30-Days-Of-JavaScript/12_Day_Regular_expressions/12_day_regular_expressions.md

<div align="center">
  <h1> 30 Days Of JavaScript: Regular Expressions</h1>
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  <sub>Author:
  <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a><br>
  <small> January, 2020</small>
  </sub>
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[<< Day 11](../11_Day_Destructuring_and_spreading/11_day_destructuring_and_spreading.md) | [Day 13>>](../13_Day_Console_object_methods/13_day_console_object_methods.md)

![Thirty Days Of JavaScript](../images/banners/day_1_12.png)

- [📘 Day 12](#-day-12)
  - [Regular Expressions](#regular-expressions)
    - [RegExp parameters](#regexp-parameters)
      - [Pattern](#pattern)
      - [Flags](#flags)
    - [Creating a pattern with RegExp Constructor](#creating-a-pattern-with-regexp-constructor)
    - [Creating a pattern without RegExp Constructor](#creating-a-pattern-without-regexp-constructor)
    - [RegExpp Object Methods](#regexpp-object-methods)
      - [Testing for  a match](#testing-for-a-match)
      - [Array containing all of the match](#array-containing-all-of-the-match)
      - [Replacing a substring](#replacing-a-substring)
    - [Square Bracket](#square-bracket)
    - [Escape character(\\) in RegExp](#escape-character-in-regexp)
    - [One or more times(+)](#one-or-more-times)
    - [Period(.)](#period)
    - [Zero or more times(*)](#zero-or-more-times)
    - [Zero or one times(?)](#zero-or-one-times)
    - [Quantifier in RegExp](#quantifier-in-regexp)
    - [Cart ^](#cart-)
    - [Exact match](#exact-match)
  - [💻 Exercises](#-exercises)
    - [Exercises: Level 1](#exercises-level-1)
    - [Exercises: Level 2](#exercises-level-2)
    - [Exercises: Level 3](#exercises-level-3)

# 📘 Day 12

## Regular Expressions

A regular expression or RegExp is a small programming language that helps to find pattern in data. A RegExp can be used to check if some pattern exists in a different data types. To use RegExp in JavaScript either we use RegExp constructor or we can declare a RegExp pattern using two forward slashes followed by a flag. We can create a pattern in two ways.

To declare a string we use a single quote, double quote a backtick to declare a regular expression we use two forward slashes and an optional flag. The flag could be g, i, m, s, u or y.

### RegExp parameters

A regular expression takes two parameters. One required search pattern and an optional flag.

#### Pattern

A pattern could be a text or any form of pattern which some sort of similarity. For instance the word spam in an email could be a pattern we are interested to look for in an email or a phone number format number might be our interest to look for.

#### Flags

Flags are optional parameters in a regular expression which determine the type of searching. Let see some of the flags:

- g:is a global flag which means looking for a pattern in whole text
- i: case insensitive flag(it searches for both lowercase and uppercase)
- m: multiline

### Creating a pattern with RegExp Constructor

Declaring regular expression without global flag and case insensitive flag.

```js
// without flag
let pattern = 'love'
let regEx = new RegExp(pattern)
```

Declaring regular expression with global flag and case insensitive flag.

```js
let pattern = 'love'
let flag = 'gi'
let regEx = new RegExp(pattern, flag)
```

Declaring a regex pattern using RegExp object. Writing the pattern and the flag inside the RegExp constructor

```js
let regEx = new RegExp('love','gi')
```

### Creating a pattern without RegExp Constructor

Declaring regular expression with global flag and case insensitive flag.

```js
let regEx= /love/gi
```

The above regular expression is the same as the one which we created with RegExp constructor

```js
let regEx= new RegExp('love','gi')
```

### RegExpp Object Methods

Let see some of RegExp methods

#### Testing for  a match

*test()*:Tests for a match in a string. It returns true or false.

```js
const str = 'I love JavaScript'
const pattern = /love/
const result = pattern.test(str)
console.log(result)
```

```sh
true
```

#### Array containing all of the match

*match()*:Returns an array containing all of the matches, including capturing groups, or null if no match is found.
If we do not use a global flag, match() returns an array containing the pattern, index, input and group.

```js
const str = 'I love JavaScript'
const pattern = /love/
const result = str.match(pattern)
console.log(result)
```

```sh
["love", index: 2, input: "I love JavaScript", groups: undefined]
```

```js
const str = 'I love JavaScript'
const pattern = /love/g
const result = str.match(pattern)
console.log(result)
```

```sh
["love"]
```

*search()*: Tests for a match in a string. It returns the index of the match, or -1 if the search fails.

```js
const str = 'I love JavaScript'
const pattern = /love/g
const result = str.search(pattern)
console.log(result)
```

```sh
2
```

#### Replacing a substring

*replace()*: Executes a search for a match in a string, and replaces the matched substring with a replacement substring.

```js
const txt = 'Python is the most beautiful language that a human begin has ever created.\
I recommend python for a first programming language'

matchReplaced = txt.replace(/Python|python/, 'JavaScript')
console.log(matchReplaced)
```

```sh
JavaScript is the most beautiful language that a human begin has ever created.I recommend python for a first programming language
```

```js
const txt = 'Python is the most beautiful language that a human begin has ever created.\
I recommend python for a first programming language'

matchReplaced = txt.replace(/Python|python/g, 'JavaScript')
console.log(matchReplaced)
```

```sh
JavaScript is the most beautiful language that a human begin has ever created.I recommend JavaScript for a first programming language
```

```js
const txt = 'Python is the most beautiful language that a human begin has ever created.\
I recommend python for a first programming language'

matchReplaced = txt.replace(/Python/gi, 'JavaScript')
console.log(matchReplaced)
```

```sh
JavaScript is the most beautiful language that a human begin has ever created.I recommend JavaScript for a first programming language
```

```js

const txt = '%I a%m te%%a%%che%r% a%n%d %% I l%o%ve te%ach%ing.\
T%he%re i%s n%o%th%ing as m%ore r%ewarding a%s e%duc%at%i%ng a%n%d e%m%p%ow%er%ing \
p%e%o%ple.\
I fo%und te%a%ching m%ore i%n%t%er%%es%ting t%h%an any other %jobs.\
D%o%es thi%s m%ot%iv%a%te %y%o%u to b%e a t%e%a%cher.'

matches = txt.replace(/%/g, '')
console.log(matches)  
```

```sh
I am teacher and  I love teaching.There is nothing as more rewarding as educating and empowering people.I found teaching more interesting than any other jobs.Does this motivate you to be a teacher.
```

* []:  A set of characters
  * [a-c] means, a or b or c
  * [a-z] means, any letter a to z
  * [A-Z] means, any character A to Z
  * [0-3] means, 0 or 1 or 2 or 3
  * [0-9] means any number 0 to 9
  * [A-Za-z0-9] any character which is a to z, A to Z, 0 to 9
* \\:  uses to escape special characters
  * \d mean:match where the string contains digits (numbers from 0-9)
  * \D mean: match where the string does not contain digits
* . : any character except new line character(\n)
* ^: starts with
  * r'^substring' eg r'^love', a sentence which starts with a word love
  * r'[^abc] mean not a, not b, not c.
* $: ends with
  * r'substring$' eg r'love$', sentence ends with a word love
* *: zero or more times
  * r'[a]*' means a optional or it can be occur many times.
* +: one or more times
  * r'[a]+' mean at least once or more times
* ?: zero or one times
  *  r'[a]?' mean zero times or once
* {3}: Exactly 3 characters
* {3,}: At least 3 character
* {3,8}: 3 to 8 characters
* |: Either or
  * r'apple|banana' mean either of an apple or a banana
* (): Capture and group

![Regular Expression cheat sheet](../images/regex.png)

Let's use example to clarify the above meta characters

### Square Bracket

Let's use square bracket to include lower and upper case

```js
const pattern = '[Aa]pple' // this square bracket mean either A or a
const txt = 'Apple and banana are fruits. An old cliche says an apple a day a doctor way has been replaced by a banana a day keeps the doctor far far away. '
const matches = txt.match(pattern)

console.log(matches)  
```

```sh
["Apple", index: 0, input: "Apple and banana are fruits. An old cliche says an…by a banana a day keeps the doctor far far away. ", groups: undefined]

```

```js
const pattern = /[Aa]pple/g // this square bracket mean either A or a
const txt = 'Apple and banana are fruits. An old cliche says an apple a day a doctor way has been replaced by a banana a day keeps the doctor far far away. '
const matches = txt.match(pattern)

console.log(matches)  
```

```sh
["Apple", "apple"]
```

If we want to look for the banana, we write the pattern as follows:

```js
const pattern = /[Aa]pple|[Bb]anana/g // this square bracket mean either A or a
const txt = 'Apple and banana are fruits. An old cliche says an apple a day a doctor way has been replaced by a banana a day keeps the doctor far far away. Banana is easy to eat too.'
const matches = txt.match(pattern)

console.log(matches)  
```

```sh
["Apple", "banana", "apple", "banana", "Banana"]
```

Using the square bracket and or operator , we manage to extract Apple, apple, Banana and banana.

### Escape character(\\) in RegExp

```js
const pattern = /\d/g  // d is a special character which means digits
const txt = 'This regular expression example was made in January 12,  2020.'
const matches = txt. match(pattern)

console.log(matches)  // ["1", "2", "2", "0", "2", "0"], this is not what we want
```

```js
const pattern = /\d+/g  // d is a special character which means digits
const txt = 'This regular expression example was made in January 12,  2020.'
const matches = txt. match(pattern)

console.log(matches)  // ["12", "2020"], this is not what we want
```

### One or more times(+)

```js
const pattern = /\d+/g  // d is a special character which means digits
const txt = 'This regular expression example was made in January 12,  2020.'
const matches = txt. match(pattern)
console.log(matches)  // ["12", "2020"], this is not what we want
```

### Period(.)

```js
const pattern = /[a]./g  // this square bracket means a and . means any character except new line
const txt = 'Apple and banana are fruits'
const matches = txt.match(pattern)

console.log(matches)  // ["an", "an", "an", "a ", "ar"]
```

```js
const pattern = /[a].+/g  // . any character, + any character one or more times 
const txt = 'Apple and banana are fruits'
const matches = txt.match(pattern)

console.log(matches)  // ['and banana are fruits']
```

### Zero or more times(*)

Zero or many times. The pattern could may not occur or it can occur many times.

```js

const pattern = /[a].*/g  //. any character, + any character one or more times 
const txt = 'Apple and banana are fruits'
const matches = txt.match(pattern)

console.log(matches)  // ['and banana are fruits']

```

### Zero or one times(?)

Zero or one times. The pattern could may not occur or it may occur once.

```js
const txt = 'I am not sure if there is a convention how to write the word e-mail.\
Some people write it email others may write it as Email or E-mail.'
const pattern = /[Ee]-?mail/g  // ? means optional
matches = txt.match(pattern)

console.log(matches)  // ["e-mail", "email", "Email", "E-mail"]

```

### Quantifier in RegExp

We can specify the length of the substring we look for in a text, using a curly bracket. Lets imagine, we are interested in substring that their length are 4 characters

```js
const txt = 'This regular expression example was made in December 6,  2019.'
const pattern = /\d{4}/g  // exactly four times
const matches = txt.match(pattern)
console.log(matches)  // ['2019']
```

```js
const txt = 'This regular expression example was made in December 6,  2019.'
const pattern = /\d{1,4}/g   // 1 to 4
const matches = txt.match(pattern)
console.log(matches)  // ['6', '2019']
```

### Cart ^

- Starts with
  
```js
const txt = 'This regular expression example was made in December 6,  2019.'
const pattern = /^This/ // ^ means starts with
const matches = txt.match(pattern)
console.log(matches)  // ['This']
```

- Negation

```js
const txt = 'This regular expression example was made in December 6,  2019.'
const pattern = /[^A-Za-z,. ]+/g  // ^ in set character means negation, not A to Z, not a to z, no space, no coma no period
const matches = txt.match(pattern)
console.log(matches)  // ["6", "2019"]
```

### Exact match

It should have ^ starting and $ which is an end.

```js
let pattern = /^[A-Z][a-z]{3,12}$/;
let name = 'Asabeneh';
let result = pattern.test(name)

console.log(result) // true
```

🌕 You are going far. Keep going! Now, you are super charged with the power of regular expression. You have the power to extract and clean any kind of text and you can make meaning out of unstructured data. You have just completed day 12 challenges and you are 12 steps a head in to your way to greatness. Now do some exercises for your brain and for your muscle.

## 💻 Exercises

### Exercises: Level 1

1. Calculate the total annual income of the person from the following text. ‘He earns 4000 euro from salary per month, 10000 euro annual bonus, 5500 euro online courses per month.’
1. The position of some particles on the horizontal x-axis -12, -4, -3 and  -1 in the negative direction, 0 at origin, 4 and 8 in the positive direction. Extract these numbers and find the distance between the two furthest particles.

```js
points = ['-1', '2', '-4', '-3', '-1', '0', '4', '8']
sortedPoints =  [-4, -3, -1, -1, 0, 2, 4, 8]
distance = 12
```

1. Write a pattern which identify if a string is a valid JavaScript variable

    ```sh
    is_valid_variable('first_name') # True
    is_valid_variable('first-name') # False
    is_valid_variable('1first_name') # False
    is_valid_variable('firstname') # True
    ```

### Exercises: Level 2

1. Write a function called *tenMostFrequentWords* which get the ten most frequent word from a string?

    ```js
        paragraph = `I love teaching. If you do not love teaching what else can you love. I love Python if you do not love something which can give you all the capabilities to develop an application what else can you love.`
        console.log(tenMostFrequentWords(paragraph))
    ```

    ```sh
        [
        {word:'love', count:6},
        {word:'you', count:5},
        {word:'can', count:3},
        {word:'what', count:2},
        {word:'teaching', count:2},
        {word:'not', count:2},
        {word:'else', count:2},
        {word:'do', count:2},
        {word:'I', count:2},
        {word:'which', count:1},
        {word:'to', count:1},
        {word:'the', count:1},
        {word:'something', count:1},
        {word:'if', count:1},
        {word:'give', count:1},
        {word:'develop',count:1},
        {word:'capabilities',count:1},
        {word:'application', count:1},
        {word:'an',count:1},
        {word:'all',count:1},
        {word:'Python',count:1},
        {word:'If',count:1}]
    ```

    ```js
    console.log(tenMostFrequentWords(paragraph, 10))
    ```

    ```sh
   [{word:'love', count:6},
    {word:'you', count:5},
    {word:'can', count:3},
    {word:'what', count:2},
    {word:'teaching', count:2},
    {word:'not', count:2},
    {word:'else', count:2},
    {word:'do', count:2},
    {word:'I', count:2},
    {word:'which', count:1}
    ]
    ```

### Exercises: Level 3

1. Writ a function which cleans text. Clean the following text. After cleaning, count three most frequent words in the string.
  
  ```js
    sentence = `%I $am@% a %tea@cher%, &and& I lo%#ve %tea@ching%;. There $is nothing; &as& mo@re rewarding as educa@ting &and& @emp%o@wering peo@ple. ;I found tea@ching m%o@re interesting tha@n any other %jo@bs. %Do@es thi%s mo@tivate yo@u to be a tea@cher!?`

   console.log(cleanText(sentence))
   ```

   ```sh
    I am a teacher and I love teaching There is nothing as more rewarding as educating and empowering people I found teaching more interesting than any other jobs Does this motivate you to be a teacher
    ```
1. Write a function which find the most frequent words. After cleaning, count three most frequent words in the string.

    ```js
    console.log(mostFrequentWords(cleanedText))
    [{word:'I', count:3}, {word:'teaching', count:2}, {word:'teacher', count:2}]
    ```


🎉 CONGRATULATIONS ! 🎉


[<< Day 11](../11_Day_Destructuring_and_spreading/11_day_destructuring_and_spreading.md) | [Day 13>>](../13_Day_Console_object_methods/13_day_console_object_methods.md)