Studio Code é editor de texto open-source muito popular. Eu poderia recomendar o [download Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/), mas se você está familiarizado com outro editor, sinta livre para seguir oque você tem. + + + +Se você instalou o Visual Studio Code, Vamos começar usando-o. + +#### Como Usar Visual Studio Code + +Abra o Visual Studio Code clicando duas vezes com o mouse no Ãcone. Quando abrir, você terá esta interface. Tente interagir com os Ãcones rotulados. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +## Adicionando JavaScript Para uma Página na Web + +JavaScript pode ser adicionado para uma página na internet em três diferentes maneiras: + +- **_Script em linha_** +- **_Script Interno_** +- **_Script Externo_** +- **_Múltiplos Scripts Externos_** + +As diferentes sessões mostra diferentes maneiras de adicionar códigos JavaScript para sua página na web. + +### Inline Script + +Crie uma pasta do projeto no seu desktop ou em qualquer localização, nomeie de 30DaysOfJS e crie um **_`index.html`_** documento na sua pasta do projeto. +Então copie os seguintes códigos e abra-o no navegador, por exemplo [Chrome](https://www.google.com/chrome/). + + +```html +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> + <head> + <title>30DaysOfScript: Script em linha</title> + </head> + <body> + <button onclick="alert('Welcome to 30DaysOfScript!')">Clique</button> + </body> +</html> +``` +Agora, você escreveu seu primeiro script em linha. Nós podemos criar uma mensagem pop up usando o _`alert()`_ função built-it + +### Script Interno + +O script interno pode ser escrito no _`head`_ ou _`body`_, mas é preferÃvel colocar no body do documento HTML. + +```html +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> + <head> + <title>30DaysOfScript: Script Interno</title> + <script> + console.log('Welcome to 30DaysOfJavaScript') + </script> + </head> + <body></body> +</html> +``` + +Isto é como nós escrevemos scripts internos na maioria das vezes. Escrevemos o código de JavaScript na sessão body é a mais preferida opção. Abra o console do navegador e veja o output do `console.log()`. + +```html +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> + <head> + <title>30DaysOfScript: Internal Script</title> + </head> + <body> + <button onclick="alert('Welcome to 30DaysOfJavaScript!');">Click</button> + <script> + console.log('Welcome to 30DaysOfJavaScript') + </script> + </body> +</html> +``` + +Abra o console do navegador e veja o output do `console.log()`. + + + +### Script Externo + +Similar com o script interno, o link do script externo pode estar no header ou body, mas é mais indicado colocar no body do documento. +Primeiro, nós podemos criar scripts externos de JavaScript com a .js extensão. Todos os arquivos terminados com a .js extensão são JavaScript documentos. Crie uma pasta nomeada Introdução.js dentro do diretório do projeto e escreva o seguinte código e copie o link do arquivo .js no bottom do body. + +```js +console.log('Welcome to 30DaysOfJavaScript') +``` + +Scripts Externo no _head_: + +```html +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> + <head> + <title>30DaysOfJavaScript: Script Externo</title> + <script src="introduction.js"></script> + </head> + <body></body> +</html> +``` + +Scripts Externo no _body_: + +```html +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> + <head> + <title>30DaysOfJavaScript: Scripts Externo</title> + </head> + <body> + + + <!-- JavaScript link externo pode estar no header ou no body --> + <!-- Antes do fechamento da tag do body é o lugar recomendado para colocar o script do JavaScript externo --> + <script src="introduction.js"></script> + </body> +</html> +``` + +Abra o console do navegador para ver o output do `console.log()`. + +### Múltiplos Scripts Externo + +Nós tambem podemos colocar o link de vários arquivos externos de JavaScript em uma página web. +Crie um `helloworld.js` documento dentro da pasta 30DaysOfJS e escreva o seguinte código. + +```js +console.log('Olá, Mundo!') +``` + +```html +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> + <head> + <title>Múltiplos Scripts Externo</title> + </head> + <body> + <script src="./helloworld.js"></script> + <script src="./introduction.js"></script> + </body> +</html> +``` + +_Seu arquivo main.js deve estar abaixo de todos os outros scripts_. E isto é muito importante de relembrar + + + +## Introdução a tipo de Dados + +Em JavaScript e tambem em outras linguagens de programação, existem vários tipos de dados. Os seguintes são tipos de dados primitivos do JavaScript: _String, Number, Boolean, undefined, Null_, and _Symbol_. + +### Number + +- Integers: Inteiros (Negativo, zero e positivos) números +Examplo: + ... -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 ... +- Float-point numbers: Números decimais. + ... -3.5, -2.25, -1.0, 0.0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.5 ... + +### Strings + +Uma coleção de um ou mais caracteres entre duas aspas simples, aspas duplas, ou crase. + +**Examplo:** + +```js +'a' +'Asabeneh' +"Asabeneh" +'Finland' +'JavaScript is a beautiful programming language' +'I love teaching' +'I hope you are enjoying the first day' +`We can also create a string using a backtick` +'A string could be just as small as one character or as big as many pages' +'Any data type under a single quote, double quote or backtick is a string' +``` + +### Booleans + +Um valor boleano ou é verdadeiro ou falso. Qualquer comparação retorna um valor booleano, que pode ser entre verdadeiro ou falso. + +Um tipo de dado boleanno é verdadeiro ou um valor falso + +**Examplo:** + +```js +true // if the light is on, the value is true +false // if the light is off, the value is false +``` + +### Undefined + +Em JavaScript, se nós não atribuirmos um valor a uma variável, o valor é undefined. Em adição a isto, se uma funcção não está retornando nada, ela retorna undefined + +```js +let firstName +console.log(firstName) // undefined, because it is not assigned to a value yet +``` + +### Null + +Null em JavaScript significa um valor vazio. + +```js +let valorVazio = null +``` + +## Verificando Tipos de Dados + +Para verificar o tipo de dado de uma determinada variável, nós usamos o operador **typeof**. Veja o seguinte exemplo. + +```js +console.log(typeof 'Asabeneh') // string +console.log(typeof 5) // number +console.log(typeof true) // boolean +console.log(typeof null) // object type +console.log(typeof undefined) // undefined +``` + +## Comentários novamente + +Lembre que comentando no JavaScript é similar à outras linguagens de programação. Comentários são importantes em fazer mais fácil a leitura do seu código. +Existe dois modos de comentar: + +- _Comentando em linha única_ +- _Comentando em várias linhas_ + +```js +// Comentando o código com um único comentário +// let firstName = 'Asabeneh'; Comentando em linha única_ +// let lastName = 'Yetayeh'; Comentando em linha única_ +``` + +Comentando em várias linhas: + +```js +/* + let location = 'Helsinki'; + let age = 100; + let isMarried = true; + Isto é um comentário em linha única +*/ +``` + +## Variáveis + +Variáveis são _containers_ de dados. Variáveis são usadas para _armazenar_ dados na memória alocada. Quando variáveis são declaradas, uma memória alocada é reservada. Quando uma variável é atribuÃda para um valor (dados), espaço na memória irá ser preenchido com aqueles dados. Para declarar uma variável, nós usamos as palavras-chaves _var_, _let_, ou _const_. + +Para uma variável que muda com o tempo, nós usamos _let_. Se os dados não vão mudar, nós usamos _const_. Por exemplo, PI, nome de paÃs, gravidade não muda, e nós podemos usar _const_. Nós não vamos usar var neste desafio e eu nao recomendo usa-lo. Nós vamos falar mais sobre var, let, e const em detalhes em outras sessões (scope). Por enquanto, a explicação acima é suficiente. + +Um nome de variável em JavaScript apenas segue a seguinte regra: + +- Um nome de variável não deverá começar com um número. +- Um nome de variável não pode permitir caracteres especiais exceto o sinal do dólar e underscore. +- Um nome de variável segue a convenção camelCase. +- Um nomede variável não deve ter espaços entre as palavras. + +Os seguintes exemplos são de variáveis válidas em JavaScript. + +```js +firstName +lastName +country +city +capitalCity +age +isMarried + +first_name +last_name +is_married +capital_city + +num1 +num_1 +_num_1 +$num1 +year2020 +year_2020 +``` + +A primeira e a segunda variável na lista segue a convenção camelCase de declaração no JavaScript. Neste material, nós vamos usar variáveis em camelCase (camelWithOneHump). Nós usamos CamelCase (CamelWithTwoHump) para declarar classes, nós vamos discutir sobre classes e objetos em outras sessões. + +Exemplo de variáveis invalidas: + +```js + first-name + 1_num + num_#_1 +``` + +Vamos declarar variáveis com diferentes tipos de dados. Para declarar uma variável, nós precisamos usar as palavras-chaves _let_ ou _const_ antes de um nome de variável. Após o nome da variável, nós escrevemos um sinal de igual (operador de atribuição), e um valor (dados atribuidos). + +```js +// Sintaxe +let nameOfVariable = value +``` + +O nomeDaVariavel é o nome que armazena diferente tipos de dados. Veja abaixo exemplos para mais detalhes. + +**Exemplos de variáveis declaradas** + +```js +// Declarando diferentes variáveis de diferentes tipos de dados +let firstName = 'Asabeneh' // primeiro nome de uma pessoa +let lastName = 'Yetayeh' // ultimo nome de uma pessoa +let country = 'Finland' // paÃs +let city = 'Helsinki' // capital da cidade +let age = 100 // Idade +let isMarried = true + +console.log(firstName, lastName, country, city, age, isMarried) +``` + +```sh +Asabeneh Yetayeh Finland Helsinki 100 true +``` + +```js +// Declarando variáveis com o valor numérico +let age = 100 // idade +const gravity = 9.81 // gravidade na terra em m/s2 +const boilingPoint = 100 // ponto de ebulição da água, temperatura em °C +const PI = 3.14 // constante geométrica +console.log(gravity, boilingPoint, PI) +``` + +```sh +9.81 100 3.14 +``` + +```js +// Variáveis tambem podem ser declaradas em uma linha separadas por uma vÃrgula, entretanto eu recomento usar a separação por linha para facilitar a leitura do código +let name = 'Asabeneh', job = 'teacher', live = 'Finland' +console.log(name, job, live) +``` + +```sh +Asabeneh teacher Finland +``` + +Quando você executa o arquivo _index.html_ na pasta dia-1 você deve conseguir isto: + + + +🌕 Você é incrivel! Você acaba de completar o desafio do dia 1 e você está no seu caminho para a grandeza. Agora faça alguns exercÃcios para seu cérebro e músculos. + +# 💻 Dia 1: ExercÃcios + +1. Escreva um comentário de linha única que diga, _comentários faz seu código ser fácil de ler_ +2. Escreva outro comentário de linha única que diga, _Welcome to 30DaysOfJavaScript_ +3. Escreva um comentário de várias linhas que diga, _comentários faz seu código ser fácil de ler, fácil de reusar_ _e informátivo_ +4. Crie um arquivo variavel.js e declare variáveis e atribua uma string, boolean, undefined e null +5. Crie um arquivo tiposdedados.js e use o JavaScript **_typeof_** operador para verificar diferentes tipos de dados. Verifique o tipo de dado de cada variável +6. Declare quatro variáveis sem atribuir valores +7. Declare quatro variáveis e atribuir valores +8. Declare variáveis para armazenar seu primeiro nome, ultimo nome, estado civil, paÃs e idade em multiplas linhas +9. Declare variáveis para armazenar seu primeiro nome, ultimo nome, estado civil, paÃs e idade em uma única linha +10. Declare duas variáveis _minhaIdade_ e _suaIdade_ e atribua valores iniciais e mostre no console do navegador. + +```sh +I am 25 years old. +You are 30 years old. +``` + +🎉 PARABÉNS ! 🎉 + +[Dia 2 >>](./02_Day_Data_types/02_day_data_types.md) diff --git a/readMe.md b/readMe.md index 8fc639c..c940813 100644 --- a/readMe.md +++ b/readMe.md @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ 🇰🇷 [Korean](./Korea/README.md) 🇻🇳 [Vietnamese](./Vietnamese/README.md) 🇵🇱 [Polish](./Polish/readMe.md) - +🇧🇷 [Portuguese](./Portuguese/readMe.md) </div>